• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2013

Objective: Evaluations of the in-vitro anti-bacterial activities of aqueous extracts of Acacia catechu (L.F.)Willd, Castanea sativa, Ephedra sinica stapf and Shilajita mumiyo against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are reasonable since these ethnomedicinal plants have been used in Persian folk medicine for treating skin diseases, venereal diseases, respiratory problems and nervous disorders for ages. Methods: The well diffusion method (KB testing) with a concentration of $250{\mu}g/disc$ was used for evaluating the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Maximum synergistic effects of different combinations of components were also observed. Results: A particular combination of Acacia catechu (L.F.) Willd, Castanea sativa, Ephedra sinica stapf and shilajita mumiyo extracts possesses an outstanding anti-bacterial activity. It's inhibiting effect on microorganisms is significant when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive microorganism. The highest anti-bacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia) or gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was exerted by formula number 2 (table 1). Conclusion: The results reveal the presence of anti-bacterial activities of Acacia catechu, Castanea sativa husk, Ephedra sp. and Mumiyo against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Synergistic effects in a combined formula, especially in formula number 2 (ASLAN$^{(R)}$) can lead to potential sources of new antiseptic agents for treatment of acute or chronic skin ulcers. These results considering the significant anti-bacterial effect of the present formulation, support ethnopharmacological uses against diarrheal and venereal diseases and demonstrate use of these plants to treat infectious diseases.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.91-111
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• 2006

Technology development of modern society reduces times, costs and labor costs but demands work forces requiring expert knowledge on technology. Consequently knowledge worker becomes important. Not changing into a specialist acquired expert knowledge, people can't survive in competitive society. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to grasp the actual condition of private security industry and to examine problems. The final goal is to find the way to improve the professionalism of workers in private security industry. First. Now we must make up for the subject for examination actually and be in a triangular position and complement a professional materials for teaching. At the same time it must strengthen the education using advanced instruments seek to Total Security System. Moreover it is demanded 'institutional supplement of security guard instructors' which means job training for security guard instructor Second. On the job training which can deal with a state of emergency through 'security guard training' with a theory and an actual training must be strengthen. Also, most security guards have low understandings and interests because their ages are from 50's to 60's. Accordingly proper education must be offered to security guard. Third. Certification system of the private security guards are needed to fix the problems on an indiscreet issue and an abuse of license through deliberation on the security license. Fourth. Universities must find a new market to minimize the squandering of human resources because of oversupply and reduce the personnel. Also with enhancing the employment rate through specialized education, universities must offer an education which keeps pace with the times for not an entrance strategy but a long-term development. Effort for education of specialist will produce an improvement in business quality and improved services produce a customer satisfaction. A customer satisfaction will produce a fame of a successful company and positive images in market area. Finally the private industry will be developed by productivity improvement.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.44-59
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• 2013

The modern people do express their personalities by appearance and actively use the appearance as the social tools, and the attractive appearance largely does influence the human relationship. As the appearance's importance is being magnified, the attractive appearance and favourable impression is an important standard for job performance and social position, and used as the way to reach the social goal. This study does investigate the design's kind and character of the beard which belongs to the male exclusive property and compare the differences of the impression's formation according to the beard design. The empirical results confirmed that the male beard design formated the various impressions according to the designs and their mutual relationship existed. Therefore, the beard is a symbol of maleness and an expression for the social position and personal character, whereas it possesses the very important meaning as the influencing factor on the impression's change. First, the pre stimuli were finished through the pre survey for composition of questionnaire in order to evaluate the impression after selection of experimental models and beard types for measuring instruments. Second, sixty three university students were surveyed by pre stimuli and questionnaire as pre experiment, and afterwards the measuring instruments and experimental design were revised. Third, the stimuli completed (nine beard designs) were intentionally well distributed as questionnaire by sex and ages in Seoul metropolitan and her environment. and the factorial analysis and the coefficient of Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for reliability test were completed for questionnaire's validity using SPSS/PC+ Window Ver. 12.0.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.27
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• pp.129-159
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• 2011

