• 간호행정학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.119-133
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• 1997

Continuing shift service of clinical nurses can be not only the cause of occupational dissatisfaction by being connected with the change of circadian rhythm and the burden of duties to be applicable to such changes. But also of inviting the lowering of nursing quality by being affected to the resignation of the nurses as the threat to the health of the nurses. This study has selected 500 nurses at random under non-probability sampling who have been serving by shift in 7 general hospitals which have over 400 sickbeds for the purpose of cross-sectional survey design from Sep. 7 through 20, 1996. Standardized modification of the CMI has been used which was designed for Koreans with Cornell Medical Index developed by Broadman and his fellow workers as the study device. The structure of the device was composed of 35 questions on physical appeal(Chronbach's ${\alpha}=8507$) and 22 questions of mental appeal(Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.8166$ totalling 57 questions. The collected data has been computerrized by using SPSS. General character, present symptom, perceived symptom and others are sought by practical number and percentage, and the health condition comparison followed by general characters was conducted by t-test and ANOVA. The post test was by Duncan's test by the level of p<.05. 1) The items of the answer that they have the physical symptom presently by 50% or over of the nurses were as "Do you often have spells of severe dizziness", "Are your eyes often red or inflamed", "Does press or pain in the head often make like miserable", "Are your ankles often badly swollen", "Do pains in the back make it hard for you to keep up with your work". 2) The items of the answer by over 50% of the nurses as the mental symptom at present were "do you fell bad when criticized?", "Do you get angry when everything is against your will?", "do you get angry when ordered to do this and that?", "do you feel uneasy by such a trifle thing?", "do you tremble or are you freightened by sudden sound?". The mental and physical symptoms which have appeared presently in connection with the shift service have been agreed with each other. But the physical condition has been worse than the mental one. 3) In the physical health conditions followed by demosociological character, there were the significant differences by sex, religion and place of residence(p<.05), and in the mental health conditions, there were the significant differences by age, marital status, residence place and the required time for attending hospital(p<.05). 4) There was significant difference by the degree of satisfaction about the duty in both the physical and mental health conditions. In short, the higher the degree of duty satisfaction, the better the health conditions. 5) There were the significant difference according to the times of night duty and whether they take the drug or not or the kinds of the drugs in the physical health conditions related with the characters of night shift. Mental health conditions in the night shift case showed significant differences according to their taking drug or not or the kinds of the drugs(p<.05). I can confirm that the nurses have been affected continuously by the shift service mentally and physically. The maintenance of the physical and mental health of the nurses and its promotion are very important problem to guarantee the quality nursing in the performance of the nursing service continuously and effectively, so the hospital should make every effort to improve the duty conditions by finding out the causes affecting to their health. In the nursing management viewpoint, I think that elevating the satisfaction degree about the duty would be a great help to the promotion of physical and mental health conditions. But what is most important is that the nurses themselves should take care of themselves in maintaining the good conditions in their service in the hospital.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.147-162
