• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2003

In order to develop the program of oral hygiene education for elementary school senior-students, a questionnaire survey of elementary fourth, fifth and sixth students who are under continual control program of oral hygiene. (1) For tooth brushing time, after dinner is more than before. 73.7% of respondents brushed the teeth twice or more a day. (2) 62.1% of respondents took the cariogenic food twice or more a day. (3) 90.1% of respondents had visited a dental clinic. (4) Concerning fear for dental treatment, only 14.4% had a feeling of fear. (5) Regarding the experience with a preventive treatment, 39.7% had an experience with pit and fissure sealing, and 24.2% had an experience with the application of fluorides. (6) 46.2% of respondents had a preference for the fluoride mouth rinsing program, and 38.4% wanted that program to keep going on. As to the reason to favor the fluoride mouth rinsing program, 38.2% preferred it because of prevention of dental caries, and 43.0%, the largest percentage, didn't favor it because they found it too much trouble to do. (7) Comparing with the research result in 2000, we proved positively the educational effect of brushing frequency, positive understanding and preference to water school fluoridation program, and got the negative data of experience of visiting to oral clinic and preventive treatment.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.546-553
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual condition of communication of dental hygienist in oral hygiene instruction during scaling. The research was intended for 67 dental hygienists who worked dental hospitals and clinics. Oral hygiene instruction during scaling was audiotaped. Pearson correlation analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and chi-squared test were conducted. The results gained by the research were as follows. An analysis of 67 dental hygienists has found that 63 dental hygienists (94%) educated the patients with dentiform and 65 of them (97%) did rolling method. Thirty-three of them (49.3%) recommended oral care products to the patients. Only 14 of all educators (21%) said simple greetings and educated importance of care of subjects' teeth, side effect of scaling, when they finished all the scaling stage. The average time of oral hygiene education was 161.3 seconds. In detail, the dental hygienists told 155.0 seconds, the patients did 6.3 seconds on average. The percentage of education time without patients' comments and dialogue each other were 35.8% and 37.3% respectively. The conversation frequency according to the education level of dental hygienist showed significant difference (p<0.05). There was a negative correlation between total education time and patients coming for scaling per day and there was a positive correlation between total number of questions and patient talking time. The result of chi-squared test showed that there was significant difference on asking regards depending on setting a limitation of scaling time (p<0.05). The research showed that the dental hygienists seem to educate the patients mechanically, uniformly rather than educate them according to their oral hygiene condition.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.597-609
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• 2014

To find out the effect of commercially available energy drinks on tooth enamel erosion, analyzed pH, buffering capacity, and the content of some of the inorganic components selecting 4 energy drinks that has high affinity of the products currently being sold. In addition, by observing the degree of erosion before and after immersion in energy drink by surface microhardness and scanning electron microscope (SEM) the results were as follows: Acidity of energy drink 'Burn Intense' was the lowest as $2.78{\pm}0.01$ highest on distilled water as $6.475{\pm}0.01$. 'Burn Intense' buffering capacity was $3.48{\pm}0.155$ at pH 5.5, $1.88{\pm}0.15$ at pH 7.0 which is the highest, and 'Hot6' was $1.71{\pm}0.37$, $1.23{\pm}0.35$ on each of it showing the lowest points. Ca content on energy drink was the highest at 'Volt Energy' as ($77.21{\pm}2.70mg/kg$), the lowest at 'Hot6' as ($0.98{\pm}0.05mg/kg$). P content was the highest on 'Hot6'($1.34{\pm}0.05mg/kg$) and detected at 'Red Bull'. Enamel surface hardness variation of the energy drinks before and after immersion showed rapid decrease at 'Red Bull' ($66.65{\pm}35.60$), and 'Volt Energy' ($61.96{\pm}31.42$), 'Burn Intense' ($58.53{\pm}24.84$), 'Hot6' ($53.99{\pm}60.26$) was in order. Distilled water, the control group, showed significant difference with the experimental group (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between energy drinks. At SEM observation and analysis, 'Burn Intense' was the most severe demineralization, 'Volt Energy', 'Hot6', 'Red Bull', distilled water was in order. In the above results, taken together there were no statistically differences between energy drinks but significant difference in comparison with distilled water. In addition, at SEM observation and analysis all energy drink caused dental erosion, especially 'Burn Intense', has the lowest acidity, was serious. Thus, it is believed to provide a variety of oral health education and information about energy drinks that can affect the erosion of the teeth so public have the right to be recognized and reasonable dental care.