• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.272-280
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• 2016

Most scyphomedusae jellyfishes recorded in Korean waters are temperate and subtropical species. In the present study, two cold-water jellyfishes from Korean waters are first described. Scyphomedusae were collected from the coasts of Gangneung and Ulsan of the East Sea, and Boryeong, and the eastern area of the Yellow Sea from June 2006 to May 2015. Scyphomedusae collected in Ulsan and Gangneung were identified morphologically as Aurelia limbata Brandt, 1835. Their umbrella was 250-500 mm in width and 30-50 mm in height; the exumbrella was white and the subumbrella was dark brown in color. The vascular system was complex with anastomosed branches. Individuals of this species lived at about 6.6-9.9℃ and 30-50 m depth in Korean waters. Scyphomedusae collected from the center of the Yellow Sea and from Boryeong were identified as Parumbrosa polylobata Kishinouye, 1910. Their umbrella was disc-shaped, 80-200 mm in width and 20-40 mm in height. Its milky white gonads could be seen through the transparent exumbrella. The stomach cavity was round and flat with four interradial cavities connected by subgenital cavities, and the four oral arms were bifurcated and spear-head shaped. Individuals were found at about 6.4-10.0℃ and 40-90 m depth in Korean waters. The identities of both species were confirmed by molecular analysis using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 1996

[Goshogi] which is held from 9th to 16th January, every year is the Buddhist service of praying for the soul of Shinran's $(l173{\sim}1262)$ after death. It is the most majestic high-filling style and also unparalled in the annals of Japanese history in sacrificial offering. Shinran was horned in the Fujiwara's family. And not only he believed Prince Shodoku's belife but also retired to the mountain to enter the priesthood by it. Prince Shodoku built Horyu temple which is the typical temple of Nara ages. Buddism was transmitted from Korean peninsula, three countries of Silla, Bekje and Kokuryo effected on many field of Japnese culture during that ages. At the same time, Kasugadaisha and Danjanjinja of Shinto religion was built by Fujiwara Family. Both of them was Buddhist temple before. Throughout like these historical background, the facts what the religious services and the sacrificial offerings for Prince Shodoku, Wakamiyasai of Kasugas' and Kakitsusai of Danjanjinja must be influenced from Korean Peningula. So the dietary culture of the religious rites and traditional customs between two countries could be thought the relation with a narrow stream strait. But among them, in the size, color and shape, the cooking method and technique in the usage of rice powder and sugar, it is tops in value. The noteworthy points of the thought were as follows: 1. high-filling style of the sacrificial offerings what is mixed and harmonized with Buddhism, Confucious, Sharmanism, Toaism and Korean traditioal customs. 2. eating together of god and human. 3. the fusion of gods and Buddha.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.186-194
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• 2013

We compiled and analyzed long-term time-series data collected in Korea to evaluate changes in oceanographic conditions and marine ecosystems near Jeju Island ($33^{\circ}00^{\prime}-34^{\circ}00^{\prime}\;N$, $125^{\circ}30^{\prime}-127^{\circ}30^{\prime}\;E$) from 1981 to 2010. Environmental data included depth-specific time series of temperature and salinity that have been measured bimonthly since 1961 in water columns at 175 fixed stations along 22 oceanographic lines in Korean waters by the National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, and time series of estimated volume transport of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) and Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water (KSBCW) for the period from 1961 to 2008. We analyzed the species composition in terms of biomass of fish species caught by Korean fishing vessels in the waters near Jeju Island (1981-2010). Data were summarized and related to environmental changes using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The CCA detected major shifts in fish community structure between 1982 and 1983 and between 1990 and 1992; the dominant species were a filefish during 1981-1992 and chub mackerel from 1992 to 2007. CCA suggested that water temperature and salinity in the mixed layer and the volume transport of the TWC and the KSBCW were significantly related to the long-term changes in the fish community in the waters off Jeju Island. Fish community shifts seemed to be related to the well-established 1989 regime shift in the North Pacific. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms driving climate change effects on the thermal windows and habitat ranges of commercial species to develop fisheries management plans based on reliable projections of long-term changes in the oceanographic conditions in waters off Jeju Island.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2016