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• 1997

This study was attempted to provide the basic data for nursing intervention to improve the psychosociological adaptation of patients receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer by examining relationship between anxiety and hopelessness that they are experiencing and family support, in order to help them successfully cope with various psychological problems. This study was carried out with 93 breast cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy in the injection treatment room of K University Hospital located in the downtown of Taegu after having underwent mastectomy in the hospital between December 1995 and August 1996. This study used the systematized questionnaires which contain 7 questions about general characteristics, Spielberger's trait anxiety & state anxiety scale, the tool that WON(1987) modified the hopelessness scale which was developed by Beck et al.(1967) and the family support tool made by TAE(1985). By using the SPSS/PC program, this study obtained the real number and percentage for the general characteristics of the subjects, and mean and standard variation for the degrees of trait anxiety, state anxiety, hopelessness and family support. The correlation between each variables was identified on the basis of the Pearson Correlation, and the degrees of trait anxiety, state anxiety, hopelessness and family support in the general characteristics of the subjects were analyzed by using the t-test, ANOVA, and Duncan test. The results of this study were summarized as follows. In the general characteristics of the subjects, most of each group were 51 years old or more and the middle class in income, had educational background under elementary school, no job, Buddhism in religion and spouse, and were receiving chemotherapy using MTX and 5FU. It was shown that the degree of the subjects' trait anxiety is, on an average, 50. 29, state anxiety 49. 68, hopelessness 51. 46 and family support 34. 28. Both trait anxiety and hopelessness showed normal correlation ; the higher the degree of trait anxiety is, the higher the degree of hopelessness is, while trait anxiety and family support showed reverse correlation ; the higher the degree of trait anxiety, the lower the degree of family support that the subjects perceive is. State anxiety and hopelessness also showed normal correlation ; the higher the degree of state anxiety is, the higher the degree of hopelessness is. Family support and hopelessness showed reverse correlation ; the higher the degree of family support is, the lower the degree of hopelessness that the subjects perceive is. And family support and state anxiety showed reverse correlation but there was a statistically significant difference. The degree of trait anxiety in the general characteristics of the subjects showed a significant difference by age, job and religion, the degree of state anxiety a signigicant difference by job and religion, the degree of hopelessness a signigicant difference by age, educational background and existence or not of spouse. In conclusion, the breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy perceive anxiety and hopelessness due to several causes such as diagnosis itself or side effects of chemotherapy, so that it is required not only to develop specific nursing interventions including family support to alleviate anxiety and hopelessness but also to apply such interventions to clinical practice.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 2015

