• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1985

The changes of acid-base status in vitro of the venous blood for 24 hours in ten Korean native goat were investigated. The acid-base parameters were measured within ten minutes after collection of the blood, and every hour during the first six hours and finally after twenty four hours of storage. Blood samples were stored at two different temperatures ($0-4^{\circ}C$ and $21-24^{\circ}C$). Twelve goats were induced acute acid-base disturbances by intravenous infusion of either hydrochloric acid or sodium bicarbonate and inhalated with $CO_2$ gas mixture (20% $CO_2$, 80% $O_2$) or hyperventilation were performed by means of respirator. The results were as follows; 1. Blood samples could be stored during the first two hours in ice water ($0-4^{\circ}C$) and one hour at room temperature without significant changes in pH. The magnitudes of changes were similar to those of cow, and lower than those of men and dogs. 2. The mean values of acid-base parameters in normal goat were arterial pH, 7.40; $P_{CO_2}$, 35.4mmHg; $HCO_3{^-}$, 21.8mEq/L. 3. Both the base excess and the bicarbonate showed high correlation (r=0.99) during the metabolic disturbance and were represented as $B.E.=1.38\;HCO^-{_3}-29.7$. 4. The slope of blood buffer curve obtained from the in vivo experiment was 16.3mEq/L/pH. 5. The magnitudes of changes in hydrogen ion concentration per unit change of $P_{CO_2}$ were 0.8nM/mmHg in hypercapnia and 1.0nM/mmHg in hypocapnia. 6. The ranges of acid-base parameters in normal goat urine were pH, 6.0-8.1; $P_{CO_2}$, 42-61mmHg; $HCO_3{^-}$, 2-110mEq/L. The concentration of potassium was higher (60-200mEq/L), and that of sodium was lower (8-70mEq/L) than those of human urine.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.179-182
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• 2011

Two day-old male and 1 month-old female Hanwoo calves presented to Chonbuk Animal Medical Center in Chonbuk National University. Two calves were stepped by mother cow and had right (2 day-old male) and left (1 month-old female) forelimb lameness. The male calf was diagnosed as right radius-ulnar fracture through physical and radiographic examination. The other female calf was diagnosed as left third and fourth metacarpal bone fracture by the same examinations as male calf. Acrylic frame external fixator was used to reduce the fractures. Arcrylic frame external fixator in two calves lasted for 5~6 weeks. After removing the acrylic frame external fixator, radiographic evaluation and physical examination were performed. Fractured radius-ulnar and metacarpal bones were unionized and the calves were able to stand and bear weight. In these two calves, application of acrylic frame external fixator in calf fracture was effective. Acrylic frame external fixator should be considered for the repair of radius-ulnar and metacarpal bone fracture in calf.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2012

We investigated phenotypic differences in Hanwoo cattle cloned from somatic cells of a single adult. Ten genetically identical Hanwoo were generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer from a single adult. Weights at birth, growing pattern, horn and noseprint patterns were characterized to investigate phenotypic differences. The weights of clones at 6 and 12 months were slightly heavier than that of the donor. A horn pattern analysis revealed that seven clones had exactly the same horn pattern as the donor cow, whereas three were different. Although similarities such as general appearance can often be used to identify individual cloned animals, no study has characterized noseprint patterns for this end. A noseprint pattern analysis of all surviving clones showed that all eight animals had distinct noseprints. Four were similar to the donor, and the remaining four had more secondary-like characteristics.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.307-313
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• 1997

Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of quality and viability of bovine blastocysts derived from in-vitro culture(IVC) of in vitro matured and fertilized(IVM-IVF) oocytes during their transport 2 hours. Follicular oocytes were collected form ovaries obtained at a slaughterhouse and were cultured for 24 hours in TCM-199. The IVM oocytes were fertilized in vitro with caudal epididymis spermatozoa. Fertilized oocytes were cultured for 7 to 9 days, and embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage were used for the experiment. The blastocysts, packed in straws with storage medium that consisted TCM-199 with HEPES equilibratd in air and supplemented with 10% FCS were transported at 39~(2.0 h). The quality of blastocysts was assessed and ranked as A(excel-lent), B(Good), fair or poor after transportation. The percentages of A and B grade blastocysts after transport duration for < 1 hours(97.7%) were similar to the result from transport duration for 1~2 hours (92.9%) and 2~3 hours(89.6%), but significantly(P<0.05) higher than transpot duration for 3~4 hours(76.3%). The percentages of A and B grade blastocysts after transport duration for two hours from developed blastocyst at 7day(100%) and 8day(85.0%) were higher 9day(96.6%) and >9day (40.0%). And early to expanded blastocyst produced in vitro were transferred to recipient cow by additional embryos at 7 and 8th day after AI. Three of them were pregnant to term and produced four twin calves, and two calves was premature birth. The gestation lengths of male to female and female to female twin were 282 and 281 days, respectively. And birth weight of twin calves were male to female(22.Skg) and female to female twin(20.3Okg), respectively.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2014

Recently, several approaches have been used to measure the oxygen consumption rates of individual embryos, but relationship between oxygen consumption and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo following embryo transfer has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the correlation between oxygen consumption rate and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo embryo using a SECM. In addition to, the expression of apoptosis-related genes was determined using real-time PCR by extracting RNA according to the oxygen consumption of in vivo embryo. First, we found that the oxygen consumption significantly increased in blastocyst-stage embryos (blastocyst) compared to early blastocyst stage embryos, indicating that oxygen consumption reflects the embryo quality (Grade I). The oxygen consumption or GI blastocysts were significantly higher than those of GII blastocysts ($10.2{\times}10^{14}/mol\;s^{-1}$ versus $6.4{\times}10^{14}/mol\;s^{-1}$, p<0.05). Pregnant rate in recipient cow was 0, 60 and 80% in the transplantation of embryo with the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0~12.0 and over $12.0{\times}10^{14}/mol\;s^{-1}$, respectively. Apoptosis regulatory genes, Hsp-70.1 were significantly increased in over-10.0 group than below 10.0 group but in Caspase-3, Bax and P53 gene, there was no significant difference. In conclusion, These results suggest that measurement of oxygen consumption maybe help increase the pregnant rate of Hanwoo embryos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1250-1253
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to estimate the parameters of Gompertz growth curves with the measurements of body conformation, real-time ultrasound longissimus dorsi muscle area (LMA) and backfat thickness (BFT) in Hanwoo cows. The Hanwoo cows (n = 3,373) were born in 97 Hanwoo commercial farms in the 17 cities or counties of Gyeongbuk province, Korea, between 2000 and 2007. A total of 5,504 ultrasound measurements were collected for the cows at the age of 13 to 165 months in 2007 and 2008. Wither height (HW), rump height (HR), the horizontal distance between the top of the hips (WH), and girth of chest (GC) were also measured. Analysis of variance was conducted to investigate variables affecting LMA and BFT. The effect of farm nested in location was included in the statistical model, as well as the effects of HW, HR, WH, and GC as covariates. All of the effects were significant in the analysis of variance for LMA and BFT (p<0.01), except for the HR effect for LMA. The two ultrasound measures and the four body conformation traits were fitted to a Gompertz growth curve function to estimate parameters. Upper asymptotic weights were estimated as $54.0cm^2$, 7.67 mm, 125.6 cm, 126.4 cm, 29.3 cm, and 184.1 cm, for LMA, BFT, HW, HR, WH, and GC, respectively. Results of ultrasound measurements showed that Hanwoo cows had smaller LMA and greater BFT than other western cattle breeds, suggesting that care must be taken to select for thick BFT rather than an increase of only beef yield. More ultrasound records per cow are needed to get accurate estimates of growth curve, which, thus, helps producers select animals with high accuracy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.868-872
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• 2005