We investigated regional differences in the growth and maturation rate of Pacific cod in the East and Yellow Seas. Significant regional differences were detected in the von Bertalanffy growth equation and mean length at maturity (L₅₀). Cod in the East Sea grew at a faster rate than those in the Yellow Sea, with females growing faster than males in both populations. Cod of both sexes matured earlier in the Yellow Sea (age of maturity: 2.3 years for males, 2.6 years for females) than in the East Sea (age of maturity: 3.9 years for males, 4 years for females). These regional differences suggest that Pacific cod in the Yellow Sea, which is at the southwestern extremity of global cod distribution and thus likely to be an inhospitable habitat for this species, have adapted to their environment by developing earlier maturation and slower growth than cod in the East Sea or the Korea Strait. These regional differences must be taken into account when setting biological reference points for management of the Pacific cod fishery in Korean waters.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 2020

Dragonet fish (Callionymidae), living in benthic upper 900 m of all subtropical, tropical and temperate oceans, comprises 200 species in 20 genera worldwide, of which 18 species in 6 genera occur in Korea. Although dragonet fish plays an important role in linking between top predators and lower trophic levels, there are only few studies about their early life history. Herein, we present molecular and morphological data on larvae and juveniles of Bathycallionymus kaianus (Günther, 1880) collected from the Korean waters. During 2016 to 2018, one preflexion larvae [2.69 in total length (TL)], three flexion larvae (3.65 and 4.77 mm TL), six postflexion larvae (6.07 and 7.94 mm TL), and three juveniles (10.81 and 12.26 mm TL) were collected in the East Sea, Korea Strait, and Jeju Island using Bongo net. Of them, 13 individuals were identified through molecular markers (COI or 16S rRNA) and morphologically described. The larvae of B. kaianus are well distinguished from other species of Callionymidae in melanophore distribution, body shape and development of preopercular spine. It was very similar to larvae of two Repomucenus species, R. valenciennei and R. virgis, but was clearly distinguished in melanophore distribution, preopercular spine development, and head shape.

• Strategy21
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• s.37
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• pp.144-176
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• 2015

In September 2013, President Park Geun-hye announced her controversial "Look North" policy, of which the most salient aspect is the "Eurasia Initiative". This comprises various proposals designed to overcome existing constraints by developing new markets and creating new economic partners in continental areas from which South Korea has been alienated since the end of World War II, and this dovetails nicely with China's One Belt, One Road Initiative. The concepts of the "Silk Road Rail Express (SRX)" and the "East Sea Rim Maritime Community (ESRMC)" have also been discussed. SRX is at present a purely symbolic railroad project intended to encourage individual, cultural, trade and diplomatic exchanges. ESRMC is a model for establishing an ad hoc community to promote regional economic cooperation around the East Sea. President Park's Eurasia Initiative will provide South Korean investment for the Northeast to complement Russian plans, like the "Northern Energy Road" being built by Gazprom, and Chinese plans, like the Chang-Ji-Tu Development Plan for the North Korean port of Rajin. China's trade, as well as its energy and food supplies, pass through the Strait of Malacca and the Indian Ocean, and are thus vulnerable to interdiction by India or the US. China is therefore trying to reduce its exposure geopolitical risk by establishing a network of corridors between the Belt and the Road to provide alternative paths. The "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor" and the "China-Myanmar Economic Corridor" provide such connections, and South Korea hopes that SRX and ESRMC can become part of a "China-South Korea Economic Corridor". This concept could do much to revitalize the underdeveloped northern provinces of China and Russia's Far East, not to mention North Korea. By linking up the Trans-Siberian Railway, the Trans-China Railway, the Trans-Mongolian Railway and the Trans-Korean Railway all these Asian countries will be connected to one another, and ultimately to Europe. An interim connection between China and South Korea using a rail-ferry has also been proposed.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.315-324
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• 1998