목 적 : 하지불안증후군(restless legs syndrome ; RLS)의 병인은 아직 불명확하지만, 유전적 질환으로 알려져 있다. 산화스트레스는 RLS, 지연성운동장애, 파킨슨병, 뚜렛장애 등의 운동장애에서 주요한 원인 중의 하나로 생각되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 조현병환자에서 항정신병약물에 의해 유발된 RLS 증상이 산화손상의 해독효소인 glutathione S-transferase (GST) 유전자의 다형성과 연관이 있는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 방 법 : International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group의 진단기준으로 190명의 한국인 조현병 환자들을 대상으로 RLS에 대해서 평가하였다. 유전자형분석은 중합효소연쇄반응기법을 사용하여 GST-M1, GST-T1, GST-P1의 세 가지 단일염기다형성(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)에 대해서 시행되었다. 결 과 : RLS 증상군 96명과 무증상군 94명으로 피험자들을 분류하였다. GST-M1 (${\chi}^2=3.56$, p = 0.059), GST-T1 (${\chi}^2=0.51$, p = 0.476), GST-P1 (${\chi}^2=0.57$, p = 0.821)의 유전자형 빈도에 두 군간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 유전자형에 따른 RLS 척도의 점수도 GST-M1 (t = -1.54, p = 0.125), GST-T1 (t = -0.02, p = 0.985), GST-P1 (F = 0.58, p = 0.560)의 세 가지 SNP에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 본 연구의 결과 GST 유전자 다형성이 항정신병약물로 유발된 RLS 증상 발생의 민감성을 증가시킨다는 증거는 발견할 수 없었다. 산화손상과 관련된 다른 후보 유전자들에 대한 향후 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.194-201
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• 2010

연구 목적: 본 연구는 지르코니아 코핑의 다양한 디자인과 시멘트 종류에 따른 지르코니아 도재관의 파절 저항성과 변연 적합도를 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: CAD/CAM system (Everest, KAVO Dental GmbH, Biberach, Germany)을 이용하여, 다양한 두께를 가진 지르코니아 코핑을 디자인하고 제작하였다. 80개의 코핑을 디자인에 따라 20개씩 4개의 그룹으로 분류하였으며, 각 그룹은 다시 시멘트 종류에 따라 시편을 10개씩 나누어 2개의 소그룹으로 분류하였다. Group I은 전체적으로 균일하게 0.3 mm로, group II는 협면과 협측 교합면은 0.3 mm, 설면과 설측 교합면을 0.6 mm, group III은전체0.6 mm 균일하게, Group IV는 협면과 협측 교합면은 0.6 mm 설면과 설측 교합면을 1.0 mm로 디자인 하였다. Putty index를 이용해 같은 크기와 형태의 지르코니아 도재관을 축성 후, 완성하였다. 미세 경도측정기의 현미경 (Matsuzawa, MXT-70, Japan)으로 도재관의 변연 적합도를 측정하였고, 만능시험기 (Z020, Zwick, Germany)를 이용하여 cross-head speed를 1 mm/min로 도재관이 파절될 때까지 수직 하중을 가해 파절 저항성을 측정하였다. One-way ANOVA와 two-way ANOVA 를 이용해 그 결과를 비교 분석 하였으며, 사후 검정으로 Duncan's multiple range test ($\alpha$=0.05)를 사용하였다. 결과:1. 코핑 디자인에 따른 변연적합성은 유의한 차이가 있었다 (P<.05). 2. 임시합착제 (Cavitec$^{(R)}$)로 합착한 군에서 코핑 디자인에 따른 지르코니아 도재관의 파절강도는 유의한 차이가 있었다 (P<.05). 3. 영구접착제 (Panavia-$F^{(R)}$)로 접착한 군에서 코핑 디자인에 따른 지르코니아 도재관의 파절강도는 통계학적인 유의차가 없었다 (P>.05). 4. 시멘트의 종류에 따른 동일한 디자인사이에서의 파절강도는 group I과 group II에서 Panavia-F 접착군이 Cavitec$^{(R)}$ 접착군보다 통계학적으로 유의성 있게 높았다 (P<.05). 5. 도재관의 파절 양상은 지르코니아 코핑의 디자인에 따른 차이는 없었으며, 시멘트의 종류에 따라 Cavitec$^{(R)}$ 접착군에서는 시편이 완전 분리되는 전부 파절, Panavia-$F^{(R)}$ 접착군에서는 전장 도재층에서만 파절되는 부분파절이 주로 나타났다. 결론: 제한된 결과이기는 하나 심미성을 위해 가시면을 얇게 하고 강도를 위해 비가시면의 지르코니아 코핑을 두껍게 하는, 즉 기능에 따라 두께를 달리 하는 세라믹 하부구조 디자인이 임상에서 선택적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.623-634
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• 1994

Although the average menopausal age has not changed, women's life span has increased. Today's women live longer after their menopause than those in the past, and this calls for attention in both nursing and medical fields. Many studies have revealed how women reacted to menopause and suffered from it. But they did not discriminate the menopausal meaning and effects from the climacteric phenomena. So, this author tried to clarify what menopause itself meant to the climacteric women, by means of grounded theory methodology. The interviewees were 21 women, whose ages were between 46 and 60 years. They were selected by theoretical sampling technique, and the author tried to include all levels of important variables such as age, educational background, religion and job. Data were collected by the author through in -depth interviews and observations in July, 1994. The interviews were mostly done in the homes of the subjects, or in some cases at the author's office or in a hospital. Interviews took from 30 minutes to 2 hours. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed later by a research assistant. Data were analyzed as gathered, by the constant comparative method proposed by Strauss and Corbin. Eleven concepts were discovered from the data, and they were grouped under six higher order categories. These six categories were "to give menopause a meaning", "to experience value change", "to have self-help strategies", "to have no strategies", "to live a life worth living", "to have a sense of powerlessness" Among these "to experionce value change" was . selected as the core category. Five major categories were systematically integrated around the core category. Women's adaptation to menopause was defined as proceeding as follows : Most women felt relief and sorrow at the same time when they faced menopause, and some only sorrow or agony. Then, they consulted with others about menopausal symptoms, or tried to think of them by themselves. Finally, they gave menopause a meaning, which was that menopause and its symptoms were natural phenomena. But menopause made women reflect on them-selves and their past lives. As they reflected on themselves, their value on life began to change. As their value changed, some women seeked self help strategies. Those self help strategies were what they had learned from collegues, professionals or mass media. The quality of their lives depended on whether they practiced self help strategies or not. Three types of lives were found. Twelve women enjoyed a life worth living, and practiced the self help strategies, because they accepted menopause a chance to change. They were characterized by a high educational level, having a professional job and a sincere faith in God. Seven women were living as usual, because they did not have the necessity to change. They were high school graduates and house wives. Two women recognized menopause a chance to change, but they did not try self help strategies. Their characteristic was low educational level. Those who did not try self help strategies complained of powerlessness to varying degrees. The educational background, full-time jobs and faith helped women adapt to menopause positively. But social support was not helpful to women's adaptation to menepause. Three hypotheses were derived from the analysis. (1) The higher the educational level, the more theneed to change. (2) Women with higher educational background will practice self help strategies more than those with lower edcational background. (3) The more women practice self help strategies, the worthier lives they will live. Suggestions for further studies are as follows. (1) Studies to test hypotheses are needed. (2) A study to find the relationship between the degree of practicing self help strategies and locus of control. (3) Spiritual approaches would better be applied to help menopausal women. (4) Education through mass media should be given mere frequently.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.83-110
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of the problematic behavior for the demented elderly and the stress among family members, and the effects of the problematic behavior upon the stress in order to offer the basic data for the adult and the elderly health education about dementia. For this purpose, 70 families who were resident in Seoul and Inchon were surveyed by quetionnaires. This was carried out from 26 July, 1994 to 11 September, 1994. Datum was analysed by using SPSS\PC+ including percentage, mean, t - test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation. So, the results of this study were as follows: 1. In view of socia-demographic characteristics, female were 82.9%, and of the female daughters-in-law of the demented elderly were 44.9%. 