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to suggest a convenient method of monitoring the gingival state through plaque detection. Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D), which can assess mature plaque, can be used to assess the oral hygiene status of individuals and to establish an adequate intervention plans for them. The subjects of the study participated in the clinical training at Department of Dental Hygiene, N University. The subjects completed questionnaires on general characteristics and oral hygiene methods. Then, photographs of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth of the subjects were taken using the QLF-D. After the oral examinations, gingival state was recorded according to the $L{\ddot{o}}e$ & Silness's Gingival Index (GI). In addition, a plaque control record was calculated in percentage using disclosing agent. The analysis of the relation between the plaque control record and the QLF-D scores showed positive correlation (r=0.638, p<0.001), and the analysis of the relation between the QLF-D scores and the gingival bleeding index scores also showed positive correlation (r=0.562, p<0.001). Besides, the study classified the participants into healthy gingiva group and the gingivitis group according to the classification criteria of GI, and when the difference of QLF-D scores between the groups was analyzed, the QLF-D scores were statistically significantly higher (t=-2.785, p=0.007) in the gingivitis group ($1.71{\pm}1.545$) than the healthy gingiva group ($0.74{\pm}1.290$). When the differences in mean values of the QLF-D scores were analyzed against and the gingival bleeding index scores, the QLF-D scores of 0 and 1 belonged to the category of normal gingival state while the QLF-D scores of 2, 3 and 4 belonged to the category of gingivitis state. Therefore, it is deemed that the red fluorescence detected by the QLF-D from the mature supragingival plaque can be used for monitoring the state of gingivitis.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 2009

This survey study was conducted on dental technician school students in April 2008 to investigate the effects of smoking on oral health. 110 male and 39 female students were surveyed and cross analysis was performed to examine the relationship between oral health status and smoking-related and oral health maintenance characteristics of smoking and non-smoking group. T-test and one-way ANAVA was used to analyze the average difference verification of two independent samples(smoking group and non-smoking group) and followings are the results. In general characteristics, 74 male students(74.7%) and 25 female(25.3%) students smoked and the percentage of male students were higher in smoking group. Regarding class grade, 2nd-year students(37 students, 37.4%) and 1st-year students(18 students, 36.0%) took the highest percentage of smoking and non-smoking group, respectively. Concerning the experience of drinking, smoking group consumed more alcoholic beverages(94 students, 94.9%) With respect to the frequency of between-meal consumption, respondents who eat between-meal once or twice smoked more. Respecting preferences of sweet food, respondents who enjoyed sweet food smoked more. Concerning smoking characteristics, many of smoking group had been smoked fo a long time(two to five years) and it was worrisome. About the amounts of smoking, 50 respondents(52.6%) of smoking group smoked 20 cigarettes a day with the highest proportion. With regard to the awareness of harmfulness, 70 respondents(70.7%) considered smoking as very harmful and showed that smoking group were aware of its harmfulness but it was habitualized. Respecting smokers in family members, father was more common as smokers(58 respondents, 58.6%) in family and showed that the influence of father. Main reasons of poor periodontal health were alchoholic consumption, smoking, and oral parafunctional habit(57 respondents, 56.7%) in smoking group and neglect of oral hygiene(21 respondents, 42.0%) in non-smoking group. With regard to the scaling, 80 respondents of smoking group(80.8%) didn't received scaling and showed that more oral health education was required. Regarding the periodontal status, non-smoking group was $1.26{\pm}0.44$, respondents who received scaling was $1.43{\pm}0.50$, respondents who regularly floss was $1.50{\pm}0.52$, respondents who brush more than three times a day was $1.38{\pm}0.49$ and had better periodontal health. Bleeding during tooth brushing was more frequent in smoking group ($1.51{\pm}0.70$). Regarding mouth order, non-smoking group was $2.34{\pm}0.62$, after scaling was $2.02{\pm}0.76$, patients who regularly floss was $1.50{\pm}0.52$, patients who brush more than three times a day was $1.81{\pm}0.87$. Concerning the experience of dental caries treatment, smoking group was $1.20{\pm}0.40$, patients who do not floss was $1.30{\pm}0.46$, patients who brush once a day was $1.29{\pm}0.45$. With regard to dental prosthesis, non-smoking group was $3.78{\pm}1.62$, patients who received scaling was $1.43{\pm}0.50$, patients who regularly floss was $1.40{\pm}0.51$, patients who brush more than three times a day was $1.24{\pm}0.43$. From these results, oral health education and smoking has correlation and more oral health education needs to be carried out to educate students with non-health related majors about harmfulness of smoking on oral health. Also more study are required.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.213-230
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to analyze the initial movement and the stress distribution of each tooth and periodontal ligament during the lingual lever-arm retraction of 6 maxillary incisors using FEA. Two kinds of finite element models were produced: 2-properties model (simple model) and 24-properties model (multi model) according to the material property assignment. The subject was an adult male of 23 years old. The DICOM images through the CT of the patient were converted into the 3D image model of a skull using the Mimics (version 10.11, Materialise's interactive Medical Image Control System, Materialise, Belgium). After series of calculating, remeshing, exporting, importing process and volume mesh process was performed, FEA models were produced. FEA models are consisted of maxilla, maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, periodontal ligaments and lingual traction arm. The boundary conditions fixed the movements of posterior, sagittal and upper part of the model to the directions of X, Y, Z axis respectively. The model was set to be symmetrical to X axis. Through the center of resistance of maxilla complex, a retraction force of 200g was applied horizontally to the occlusal plane. Under this conditions, the initial movements and stress distributions were evaluated by 3D FEA. In the result, the amount of posterior movement was larger in the multi model than in the simple model as well as the amount of vertically rotation. The pattern of the posterior movement in the central incisors and lateral incisors was controlled tipping movement, and the amount was larger than in the canine. But the amount of root movement of the canine was larger than others. The incisor rotated downwardly and the canines upwardly around contact points of lateral incisor and canine in the both models. The values of stress are similar in the both simple and multi model.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.221-239
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• 2010

Bone loss may occur depending on the loading conditions. careful treatment planning and prosthetic procedures are very important factors for the proper distribution of stress. Evaluate the stress distributions according to numbers and location of implants in three-unit fixed partial dentures. A mandible missing the right second premolar, first molar and second molar was modeled. Using the CT data. we modeled a mandible with a width of 15mm, a height of 20mm and a length of 30mm, 2mm-thickness cortical bone covering cancellous bone mallow. An internal type implant and A solid type abutment was used. A model with 3 implants placed in a straight line, offset 1.5 mm buccally, offset 1.5 mm lingually and another model with 3 implants offset in the opposite way were prepared. And models with 2 implants were both end support models, a mesial cantilever model and a distal cantilever model. Three types of loading was applied; a case where 155 N was applied solely on the second premolar, a case where 206 N was applied solely on the second molar and a case where 155 N was applied on the first premolar and 206 N was applied on the first and second molar. For all the cases, inclined loads of 30 degrees were applied on the buccal cusps and vertical loads were applied on the central fossas of the teeth. Finite element analysis was carried out for each case to find out the stress distribution on bones and implants. This study has shown that prostheses with more implants caused lower stress on bones and implants, no matter what kind of load was applied. Furthermore, it was found out that inclined loads applied on implants had worse effects than vertical loads. Therefore, it is believed that these results should be considered when placing implants in the future.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2008

