• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.324-332
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• 2014

Many problems in naming natural monuments have been repeatedly argued by many researchers, and four different types of naming problems were identified: 1) name of unknown nationality (natural monument no. 82 and 108), 2) morphological name rather than scientific name (natural monument no. 180, 295, and 409), 3) name of fable character (local cultural property of Changnyeonggun), and 4) scientifically wrong name (natural monument no. 413). Among them, two cases (case 3 and 4) using wrong names are found in natural monument of geologic heritages, which should be ascribable to a hasty designation without an accurate and thorough scientific research. In order to solve these problems and to establish an ideal policy in designating natural monument, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage has been carrying out a research project of "Pre-study and Post-designation (PSPD)", especially targeting the rod-shaped stromatolite. It is likely that this new strategy of PSPD is a unique and the first step to solve many problems in designating and naming geologic heritages as natural monuments. As a consequence, we strongly suggest that PSPD system must be applied to natural monument designation as an institutional arrangement.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.28-55
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• 2010

Currently, the natural monument system of Korea for naming and designation of natural monuments is based on "Chosun Natural Monument Conservation Acts for Treasure, Ancient Landmark, and Natural Beauty" enacted in 1934 during Japanese colonization period. The framework of natural monument system is still in effect, which is pointed out as a problem. The Dangsan forests and Bibo forests are Korean traditional cultural resources representing countryside of Korea. Cultural Heritage Administration follows and relies on the 'Limsu of Chosun' (1938), a report written by a Japanese, for naming and classification of natural monuments. A Dangsan forest at Yesong-ri was named "Yesong-ri evergreen forest" in 1938. They followed the naming system of "evergeen forest" until today. The objective of this study is to review the issues and problems of 'Limsu of Chosun' and natural monument naming system begun during Japanese occupation period, and suggest an alternative to the current situation where naming natural monument accordingly without discretion. Eighteen dangsan forests bibo forests were selected for examination and analysis. The names of the dangsan forests bibo forests were evaluated to find out whether various aspects of the forests are reflected in the name. The study suggests that many forests and old trees designated as natural monument should be named as "~Dangsan forest", "~Dangsan forest Bibo forest", or "~Dangsan tree" with consistency accordingly. The new names will bring a momentum to overcome the limitation of natural monument naming system continued since Japanese occupation period, and also enhance the value of Dangsan forests and Bibo forests as Korean traditional and cultural landscapes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.193-203
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• 2014

Natural Monument is a designated cultural property as part of the country. According to Article 2 of the Cultural Properties Protection Act, a national, ethnic and global heritage artificially or naturally formed, with a great historical, artistic, scientific and landscape significance is defined as a cultural heritage. Animals, plants, topography, geology, minerals, caves, biological products and special natural phenomena, having a great of historic, scenic and scientific value, are defined as the monument. According to Article 3 of Cultural Properties Protection Act, the conservation, management and utilization of National Heritage should be kept intact in its original form. So, Natural monuments are managing as retained its original form under the Basic Principles of current law. The highest population of coniferous tree in natural monument plant is ginkgo tree including 22 objects, followed by pines, junipers that order. And in case of broadleaf tree, there are zelkova trees, retusa fringe trees, pagoda trees, cork oaks, silver magnolias and etc. There are many of reported efficacy in available natural monument plants. The efficacy of plant species on pharmaceutical like anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidant activity, neuroprotective, improves cholesterol, anti-inflammatory, liver protection and anti-bacterial efficacy, on cosmetics and beauty like the inhibiting formation of skin wrinkles, whitening effect, variety of materials and the efficacy of the proposed utilization of its various papers and etc have been widely reported. Before the Nagoya Protocol enters into force, the future role of the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Administration of Cultural Heritage should be obtain a legal right to manage the social, cultural and national natural monument with emotional value to the plant genetic resource as a natural monument efficient ways to study and preserve traditional knowledge biological resources by securing a claim to the sovereignty of the material will be ready.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.92-99
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• 2007