40th years old were 32.9% and 88.6% wase married. The christian were 34.8%, those who graduated university 47.1%, and those who had a job 32.9%. 2. Of the demented elderly, female were 74.3%, 80 years old were 37.1%, and their average age was seventy-seven point one years old. 66.2% of the elderly has been lived alone and the christian were 27.5%. In addition, those who graduated elementary school were 66.5%. 3. Of the behavior problem for the demented elderly, Activities of the Daily Living(ADL) was the most severe problem. The 2nd was cognitive function problem, the 3th, change of personality, the 4th, emotional disturbance, and the last, misconduct behavior. 4. For the status of behavior problems, females were more severe than male, and 80th years elderly ware the most severe groups. The longer disease period was, the severe problematic behaviors were, and in 4-6 years of the disease period the status was the highest(p＜0.05). Those who diagnosed the disease had more severe problems(p＜0.001). 5. The orders of the stress among family members caring for the demented elderly in this study were as follows : 1. The deficiency of supporting network 2. Decrease of elderly's cognitive activities 3. Assistance of BADL(Basic Activities of Daily Living) 6. Elderly's abnormal behavior 5. Assistance of IADL(Instrumental Activities of Daily Living), 6. As for the status of the stress among family members, female respondants were higher than male. On the ages, 20th years' stress score were the highest. Daughters-in-law were stressed more than other family members. The longer the time of caring per day was, the highest the status of the stress(p＜0.05), 7. Those who caring for female elderly and more than 80 years had more stressed. When the elderly was received the diagnosis, the family members were more stressed. On the disease period, 1-2 years was the highest and after 2 years the status of the stress was decreased and more than 6 years was the lowest(p＜0.05). 8. Behavior problems of the demented elderly were closely associated to the stress for family members. Of the problems, change of personality was the most related factor(r = 0.6552). The factors of Basic Activities of the Daily Living(BADL) was most correlated on assistance of Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL), emotional disturbance the assistance of IADL(Instrumental Activities of Daily Living). Change of personality was most related to the stress of the decrease of cognitive activities and elderly's abnormal behavior. The deficiency of supporting network was most related to misconduct behavior.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.1015-1021
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• 2013

창과감초(Glycyrrhiza inflata Batal)는 한약재의 조화를 돕고 해독, 항염증, 항궤양 등의 약리작용으로 한방에서 널리 이용되는 약용식물이다. 본 연구에서는 지방세포와 조골세포에서 감초의 생리활성을 확인하고자 감초에탄올추출물(GBE)을 이용하여 세포분화 촉진여부를 조사하였다. GBE의 세포독성여부를 통해 안전하다고 확인된 $1{\sim}30{\mu}g/mL$의 농도 내에서 실험이 진행되었고 지방세포 분화조건에서 다분화능 세포 C3H10T1/2과 지방전구세포 3T3-L1의 Oil Red O 염색을 통해 GBE의 지방세포분화 촉진효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 지방세포의 핵심전사조절인자인 $PPAR{\gamma}$와 그의 표지유전자 aP2, AdipoQ, $C/EBP{\alpha}$의 발현량 증가를 통해 GBE의 지방세포분화 촉진효과를 재확인하였다. 이와 일관된 결과로서 조골세포 분화조건에서 다분화능 세포 C3H10T1/2과 조골전구세포 MC3T3-E1의 ALP 염색을 통해 GBE의 조골세포분화 촉진효과를 확인하였고 조골세포 표지유전자인 ALP, RUNX2, osterix, collagen의 발현량 증가를 통해 GBE의 조골세포분화 촉진효과를 재확인하였다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 GBE의 지방세포와 조골세포 분화효과를 매개하는 감초의 구성성분을 조사하기 위해 GA(glycyrrhizic acid)와 LA(licochalcone A)의 분화촉진 여부를 확인한 결과, GA는 영향을 주지 않으나 LA가 GBE의 세포분화효과를 매개한다고 사료된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 제2형 당뇨와 그에 수반되는 골질환과 골다공증에 대한 치료 소재로서 GBE와 그의 생리활성을 매개할 수 있는 LA의 가능성을 보았으며 GBE에서 분리되는 다양한 화합물의 동정 및 생리활성 효과, LA와의 상승효과 등의 추후 연구가 기대된다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2015