Purpose : To investigate the actual conditions of diagnosis and treatment of oral medicine inpatient with systemic disease. Methods : A total of 110 subjects, inpatient due to systemic disease for diagnosis and treatment of oral disease was requested to answer the medical history and dental treatment record. Results : Systemic disease is composed of Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 26%, Cerebral infarction 25.2%, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Polyarthrosis, Coxarthrosis 4.7%, Nerve root and plexus disorders, Hypertensive heart and renal diseases, Ankylosing spondylitis 2.4%. Chief complain of oral disease is composed of toothache 28.6%, routine check 23%, tooth mobility 8.7%, hypersensitivity 7.1%, periodontal bleeding 6.4%. Oral disease is composed of Gingivitis and periodontal diseases 28.9%, Dental caries 17.1%, Diseases of pulp and periapical tissues 15.1%, Diseases of salivary glands 10.5%, Other diseases of hard tissues of teeth 8.6%, Within Normal Limit 5.3%. Treatment of oral disease is composed of periodontal treatment 17.95%, rejection of treatment 16.67%, medication for halitosis & dry mouth 13.46%, extraction 12.18%, prosthetic treatment 8.97%. Chief complain in oral medicine is composed of oral soft tissue problem 6.4%, craniomandibular disorders 5.6%, halitosis 4%, total 16%. Conclusion : These findings indicate that inpatient due to the systemic disease is significantly correlated to the oral disease. The patients of oral disease interrelationship between inpatient and outpatient of systemic disease should be validated by future research.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.779-797
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• 1996

The present study investigated the effects of variations in decalcification time of demineralized freeze-dried bone on the osteogenic potential of DFDB. Sixteen 3-wall intrabony defects with 4mm depth were surgically created in the mesial aspect of upper and lower anterior teeth of 4 dogs. Following the flap procedure, three test groups with 4 defects each received either freeze-dried bone graft (Group I), demineralized freeze-dried bone graft decalcified for 12hours (Group II), or demineralized freeze-dried bone graft decalcified for 24hours(Group III). The rest of the four defects received the flap procedure-only as the control group. The healing was histologically analyzed after 14 weeks on the length of connective tissue adhesion, new bone formation and new cementum formation. The results were as follows: 1. The length of connective tissue adhesion showed no statistically significant difference in all groups with $0.62{\pm}0.14mm$ for Control, $0.42{\pm}0.11mm$ for Group I, $0.63{\pm}0.43mm$ for Group II and $0.52{\pm}0.11mm$ for Group III. 2. The new bone formation showed no statistically significant difference in all groups with $3.17{\pm}0.24mm$ for Control. $3.15{\pm}0.56mm$ for Group I. $3.22{\pm}0.36mm$ for Group II, and $3.28{\pm}0.74mm$ for Group III. 3. The new cementum formation showed no statistically significant difference in all groups with $4.19{\pm}0.46mm$ for Control, $3.23{\pm}0.64mm$ for Group I, $4.13{\pm}1.82mm$ for Group II. and $3.13{\pm}0.62mm$ for Group III.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.587-602
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of citric acid and tetracycline HCI application to the root surfaces of periodontally diseased teeth on the proliferation and spreading of human periodontal ligament cells. The roots were prepared so that the comparison could be made among root planed, citric acid treated and tetracycline HCI treated surfaces. In the cell proliferation experiment, human periodontal ligament cells at a concentration of $1{\times}10^5$ cells/ml were seeded in each culture well with specimens and incubated for 6 hours. Then, the specimens were transferred to a fresh culture well and incubated for 24, 48, 72 hours respectively. The cell counting was done after trypsinization. In the cell spreading experiment, $1{\times}10^4$ cells/ml were seeded in each culture well and incubated for 30min, 6 hours and 24 hours at 37.5$^{\circ}C$ in a $CO_2$ incubator. Then, all specimens were fixed with phosphate buffered glutaraldehydes, postfixed with phosphate buffered osmium tetraoxide, stained with phosphate buffered tannic acid, dehydrated in ethanol, dried at a critical point, coated with gold and examined under a scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows:In the cell proliferation experiments, the number of attached cells increased more in the tetracycline treated group than in the other groups. In the initial attachment, the appearance of the tetracycline treated the groups was slightly more spread out than in the other groups. After 6 hours of incubation, it was observed in most of the cells that cell morphologic alteration went from ovoid shapes sto spindle shapes. After 24 hours of incubation, the cells of all groups had a fusiform appearance and were connected to each other by numerous cytoplasmic processes. The tetracycline and citric acid treated groups had a similar spreading appearance of periodontal ligament cells, but the tetracycline treated group was more effective in the cell proliferation than the citric acid group.