Physical security has always been an extremely important facet within the security arena. A comprehensive security plan consists of three components of physical security, personal security and information security. These elements are interrelated and may exist in varying degrees defending on the type of enterprise or facility being protected. The physical security component of a comprehensive security program is usually composed of policies and procedures, personal, barriers, equipment and records. Human beings kept restless struggle to preserve their and tribal lives. However, humans in prehistoric ages did not learn how to build strong house and how to fortify their residence, so they relied on their protection to the nature and use caves as protection and refuge in cold days. Through the history of man, human has been establishing various protection methods to protect himself and his tribe's life and assets. Physical security methods are set in the base of these security methods. Those caves that primitive men resided was rounded with rock wall except entrance, so safety was guaranteed especially by protection for tribes in all directions. The Great Wall of China that is considered as the longest building in the history was built over one hundred years from about B.C. 400 to prevent the invasion of northern tribes, but this wall enhanced its protection function to small invasions only, and Mongolian army captured the most part of China across this wall by about 1200 A.D. European lords in the Middle Ages built a moat by digging around of castle or reinforced around of the castle by making bascule bridge, and provided these protections to the resident and received agricultural products cultivated. Edwin Holmes of USA in 20 centuries started to provide innovative electric alarm service to the development of the security industry in USA. This is the first of today's electrical security system, and with developments, the security system that combined various electrical security system to the relevant facilities takes charging most parts of today's security market. Like above, humankind established various protection methods to keep life in the beginning and its development continues. Today, modern people installed CCTV to the most facilities all over the country to cope with various social pathological phenomenon and to protect life and assets, so daily life of people are protected and observed. Most of these physical security systems are installed to guarantee our safety but we pay all expenses for these also. Therefore, establishing effective physical security system is very important and urgent problem. On this study, it is suggested methods of establishing effective physical security system by using system integration on the principle of security design about effective security system's effective establishing method of physical security system that is increasing rapidly by needs of modern society.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.3
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• pp.91-113
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• 2001

History always be re-interpreted as the time flows. 'The Sillok', Which was registered in Memory of World of UNESCO in 1997, is comprehensive documents of the Chosun Dynasty, which had been compiled after kings' death, The Sillok encompasses 473 years of the reign in their 848 volumes(1,893 chapters). It was a history itself and has been main source in studying Korean history. Due to the rise of studies on the Sillok, time has come to explore the nature of the Sillok and to criticize the text, which would be called 'The Sillok-Study'. In this context, this paper examined three concepts that categorize the nature of the Sillok as historical materials ;Is it book or record?; The Sillok in register system in pre-modern society; And the Sillok as the National Archives. Korean historians, including myself, haven't yet examined the question whether the Sillok is the Book or Record in terms of archival science. At first, I regarded it as history book, and with this presupposition, wrote several papers on the characteristics of the Sillok. However, I recognized that the Sillok are close to record rather that history book as I examined the definition of glossary of librarian study, OED (Oxford English Dictionary) and Encyclopedia of Britannica, etc. Definitely, the Sillok was neither compiled and published to be read and sold publicly, nor meant to the works of literature or scholarship. one may say that the court-historians wrote comments on the facts and therefore it was just scholarly work. However, because the court-historians produced their comments on their own businesses, the outcome of 'their scholarly works' were also records conceptually, as were daily court-journalists in Rome. Its publication also had a absolutely different meaning from that of modern society. It was a method to preserve the important national records and distributed each edition of them to plural repositories for its safety and security. How can we explain its book-like shape and the procedure of compilation after a kings' death. The answer is as follows ; In pre-modern society, it was a common record-keeping system in the world to register records materials in order to arrange the materials of different sizes and to store them conveniently. And the lack of scientific preservation or conservation skill also encouraged them to register original records. Actually, the court-historians who participated in the compiling process called themselves "registering officers". On the other hand, similar to social hierarchy, there was a hierarchical system of records, and the Sillok was placed at the top of this hierarchy. In conclusion, the Sillok was a kind of registered records in the middle ages and the supreme records in the records-world. In addition to this we can also conceptualize the Sillok as archives. Through the compiling process, the most important and valuable records were selected to be the parts of Sillok. This process corresponds to the modem records appraisal. In the next step, it was preserved in the Four Archives(史庫) which located at remote site as archives and only accessible by the descendents in the future, who might be the people of the next dynasty. And nobody could access or read the documents at that time except the authorized court-historians who were archivists of the Chosun Dynasty. From this perspective, I conclude that Sillok was the supreme confidential archives in the register system. I work for the Government Archives as a historian and archivist. Whenever I entered the exhibition hall of the Government Archives and Records Service(GARS) and saw the replica of the Archives of Taebeak Mountain built during Chosun period, I always asked to myself a question whether the Sillok can be a symbol of the archival tradition of Korea and the GARS. Now, I can say, 'Yes!' definitely.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.75-86
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• 2016