목적: 본 연구에서는 하워드-돌먼 입체검사(Howard-Dolman test, HDTEST, Bernell, U.S.A)를 이용하여 20대 성인의 동적 입체시를 측정하여 남녀 간의 동적 입체시를 비교하고, 동공 간거리(PD; pupillary distance)와 좌우안의 구면굴절력의 차이로 인한 굴절부등과 동적 입체시의 상관관계를 분석해 보고자 하였다. 방법: 평균연령이 $22.68{\pm}0.50$(20~29)세인 20대 성인 63명(남자 30명, 여자 33명)을 대상으로 실험을 실시하였다. 굴절이상자는 완전교정을 한 후에 Howard-Dolman test(H-D Test)를 이용하여 2.5 m 검사거리에서 동적 입체시를 각각 5회 측정하였다. 결과: 전체 대상자의 동적 입체시의 평균은 $28.44{\pm}25.03$초였고, 이들 중 남자는 $28.23{\pm}23.34$초, 여자는 $28.63{\pm}26.83$초였다. PD 범위를 기준으로 한 동적 입체시에 있어서 PD가 59.80 mm이하 범위에서는 $33.87{\pm}18.53$초, 59.81~66.15 mm의 범위에서는 $26.24{\pm}25.26$초, 66.15 mm를 초과하는 범위에서는 $34.60{\pm}25.65$초로 나타났고, 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다(P=0.73, r=0.03). 굴절부등의 차이를 기준으로 할 때 동적 입체시는 굴절부등이 1 D미만인 경우 $26.81{\pm}24.86$초, 1 D이상인 경우는 $1.45{\pm}24.18$초였고 유의한 차이는 없었다(P=0.15, r=0.15). 결론: H-D test를 이용해 20대 성인의 동적 입체시를 평가해 보았을 때, 남녀 간에 큰 차이가 없고, PD와 굴절부등은 동적 입체시에 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2015

목적: 본 연구는 성인 남녀의 근거리 입체시와 근거리 사위의 관계를 알아보고, 근거리 입체시와 사위 및 굴절이상과의 상관성을 조사하였다. 방법: 성인 83명(남자 36명, 여자 47명, 평균 연령 $21.09{\pm}1.74$(19~29)세)을 대상으로 굴절이상자는 완전교정 후, 검사거리 40 cm에서 근거리 입체시는 Titmus-fly Stereotest(Stereo Optical Co., Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)와 RANDOT Stereotest(Stereo Optical Co., Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), 사위는 수정토링톤법(modified torrington method)으로 측정하였다. 결과: 근거리 입체시는 남자가 여자보다 더 좋았고 남녀 간에 차이는 없었으나, 근거리 사위는 여자가 남자보다 더 높았으며 남녀 간에 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 근거리 입체시는 Titmus-fly Stereotest와 RANDOT Stereotest 결과 각각 내사위에서 $262.17{\pm}562.43$초, $243.08{\pm}68.04$초, 정위에서 $148.42{\pm}269.54$초, $107.40{\pm}263.74$초, 외사위에서 $113.94{\pm}152.46$초, $79.70{\pm}136.83$초로 사위 세 그룹 간에는 차이가 없었으나(p>0.05), 내사위와 근거리 입체시는 높은 상관성이 있었다(r=0.68). 또한 근거리 입체시가 굴절이상에서는 각각 정시에서 $80.00{\pm}571.43$초, $68.75{\pm}36.82$초, 근시에서 $133.57{\pm}224.15$초, $93.14{\pm}214.95$초 원시에서 $511.20{\pm}855.00$초, $511.4{\pm}855.60$초로 세 그룹 간에 유의한 차이를 나타냈다(p<0.05). 근거리 입체시를 굴절이상도로 분류했을 때, 정시에서 가장 좋고 고도 근시, 고도원시로 굴절이상도가 높았을 때 감소하였다. 결론: Titmus-fly Stereotest와 RANDOT Stereotest 결과, 성인의 근거리 입체시는 내사위일 때, 굴절이상이 높을 때 감소되어 사위 및 굴절이상과 관계가 있었고, 이 두 입체시 검사에서 근거리 입체시가 나쁠 경우에 사위 또는 굴절이상을 예상할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.64-75
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• 1999

본 연구에서는 전반적 발달장애 pervasive developmental disorder(이하 PDD)의 공존질환과 동반증상의 현황을 파악하고자 전반적 발달장애 아동에서의 동반증상과 공존질환의 빈도 및 특성을 알아보고 발달성 언어장애 developmental language disorder(이하 DLD)와의 차이를 비교해 보았다. 연구대상은 1996년 1월부터 1999년 3월까지 국립서울정신병원 소아정신과 외래에서 통원치료를 받았거나 발달장애 주간치료프로그램에 참가했던, DSM-IV를 기준으로 소아정신과 전문의에 의해 진단된, 만 1세에서 11세 아동 352명 이었으며 이중 PDD는 209명(남179, 여30), DLD는 143명(남119, 여24)이었다. 진단적 평가에는 병록지, 언어평가, 작업평가, 가정방문보고서, 부모양육보고서, SMS, CARS, PEP 결과 등을 참조하였다. 진단군에 따른 각각에서의 공존질환과 동반증상의 빈도와 특징을 비교분석하였고, PDD아동 64명을 CARS에 따라 3군으로 나누어 동반증상의 양상을 비교하였으며, 106명을 대상으로 각 동반증상과 교육진단검사 소항목과의 관계를 검증하였다. 연구결과 PDD와 DLD 양군에서 공존질환의 비율은 각각 19.6%, 41.2%이었고, 동반증상 13개 항목의 평균 동반비율은 31.47%, 22.13%이었다. 비정상적 집착, 강박증, 자해행동, 상동증, 수면문제, 기묘한 반응 등은 PDD에서 유의하게 높은 빈도를 보였다. 동반비율에서 PDD에서는 비정상적 집착, 상동증, 주의집중 부족, 부적절한 정서 등의 순서를 보인 반면, DLD에서는 주의집중 부족, 공격성, 부적절한 정서, 행동과다, 비정상적 집착 등의 순서를 보였다. 각 동반증상의 유무에 따른 교육진단검사 소항목 들의 양상을 분석해본 결과, 전체군에서는 비정상적 집착, 자기자극행동, 상동증, 부적절한 정서, 수면문제, 기묘한 반응 등의 유무에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였고, 진단별에 따라서는 두 군 모두 차이를 나타낸 항목이 없었다. 한편 CARS에 따라 유의한 차이를 보인 동반증상은 상동증, 불안, 수면문제 등이었다. 이와 같은 결과는 전반적 발달장애에서의 공존질환 및 동반증상의 임상적 중요성을 나타내며, 추후 공존질환과 동반증상의 빈도 및 특성에 따라 세부적인 진단과 이에 따른 현실적인 치료적 접근이 필요함을 시사한다.