Korea began preserving and managing natural monuments in 1933 under the Japanese Colonization, but South and North Korea had to establish natural monument management policies separately because of the division after the Korean Independence. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the natural monument designations of South and North Koreas between 1933 and 2005 to introduce advanced polices for Oneness-Korea. The following are the results: According to data of December 2005, South Korea has 358 and North Korea has 474 natural monuments. North Korea has 116 more natural monuments than South Korea. In addition, over half of South Korea's designations are plants, whereas North Korea's designations are relatively well-balanced. Both South and North Korea designate plants(mostly trees) that are old and large. However, South Korea emphasizes the historical value of village forests, contrary to economic value in North Korea. Also, North Korea preserves many traditional fruit trees which have not been well-preserved in South Korea. As for animals, South Korea designates migratory wild animals by type and not by region to protect them at a national level, whereas North Korea designates the specific habitats of each type of wild animal. In addition, North Korea protects each region's cattle and chickens to preserve native traits of domesticated animals. Geologically, North Korea preserves 18 hot springs and 11 springs, whereas South Korea has none. Geographically, North Korea preserves 81 waterfalls, lakes, etc. In the conclusion, advanced natural monument management of South and North Korea is necessary to achieve effective preservation of natural monuments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2011

This paper is performed to study for the plants ecosystems for the rural community forest of designated as natural monument. In addition, it is also proposed the plan of the rural community forest's conservation and restoration for avoiding to the destroy of indiscriminate development such as land-use, cultivation. The rural community forest is a mirror that reflect the regional culture and history, as well as environment. According to this view, undoubtedly, we need to recognise the formative background of rural community forest, the relations between the environment around and the characteristic of plants ecosystem comprehensively. For the purpose of proposing to the plan of rural village forests' conservation and restoration, therefore, this study is: 1) reviews the previous research and ancient documents, and 2) surveys the vegetation structure and the growing conditions in rural village forest directly.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.959-966
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• 2015

A natural monument is designated and protected as a natural or natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. However, in recent years, a natural monument plays a role in satisfying the cultural desire of people. For this reason, the main purpose of this study was to investigate public awareness of natural monuments and to evaluate the attitudes towards nature the visitors to Naejang national park displayed. This study also examined the differences in visitors' level of attitudes towards nature according to their awareness of natural monuments. Population of Macropodous Daphniphyllum (Natural Monument No. 91) and Forest of Japanese Torreyas at Baegyangsa Temple, Jangseong (Natural Monument No. 153) are present in large numbers in Naejang national park. For the research, 240 Naejang national park visitors were surveyed to collect data. Results of this study indicated that fewer than 50% of visitors displayed an appropriate awareness of natural monuments. There were also significant differences in attitudes towards nature according to visitors' awareness of natural monuments. In particular, visitors' awareness of the population of Macropodous Daphniphyllum was relatively lower when compared to that on Forest of Japanese Torreyas at Baegyangsa Temple. In addition, visitors who had a high level of awareness about natural monuments and thought that natural monuments had high cultural value displayed more positive attitudes than those who didn't have good levels of awareness. Based on these findings, this study suggests policy changes to establish development plans of the natural monuments in this area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2 s.121
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• pp.71-80
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• 2007