The area surrounding Segeomjeong, one of the famous pavilions near the capital in the Joseon Dynasty, was a favorite place of scholars to visit and enjoy the beautiful natural landscape. The recreational culture of Segeomjeong area in traditional societies representing the prototype of urban tourism in modern society indicates cultural landscape which is a combination of the surrounding landscape and human activities. At this point, the purpose of this research on Saegumjeong area as a recreation place was to examine recreational activities and landscape elements before restoration. Through the relevant historical literature, there were several recreational activities such as traveling to enjoy scenery, taking a view of stream with waterfalls, doing creative writing of reciting poems and drawing about the greatness of nature and gathering on a broad and flat rock or Tangchundae. Also, the main landscape elements-such as Saegumjeong, stream, broad and flat rocks, pine trees, Tangchundae Peak, and mountains-were extracted through paintings of Saegumjeong drawn before restoration. Consequently, in this study, it was confirmed that the Segeomjeong area was the spot that scholars visited consistently, the center for travel, and the place for communication between scholars and national banquets. This study is significant, in that it drew conclusions on the cultural landscape of the Korean people through the ages and helped to discover the meaning and value of cultural landscape of recreation places based on Korean natural characteristics and cultural climate.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.77-98
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore perceived meanings of dating and marriage among well-educated Korean couples who were in optimal marriageable ages. Particularly, an emphasis was placed on finding out where the traditional gender norms and post-modern contexts intersect on the couples' course of dating and marriage. Method: We undertook a qualitative analysis of 8 couples (age: 26-34) dating. Participants were limited to university graduates of upper-middle rank universities in Seoul, South Korea. The rationale for choosing such sample was based on the idea that characteristics of class is inherent in the act of dating and marriage, and that such characteristics lead to different contextual experiences in dating and marriage. This study was based on interviews conducted over a three-month time span. The interviews were first transcribed into research text and then subjects and key categories were drawn from the transcripts for analysis. Results: Participants sought meanings of joy, learning, and self-improvement in dating, and they were free from traditional gender norms in their romantic relationships. They viewed marriage as having a permanent companionship with their partner, becoming independent from their parents, and/or a social norm to be followed. Participants reported mixed perceptions about marriage in such fashion that they described their parents' relationship in terms of a gendered leader-supporter relationship, while viewing their own relationship as being genderless partners. In transition to parenthood, however, they regressed to traditional gender norms dichotomized as women being a homemaker and men being a breadwinner. In sum, participants displayed expectations that were inconsistent with regard to dating and marriage over the study period. That is, during the course of dating and early marriage, they did not hold separated gender norms; however, when transitioning from being a newly married couple to giving their first childbirth, expectations shifted to traditional gender norms and values. Conclusion: This suggests that it is not marriage, but the experience of childbirth and motherhood, which strengthen traditional gendered norms, engendering regeneration of the gender norms in families. The results indicate that there is a need to promote co-parenting behavior among the newly-married couples and to educate gender equality about parent roles or for parents in South Korea so that they can overcome traditional gendered norms in family.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.1
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• pp.119-129
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• 1977