Individual management of the animal is the first step towards reaching the goal of precision livestock farming that aids animal welfare. Accurate recognition of each individual animal is important for precise management. Electronic identification of cattle, usually referred to as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), has many advantages for farm management. In practice, however, RFID implementations can cause several problems. Reading speed and distance must be optimized for specific applications. Image processing is more effective than RFID for the development of precision farming system in livestock. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to attempt the identification of cattle by using image processing. The majority of the research on the identification of cattle by using image processing has been for the black-and-white patterns of the Holstein. But, native Japanese and Korean cattle do not have a consistent pattern on the body, so that identification by pattern is impossible. This research aims to identify to Japanese black cattle, which does not have a black-white pattern on the body, by using image processing and a neural network algorithm. 12 Japanese black cattle were tested. Values of input parameter were calculated by using the face image values of 12 cows. The face was identified by the associate neural memory algorithm, and the algorithm was verified by the transformed face image, for example, of brightness, distortion, noise and angle. As a result, there was difference due to a transformation ratio of the brightness, distortion, noise, and angle. The algorithm could identify 100% in the range from -30 to +30 degrees of brightness, -20 to +40 degrees of distortion, 0 to 60% of noise and -20 to +30 degree of angle transformed images.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 2013

본 연구는 강원도 영동지방에서 사육중인 1,619두의 암소를 대상으로 암소의 인공수정 실패율에 관한 조사 연구를 실시하였다. 분석에 이용된 1,619두 암소의 평균 인공수정 실패율은 34.36%로 나타났고, 동해시에서 41.46%로 가장 높은 인공수정 실패율을 보여 각 지역별로 인공수정 실패율에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 산차에 따른 인공수정 실패율에 따르면 1 산차에서 가장 높은 실패율인 49.14%를 나타냈으며, 5 산차에서 가장 낮은 실패비율인 29.91%를 나타내 산차가 증가함에 따라 인공수정 실패율이 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈으나, 6 산차 이상의 경우 실패율이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 둔근지방 두께(rump fat thickness by ultrasound)에 따른 암소의 인공수정 실패율을 비교하였을 때 둔근지방 두께가 15 mm 초과인 경우 인공수정 실패비율이 33.4%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 5 mm 초과 10 mm 이하에서 가장 낮은 비율(28.9%)을 보여 둔근지방의 두께와 인공수정 실패 사이에는 밀접한 연관이 있는 것으로 사료된다. 인공수정 실패율이 높은 어미암소가 생산한 자우암소의 인공수정 실패율이 높을 확률은 약 80% 이상으로 나왔으며, 어미암소와 자우암소의 인공수정 실패율은 0.2186의 정의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 암소의 인공수정에 영향을 미치는 요인은 암소의 둔근지방 두께, 산차, 어미암소의 수태율 등으로 분류할 수 있었으며, 한우 번식능력을 평가할 수 있는 기초 자료로써 이용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 더 나아가 강원 영동지방이 아닌 전국에 더 많은 샘플 수집을 통해 분석해야 할 것이며, 번식형질에 관련된 유전자 탐색 및 단일염기다형성분석 또한 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2006

본 시험은 산림 간벌 부산물인 잣나무 생지엽을 반추가축 사료로 이용하기 위하여 제조된 발효 생지엽(pine silage)의 한우 반추위내 in situ 분해율 및 in vivo 소화율, 사양성적 및 도체분석에 있어서 볏짚 대체효과를 규명하기 위하여 수행되었다. In situ 시험은 nylon bag 시료를 처리 당 4반복으로 하여, 반추위내에서 48시간 동안 발효시켰으며, in vivo 소화시험은 볏짚 급여구와 생지엽 silage구로 나누어 incomplete double turn over design에 의해 처리 당 5반복으로 수행되었다. 사양시험에서는 생지엽 silage에 대한 볏짚 대체비율을 4수준(0%, 25%, 50%, 75%)으로 나누어 한우수소 48두를 처리당 12두씩 완전임의로 배치하였으며, 시험종료 후, 도체분석을 하였다. 반추위내 in situ 조단백질 분해율은 생지엽 silage가 볏짚보다 높았으나(P<0.01), NDF 분해율은 오히려 낮았다(P<0.01). In vivo 건물, 조단백질 및 NDF 소화율은 처리간 차이가 없었다. 일당 증체량은 볏짚 급여구와 비해 생지엽 silage 25% 대체구를 제외한 모든 생지엽 silage 대체구에서 유의적(P<0.01)으로 높았다. 생지엽 silage 급여 및 급여수준은 사료 효율에 영향을 주지 않았다.도체성적에 있어서 통계적 유의차는 없었으나 근내지방도는 50% 생지엽 silage 대체구가 타 처리구보다 수치적으로 높고, 등지방 두께는 생지엽 silage 대체구가 볏짚 급여구보다 다소 두꺼운 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 생지엽 silage를 한우의 조사료로서 사용할 경우, 볏짚과 50%씩 혼합해서 급여하는 것이 건물섭취량과 일당증체량에서 좋은 효과를 기대할 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.212-220
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• 1983

