• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.125-145
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• 2020

We explore technology ecosystem of smart surgical medical system by analyzing patent data applied for in Korea and Japan. First, a review of trends of patent application by country/technological domain show that there exist a minority of technology domains focused on R&D, which represent their trends have been increasingly active. Also, while a number of Japanese firms mainly consist of the patent market of Japan, in case of the Korean market, a few universities, SMEs, and foreign firms are found to be the main applicants. As a result of the network analysis with the links as the relations of co-patenting, the relationships, which are active of convergence and knowledge spillover among the heterogeneous technology domains within each market, as well as the technology domains, which are the most active in international cooperation among each homogeneous domain, could get derived and visualized in the ecosystem. In addition, the technology domains in each patent market with leading locations, roles, and influence in the network can also be identified through the centrality analysis. In this study, the analysis for technology competitiveness are carried out focusing on patent activity and patent impact. The results denote that across all domains, the Japanese market may possess higher patent activity and patent impact compared to the Korean market. In consequence, we derive the position map for comparison by country and technology domain from a perspective considering comprehensively the multi-dimensional attributes based on the results of both network analysis and technology competitiveness.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2009

This study explored the scientific web spaces of Korea and Japan by applying webmetric and social network analysis techniques with the aim of ascertaining international scholarly communication characteristics between the two countries. In general, more links were generated from the Korean scientific web sites to the Japanese sites than those from the opposite direction, thus implying a higher usage of Japanese scientific information on the web in Korean sites. In addition, university sites in the two countries were highly linked on the web revealing the most active institutions in scholarly communication were the universities. Based on the link analysis, the study also indicated which country was more dependent on the other in scholarly communication in specific scientific fields.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.42-55
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• 1984

The direction of scientific researches on tree improvement and forest management in several universities and research institutes in Japan can be summarized as follows: They put a great emphasis on sugi, Cryptomeria japonica and cypress, Chamaecyparus oblusa which are two major conifer species largerly planted in the Japanese forestry. In the research of sugi, a great concern has been made in evaluating inheritance of forest tree, quantitative characters and genetic parameter of growth, and in breeding for resistance to diseases and insects and to all the natural calamities. Interaction between environmental conditions and genetic nature of tree can be concerned factors in relation with forest damage, together with silvicultural conditions and pest infestation. Selfing hybrids of $F_1$ made from crossing twisted-leaf sugi, defomity leaf type and midori sugi, normal leaf type segregated the normal needle, twisted needle, green leaf and albino leaf type. It seemed that separation of many defomity individuals can be governed by two dominant complementary genes and from the near loci of which it was detected lethal genes. 52% of Japanese forestry is occupied by the small forest landowners like Korean forestry. This made difficulty for forest improvement such as progressive afforestation and for capital accumulation form forestry. The Forest Corporation was established at first in 1959 to aming at productive forestry structure and forest management, and afforestation. For these purpose, 35 Forest Corporations are at moment operating throughout Japan. However, investment in forestry business becomes less attractive since the wage in forest production duction increased in higher trend. than timber price. Therefore, an artifical afforestation becomes yearly decreased. At present. the self-sufficient rate of timber production in Japan is about 35%, and so a great effort is being made to increase self-sufficient rate of timber production.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.271-286
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• 2009

This internet search was made to collect background information for a short-term training proposal for securing a national critical mass in ecological risk assessment the need of which is drastically increasing in every sector of Korean society due to the advent of new environmental regulations in industrialized countries, such as EU REACH. This study depended mainly on internet search engines and individual home pages of concerned universities, colleges, and organizations involved in short-term training. Out of lecture titles and syllabus of 200 Korean universities, 86 Japanese national universities, and numerous English speaking educational and training institutions in the world, 60 syllabi were selected and analysed for comparison purpose. Conclusion from the analysis is as follows: Firstly, individual component lectures for ecological risk assessment is provided at different departments in Korea, but no lecture is at present given under the sole title of ecological risk assessment. Secondly, several lectures under the title of ecological risk assessment are open in English-speaking industrialized countries. Lectures as well as technical training and field studies are emphasized in those courses. Lecturers from the regulatory authorities are also involved in those courses. Several short-term training courses are also under operation. Thirdly, it was concluded that the difference in the level of education/training in ecological risk assessment is originated from the substantive requirement of ecological risk in the concerned laws and regulations. Therefore, it is suggested that training of domestic man power in this area is urgent to cope with the industrial pressure imposed by the environmental regulations concerned with chemicals/articles import and export from/to industrialized countries and also to upgrade the domestic laws and regulations.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.869-895
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• 2000