It is significant for developing the future for us to know our present age. In order to preserve our Korean costume as a fola clothes retaining our distinguished independent characterisitics and to help design the tomorrow of our Korean costume playing a role as a racial to develop the world clothing culture, a survey was conducted to investigate modern people's conscious-ness and wearing practumes of Korean costume by questionaire and interviewing methods. The results of the survey were analyzed as follows: (1) At present, Korean costumes were purchased as customtailored(64.0%) and as ready-made(17.8%) and most of them were not made at individual homes. The laundry and ironing of them were carried out at laundry shops(68.8%). Considering our present economic, social and cultural aspects, sowing, laundryand ironing will not be carried out at homes again in the future and ready made costumes seen to be produced in a large scale in the future. Garment makers and laundry shop operators should be trained how to make our Korean costumes retain our traditional beauty in the course of their production and laundry and the makers of ready-made costumes must make research how to efficiently produce ideal ready-made costumes by adopting the synchro system in their wrk odisivion. (2) The age group wearing Korean costumes most frequently was the aged people over 60 (their wearing rate; 45%-50%) and the group wearing them most frequently next io the aged people over 60, was housewives(their wearing rate; 15%-20%). Excludign aged people and housewives, other respondentsdid not wear Korean costumes very frequently. Men's wearing rate was lower their wearing rate was the younger their ages were and the less their monthly incomes were. Korean costumes were used for holiday and festival(60%), wedding and funeral ceremonies (52%), visiting and working(22%), casual wear(12.8%) and home wear(9.2%). The use of Korean costumes as casual and home wears, was lower than the use for holday, festival, visiting and working, Under our present circumstances in which our Korean people use both Western style clothes and Korean costumer, our Korean costume has lostits position as a basic and necessary requiement in Korean people's daily life and become a ceremonical and fancy costume. It is natural that the times and life change everything in our daily life. Our costume has to be made as good ceremonial and fancy clothes satisfying modern sensibility according to its new role. In order for us to get close with our clothes, a keen study must be carried out to cleat the color, material, style, function and harmony of the Korean costume matching the of the times. (3) The 47.8% of the respondents answered that they were proud of our Korean costume as our folk clothes, 47.6% replied that thought them just common and 1.1% responded that they were ashamed of it. Most of them were affirmative in feeling pride with our Korean costume. (4) Considering the functional aspect of Korean costumes, their strong points were symetric beauty, rhythmical beauty, unity feeling, harmonical beauty and detailed decorations. Their common shortcomings were lack of individuality and inadequateness for active life. The shortcomings of woman costumes were suppressing breast, making resperation difficult and in adequnteness in summer time. The main reason not to wear our Korean costumes, was due to the fact that they are incomvenient for active life. As a measure to eliminate such shortcomings, 1) the suspension system of skirt to remove the suppression of breast should be generally adopted. 2) they should be simplified in their structure to make them convenient for active life and adepuate in wearing them in hot weather in an extent to which the traditional beauty of the costume may not be lostand 3) a new technique must be explored for showing individuality by wearing method and new arrangment of colors and decorations. (5) The reasons desiring to wear Korean costumes were classifide as follows: A. Korean costumes are our traditional clothes(43.4%). B. Korean costumes are noble and beautiful(26.8%). C. They are accustomed to wear Korean costumes by habit(19.5%). D. Korean costumes are necessary for attending ceremoneis(9.5%). E. Miscellaneous reasons(0.8%). Classifying these reasons into age groups, the high age group over 40 wore them because they were easy to wear by habit and the low age group of 10-30 never thought that they were east to wear by habit. Considering that even those who were accustomed to wear Korean costumes showed a low wearing rate and that the young generation were accustomed to wear Western style clothes rather than Korean costumes, the wearing rate of Korean costumes will be reduced in the future if such trend continues. It is urgent for us to make our best efforts in order to enhance the interest of young generation in Korean costumes and not to make them lose the strong points of Korean costume in the future. (6) Conicering the plan of the respondents on what kind of clothes they were going to wear in the future, among the age group over 50, those who wanted to wear only Korean costumes were 24.8%(men) and 35.1%(women), those who wanted to wear 49.7%(men) and 47.4(women), those who wanted to wear chiefly Western style clothes were 20.7% (men) and 14.4%(women) and those who wanted to wear only Western style clothes, were 2.4% (men) and 2.1%(women). This shows that the general tendency to wear only or chiefly Korean costumes is more prevalent than that to wear only Western style. Among the age group under 50, the tendency to wear Western style clothes was conspicuous and most of the respondent answered that they would wear chiefly Western style clothes and Korean costumes occasionally. Only 5.4% of the respondent answered that they would wear only Western style clothes and this shows that meny respondents still wonted to wear Korean costumes. Those who wanted their descendants to wear what they desire, were 50.1%(men) and 68.8% (women) and those who wanted their descendants to wear Koran costumes occasionally, were 85.8%(men) and 86.3%(women). This shows that most of respondents wanted their descendants to wear Korean costumes. In order to realize, it is necessory for us to make ourdescendants recognize the preciousness of our traditional culture and modify our Korean costumes according to their taste so that they may like wearing them.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.4
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• pp.76-85
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• 1997