The total precipitable water fields derived from HIRS(High Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder)and MSU(Microwave Sounding Unit) measurements of TOVS and brightness temperature of SSM/I were used to investigate the evolution of moisture fields for the Typhoon WALT(9407) which after landing in Japan it became tropical depression in Korea-Japan Strait, and FAYE(9503) which was the first tropical storm of 1995 to became a typhoon, respectively. The total precipitable water derived from TOVS observations is delineated according to the evolutions of WALT and FAYE movements because total precipitable water fields of TY WALT(9407) and FAYE9\(9503) were largely controlled by horizontal transport of water vapor over the Northwest Pacific Ocean which dominantly plays an important role in maintaining and accelerating their intensities toward Korea and Japan . These fields demonstrated that two major bands, which imply the rain bands, were locally well-organized and similar to the thick convective cloud features over Japan and the Korean peninsula while WALT and FAYE were approaching away and to. But the values of derived TOVS total precipitable water have shown the underestimate of those of SSM/I total comparatively for two typhoons.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1385-1395
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• 2010

Harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms have been frequently occurred in coastal areas of the East Sea since 1995. We compared the oceanic conditions in years 1995, 2001 and 2003 when the C. polykrikoides bloom was strong, and in years 1998 and 2004 when the C. polykrikoides bloom was not appeared. We studied temporal and spatial variation of upwelling and geostrophic currents on the western channel of Korean Strait, an entrance of the East Sea. The period and occurrence area of C. polykrikoides bloom was depended on variation of upwelling in summer. In the distributions of geostrophic current, southward current was dominant near the coast in August, 1998 and 2000. Whereas northward current was dominant near and off the coast in August, 1995 and 2003 which the C. polykrikoides bloom was strong. When compared dominant phytoplankton of the coastal areas in each year, Kuroshio indicator species Proboscia alata and Chaetoceros affine were dominant, respectively, in 2001 and 2003 at every stations. However, the dominant species was variable at each coastal area in 1998 and 2000. In 2003, the abundance of Sagitta elegans which is known as the cold water indicator was low, but the abundance of S. enflata, warm water indicator, was very high in Gangneung compared to Sokcho. It seemed that the distribution of S. elegans is restricted by strong warm water current. In conclusion, it was estimated that the distribution of C. polykrikoides bloom in the coastal area of the East Sea was closely related with the strength of East Korea Warm Current and upwelling.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2000

The ascidians specimens were collected from Tangsa and its adjacent waters in Korea by scuba divers during the period from 1994 to 1999. They were identified into 30 species which are reported for the first time in Tangsa. Out of them one species, Molgula hozawai, was turned out to be new to the Korean fauna, and six species, such as Eudistoma illotum, Symplegma connectans, Boltenia trasversaria, Microcosmus nultitentaculatus, Pyura squamata and Molgula hozawai, were newly recorded in Chundo Island and Geojedo Island, which are influenced by warm waters of the Kuroshio Current.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.580-593
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• 1993

The Tsushima Current has been known to branch out from the Kuroshio west of Kyushu and to flow north to the Korea Strait. Then, it has to flow across the isobaths and so needs some driving forces. As the forces, sea level difference between the Korea and Tsugaru Straits, Reynolds stress west of Kyushu and density differences have been suggested, In this paper, their roles have been numerically studied in the barotropic case. Model results show that the Tsushima Current is possible without any above force. The flows just follow isobaths over the East China Sea. They seem to be driven by their own dynamics without any external force. The mechanism is just like outflows from a gap. Model results also show that the flows in this area could be significantly affected by the external forces such as Reynolds Stress. Then the dynamics and flows in real ocean might be complicated. However, the barotropic study tells us that the Tsuahima Currents is basically driven by geostrophic adjustment.