The US supports the Information and Communication (IC) industry as a strategic one to wield a complete power over the World Market. However, several other countries are also eager to have the support for the IC industry because the industry produces a high added value and has a significant effect on other industries. Korea is not an exception. Korea recently succeeded in the commercialization of CDMA for the first time in the world, after the successful development of TDX. Hence, it is highly likely to get tracked by the US. Although the IC industry is a specific sector of IT, there is a concern that there might be a trade friction between the US and Korea due to a possible competition. It will be very important to prepare a solution in advance so that Korea could prevent the friction and at the same time increase its share domestically and globally. It will be our important task to solve the problem with the minimum cost if the conflict arises unfortunately in the IT area. The parties that have a strong influence on the US trade policy are the think tank group and the IT-related interest group. Therefore, it would be important to have a close relationship with them. We found some implications by analyzing the case of Japan, which has experienced trade frictions with the US over the long period of time in the high tech industry. In order to get rid of those conflicts with the US, the Japanese did the following things : (1) The Japanese government developed supporting theories and also resorted to international support so that the world could support the Japanese theories. (2) Through continual dialogue with the US business people, the Japanese business people sought after solutions to share profits among the Japanese and the US both in the domestic and in the worldwide markets. They focused on lobbying activities to influence the US public opinion to support the Japanese. The specific implementation plan was first to open culture lobby toward opinion leaders who were leaders about the US opinion. The institution, Japan Society, were formed to deliver a high quality lobbying activities. The second plan is economic lobby. They have established Japanese Economic Institute at Washington. They provide information about Japan regularly or irregularly to the US government, research institution, universities, etc., that are interested in Japan. The main objective behind these activities though is to advertise the validity of Japanese policy. Japanese top executives, practical interest groups on international trade, are trying to justify their position by direct contact with the US policy makers. The third one is political lobby. Japan is very careful about this political lobby. It is doing its best not to give impression that Japan is trying to shape the US policy making. It is collecting a vast amount of information to make a correct judgment on situation. It is not tilted toward one political party or the other, and is rather developing a long-term network of people who understand and support the Japanese policy. The following implications were drawn from the experience of Japan. First, the Korean government should develop a long-term plan and execute it to improve the Korean image perceived by American people. Second, the Korean government should begin public relation activities toward the US elite group. It is inevitable to make an effort to advertise Korea to this elite group because this group leads public opinion in the USA. Third, the Korean government needs the development of a relevant policy to elevate the positive atmosphere for advertising toward the US. For example, we need information about to whom and how to about lobbying activities, personnel network who immediately respond to wrong articles about Korea in the US press, and lastly the most recent data bank of Korean support group inside the USA. Fourth, the Korean government should create an atmosphere to facilitate the advertising toward the US. Examples include provision of incentives in tax on the expenses for the advertising toward the US and provision of rewards to those who significantly contribute to the advertising activities. Fifth, the Korean government should perform the role of a bridge between Korean and the US business people. Sixth, the government should promptly analyze the policy of IT industry, a strategic area, and timely distribute information to industries in Korea. Since the Korean government is the only institution that has formal contact with the US government, it is highly likely to provide information of a high quality. The followings are some implications for business institutions. First, Korean business organization should carefully analyze and observe the business policy and managerial conditions of US companies. It is very important to do so because all the trade frictions arise at the business level. Second, it is also very important that the top management of Korean firms contact the opinion leaders of the US. Third, it is critically needed that Korean business people sent to the USA do their part for PR activities. Fourth, it is very important to advertise to American employees in Korean companies. If we cannot convince our American employees, it would be a lot harder to convince regular American. Therefore, it is very important to make the American employees the support group for Korean ways. Fifth, it should try to get much information as early as possible about the US firms policy in the IT area. It should give an enormous effort on early collection of information because by doing so it has more time to respond. Sixth, it should research on the PR cases of foreign enterprise or non-American companies inside the USA. The research needs to identify the success factors and the failure factors. Finally, the business firm will get more valuable information if it analyzes and responds to, according to each medium.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.7
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• pp.305-331
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• 2009