In modern society, the human average life span has been prolonged due to medical benefits and changes in society, which results in the rapid and world -wide increase in the population of elderly. Consequently, the field of nursing science, as well as the field of many other discipline, has shown increasing interests in issues on the elderly. In addition, to improve the quality of life for elderiy people a great deal of effort has been made. The purpose of our study is to analyze the correlation between family support and quality of life in order to develop basic data for nursing interventions to maintain life satisfaction of the elderly. The sample consists of 108 subjects residing at home whose ages are over 65 years old. The data has been collected, from November 11, 1996 to November 23, 1996, through interviewing the elderly using a questionnarie. For the family supoort we used two: 1) the 5 - point Likert scale questionnarie developed by Gallo and Warren (Family support I) and 2) the 5-point Likert scale developed by H. S. Kang(Family support II), and for the quality of life we used the 3 - point likert scale questionnarie developed by Choi, Young Hee. For data analysis we used percentages, means, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and ANOVA. The results of our study are as follows: 1. For perceived family support I & II, the minimum score is 12 & 19, the maximum score is 32 & 46, the mean score is 24.49 & 34.90, respectively. 2. For Quality of life, the minimum score is 13, the maximum score is 39, the mean score is 28.61. 3. there is a very strong correlation between the perceived family support of the subjects and Quality of life (for I r=0.35047, p<.001 and for II r= 0.60558, p<.001). 4. The relationship between the general characteristics of the elderly and our two variables. family support and Quality of life, is as follows: 1) According to age(for II F=5.32, p<.01), the amount of monthly pocket money(for II F= 3.52, p<.05), inmate(for I F=2.93, p<.05, for II F=2.84, p<.05), economics(for I F=8.99, p<.01. for II F=7.51. p<.01), supporter(for I F=4.01. p<.01. for II F=3.43, p<.01), there is a statistically significant difference in family support. 2) According to the amount of monthly pocket money(F=6.69, p<.01), inmate(F=2.24, p<.05), economics(F=15.38, p<.01), there is a statistically significant difference in Quality of life. In conclusion, it can be said that the family support is an important variable to the Quality of the elderly life.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.311-325
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• 2021

Modern society demands a new science teacher image. Compared to other school ages, elementary school students are the time when the teacher's influence plays a large role and is the time when they first encounter science subjects. The role of science teachers is very important as the starting point for the initial image of science learning and attitudes toward science by elementary science teachers. Therefore, it is very important to correctly establish an image of an elementary science teacher. The purpose of this study is to analyze the images of science teachers that elementary school students prefer and avoid according to their class situation. To this end, 534 elementary school students were divided into five classes: class type, class material presentation method, subject instruction method, subject content explanation method, and class atmosphere, and the image of science teacher who prefers and avoids is described in an open format. Concepts presented by elementary school students were analyzed using Semantic network analysis. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, the image of a science teacher preferred or avoided by elementary school students was determined according to how the science teacher did the class. Second, elementary school students prefer activity-oriented classes such as experimental classes, and there is a need for classes to be conducted in this manner. Lastly, small changes and efforts of teachers in teaching methods are needed so that changes to science classes preferred by elementary school students can be achieved.