파쇄(破碎) 고구마에 밀기울 및 계분(鷄糞), 돈분(豚糞), 우분(牛糞) 등(等) 가축분(家畜糞)을 첨가(添加)하여 silage를 조제(調製)하고 저장기간(貯藏期間)에 따른 pH, 유기산조성(有機酸組成), 생균수(生菌數) 및 유산균수(乳酸菌數)의 변화(變化)와 기호성(嗜好性) 및 사료(飼料) 조성분(組成分)의 변화상태(變化狀態)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 고구마에 밀기울을 첨가(添加)하여 조제(調製)한 silage는 6.95의 pH로 부터 완숙(完熟) 후(後) 4.00의 pH로 변화(變化)되었으며 계분첨가구(鷄糞添加區)는 4.50, 돈분첨가구(豚糞添加區)는 4.40, 우분첨가구(牛糞添加區)는 4.10의 pH를 표시(表示)하였다. 2. 유기산(有機酸) 함량(含量)에 있어서는 밀기울첨가구(添加區)가 3.50%의 총산(總酸)과 3.32%의 유산(乳酸)을, 계분첨가구(鷄糞添加區)는 9.55%의 총산과 9.23%의 유산을, 돈분첨가구(豚糞添加區)는 8.51%의 총산과 8.51%의 유산을, 우분첨가구(牛糞添加區) 0.93%의 총산과 0.90%의 유산을 나타내어 밀기울, 계분(鷄糞) 및 돈분(豚糞) 첨가구(添加區)는 우수(優秀)한 silage의 품질(品質)을 나타내었다. 3. 생균수(生菌數)에 있어서는 밀기울첨가구(添加區)가 $2.6{\times}10^7/g$, 계분첨가구(鷄糞添加區)는 $2.8{\times}10^7/g$, 돈분첨가구(豚糞添加區)는 $2.6{\times}10^7/g$, 우분첨가구(牛糞添加區)는 $1.9{\times}10^7/g$를 나타내고 유산균수(乳酸菌數)에 있어서는 밀기울 첨가구(添加區)가 $4.0{\times}10^7/g$, 계분첨가구(鷄糞添加區)는 $5.5{\times}10^7/g$, 돈분첨가구(豚糞添加區)는 $4.6{\times}10^7/g$, 우분첨가구(牛糞添加區)는 $4.2{\times}10^7/g$를 나타내었다. 4. 조성분(組成分)은 계분첨가구(鷄糞添加區)가 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 함량(含量)이 가장 높았고 지방(脂肪)은 돈분첨가구(豚糞添加區)가 가장 높았으며 조섬유(粗纖維) 함량(含量)은 우분첨가구(牛糞添加區)가 가장 높았고 완숙후(完熟後)의 silage는 수분(水分)의 감소(減少)와 함께 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 조지방등(粗脂肪等)의 증가현상(增加現象)을 나타내었다. 5. 고구마를 원료로한 밀기울 및 가축분첨가(家畜糞添加) silage의 기호성(嗜好性) 시험(試驗) 결과(結果) silage의 기호성(嗜好性)은 밀기울첨가(添加) silage에 비(比)하여 가축분첨가(家畜糞添加) silage가 모두 떨어지는 경향올 보였으나 그 차이(差異)는 크게 나타나지 않았으며 가축분(家畜糞) silage중에서는 계분(鷄糞)과 돈분(豚糞)silage가 좋았고 우분첨가구(牛糞添加區)는 약간 떨어졌다.