This year I published a Korean translation of On War in three volumes, written by Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz. I believe it is the first unabridged Korean translation from the original German text, Vom Kriege. It is true that the work has been translated into Korean several times, but some translations have been done from English or Japanese versions, while others are abridged ones. It is not easy to make a good translation of On War, partly because the book is actually an unfinished work, and partly because it contains almost all academic subjects in social sciences. Moreover, two aspects of the dialectical logic in the book make it more difficult to understand. One is inductive reasoning, the other is deductive explanation. The former is to 'ascend' to draw principles and generalizations from empirical experience, the latter is to 'descend' to describe and explain given principles, often by concrete examples. Considering these difficulties, if we want to have better translations than existing ones, there should be substantial commentaries which contain not only history of wars, but also biographies and geographies concerned. I hope that On War can be taught and studied in many universities, for it will make it easier to produce reliable commentaries.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.23-48
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the meaning of Joseon school or Korean school (hereafter, Korean school) education in the context of Japanese foreign education through oral history of Korean residents in Japan. I focused on how educational experience of Korean residents who were born and raised in Japan formed through the Korean school education was implemented and applied in Japanese society. Participants were 7 Korean residents in Japan who were educated at Korean school. They all grew up in Kansai region including Osaka Prefecture and Hyogo Prefecture. The oral data was collected three times from September 17, 2014 to February 29, 2016. The oral interviews were conducted two times, two hours per session. As to the analysis of oral data, we first prepared the classification table according to the detailed themes and then cross-checked between the history of Korean residents in Japan as well as related literatures and the memories of the oral interviewees. The results of this study are as follows. The oral interviewees recognized that there was no relation between the development process of foreign education policy in Japan and Korean school education. They said that the education of foreigners in Japan was "consistent with the exclusion of Korean schools." However, unlike the Japanese central government, local governments implemented the policies such as providing subsidies to Korean schools, accepting the graduates of Korean schools in public and private universities, and providing fare discounts for students of Korean schools in local private railways.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.252-257
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• 2014

Global economic recession, global market reduction, and the deteriorating economic recession are forcing the industry to reconsider the business plan and strategy related to supply chain regardless of the size of the companies. During the economic recession caused by financial anxiety, development of international collaborative producer is the key theme for a manufacturing industry to get over the situation. Especially, development of high-skilled people who are capable of handling global manufacturing management is the key factor in China which shifted from a world factory to a world market. In this background, we started the international project of global manufacturing education and training for Chinese company managers from 2009. In this paper, based on the research conducted by the universities and companies in China, a design of global manufacturing education and training is proposed. This presented design is based on the theory of Japanese production strategy and investigation of actual conditions for Chinese companies and the research methodology of business management practice with efficiency and productive for international level management organization. The effectiveness of the education design is evaluated by applying the international education and training project of Aoyama Gakuin Human Innovation Consulting Inc. and Vigor Management Technology Association.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.91-106
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• 2010

This study examines the use of hedges in cross-cultural communication between EFL learners in an e-learning environment. The study analyzes the use of hedges in a corpus of an interactive web with a bulletin board system through which college students of English at Japanese and Korean universities interacted with each other discussing the topics of local and global issues. It compares the use of hedges in the students' corpus to that of a native English speakers' corpus. The result shows that EFL learners tend to use relatively smaller number of hedges than the native speakers in terms of the frequencies of the total tokens. It further reveals that the learners' overuse of a single versatile high-frequency hedging item, I think, results in relative underuse of other hedging devices. This indicates that due to their small repertoire of hedges, EFL learners' overuse of a limited number of hedging items may cause their speech or writing to become less competent. Based on the result and interviews with the learners, the study also argues that hedging should be understood in its social contexts and should not be understood just as a lack of conviction or a mark of low proficiency. Suggestions were made for using computer corpora in understanding EFL learners' language difficulties and helping them develop communicative and pragmatic competence.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.414-423
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• 1973

Before the modern education was introduced in Korea men had the opportunity to be educated. Women's education was limited to a small number of girls belonging to ruling class. It was the men who got a job to earn the money for the family. The customary law prohibited women from being employed. They were to stay at home engaged in household affairs. This phenomenon has undergone a change when modern education was adopted which gave women the equal opportunity in education. The modernization of the country required a lot of educated and skilled labour. Since 1945 when Korea was liberated from the Japanese colonial administration the modernization programme has been worked out in every field such as industry, education, culture and politics, etc. The traditional grand family was transformed to nuclear family. The migration took place from country to town. With the adoption of compulsory education in the primary school the schoolgirls are increased in great number. The number of girls has been increased every year in Middle Schools, High schools and Universities. Even if boys still outnumber girls in all education institutions, the rate of increase of girl students are higher than that of boy students. Accordingly women are given more opportunity than ever for the employment vis-a-vis men. The number of employed women has been increasing greatly in recent years inproportion to the acceleration of industrialization. The type of their job is also various and colorful ranging from factory worker to doctor and lawyer. There are some problems to be solved with respect to the improvement of women's education. The improved women's education should be reviewed light of the fact that inequality still exists between men and women in occupation and wages, and that women is required of good education contributable to the better Korean society.