Korea began preserving and managing natural monuments in 1933 under Japanese Colonization, but North Korea and South Korea were forced to establish separate natural monument management policies because of the division after the Korean Independence. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the natural monument management policies of both south and North Korea between 1933 and 2005 to introduce new policies for Korea unification. The following are the results: First, South Korea manages every type of cultural asset, including natural monuments, through the 'Cultural Heritage Protection Act,' whereas North Korea managing its cultural assets through the 'Cultural Relics Protection Act' and the 'Landmark/Natural Monument Protection Act.' Second, South Korea preserves and utilizes natural monuments for the purpose of promoting the cultural experience of Korean people and contributing to the development of world culture, whereas North Korea uses its natural monuments to promote the superiority of socialism and protect its ruling power. Third, North and South Korea have similar classification systems for animals, plants, and geology, but North Korea classifies geography as one of its natural monuments. Unlike South Korea, North Korea also designates imported animals and plants not only for the preservation and research of genetic resources, but also for their value as economic resources. Fourth, North Korea authorizes the Cabinet to designate and cancel natural monuments, whereas South Korea designates and cancels natural monuments by the Cultural Heritage Administration through the deliberation of a Cultural Heritage Committee. Both Koreas' central administrations establish policies and their local governments carry them out, while their management systems are quite different. In conclusion, it is important to establish specified laws for the conservation of natural heritages and clarified standards of designation in order to improve the preservation and management system and to sustain the diversity of natural preservation. Moreover it is also necessary to discover resources in various fields, designate protection zones, and preserve imported trees. By doing so, we shall improve South Korea's natural monument management policies and ultimately enhance national homogeneity in preparation for the reunification of the Koreas in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.173-184
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• 2010

This study was conducted to establish a management plan for the Sangrim Woodlands restoration by analyzing the vegetation survey and the site characteristics of the Sangrim Woodlands Natural Monument (Natural Monument 154) in Hamyang-Gun, Gyoungsangnam-Do, Korea. According to the vegetation analysis, the species diversity by the location of Sangrim was higher near forest (1.000) than near urban (0.358) areas. Although forest occupied 53% of the Sangrim woodlands area, it is still insufficient, requiring to transform arable land, lawn, or house areas to the forest within the woodlands. Soil bulk density was increased in access areas frequently used by public, while it was decreased in closed areas. Soil hardness at 0-10 cm soil depth was generally improved in the closed areas, while became worse in the public access areas compared with the soil hardness in 2004.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.4
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• pp.408-416
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• 2017

This study describes DNA fingerprinting analysis of twenty-three natural monument individuals of Ginkgo biloba using eight microsatellite markers. The average number of observed alleles was 6.875, and the expected heterozygosity and the observed heterozygosity were 0.711 and 0.710, respectively. This results were similar to those of the previous studies on Ginkgo trees analyzed by same markers in China and Japan. PIC value and PD were calculated at 0.677 and 0.9999 respectively, indicating a high individual identification efficiency. In fact, all of the natural monument ginkgo trees and additionally analyzed thirteen general ginkgo tress were identified by genotype comparison. PI and PD calculated in three markers (Ging06, Gb60, Gb61) with the highest PIC values calculated in natural monument ginkgo trees were $8.045{\times}10^{-5}$ and 99.99%, respectively. Thus, these three markers could be preferentially used in DNA fingerprinting for identifying ginkgo tree individuals. The results in this study will be useful for management of natural monument ginkgo trees, proliferation of their progeny and genetic identification of individuals selected in breeding process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.103-112
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• 2011

Old big tree transcends the simple meaning of trees as they are the natural monuments that embody the people's history and culture of this land. The Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea(CHA) defines and protects old big tree based not only on the size of the tree but also on its definitive cultural and natural factors such as value, implications, and originality. This research aims to identify and analyze the growth conditions, soil conditions and location character of 20 old big tree in Gyeongsangnamdo korea. The research examined the soundness of the arboreal form, the degree of damage on the bark, as well as the quantity of leafs levels to evaluate the overall condition of growth and development. Also, 9 elements such as soil texture, nitrogen and organic matter content, soil pH, phosphoric acid and EC were further analyzed The research analyzed in correlation of Growth condition and soil. Tree health related positivity that total nitrogen and organic matter. The result which analyzes location character, With natural monument old big trees raising a hand the area where is contiguous appeared with the fact that the farming village style where the rice field and the arable land of field etc. This research aimed at generating some foundational reference data for the analysis of the habitation and management conditions of natural monument old big tree within the Gyeongsangnamdo korea.