• 무역상무연구
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• 제66권
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• pp.75-94
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to examine the obligations of delivery of the goods focusing on the methods of delivery under the Incoterms 2010, comparing with CISG. The Incoterms 2010 provides various methods of delivery of the goods under the each rule(11 rules). And it is a little confusing for the parties of the contract of sales. This study reviewed specific methods of delivery of the goods with the view of practitioner. The purpose of Incoterms is to avoid misunderstanding of the contract of sales and to promote the international transactions. The uncertainties of the Incoterms 2010 shall cause disputes between the parties. Especially, when vehicles are used to pick up and deliver the goods, which party is responsible for the loading and unloading the goods. Under the D-term, which party is responsible for unloading the goods from the vehicle reached at the named place of destination is a little confusing. This study suggest some ideas on the specific methods of delivery to mitigate uncertainties and accept current practices at the field. Firstly, under the EXW rule, the seller must deliver the goods on the arriving means of transport at the seller's premises. Secondly, under the FCA rule, the seller must deliver the goods unloaded at the other place except seller's premises. Thirdly, under the CPT, CIP rules, the seller must deliver the goods unloaded irrespective of the mode of transport at the place of destination. Fourthly, the FOB, CFR, CIF rules must adapt the container transport practice.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.199-209
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• 2004

The main purpose of this study is to explore a social capital paradigm which can be applied to many forms of social capital and intangible goods. The social capital paradigm introduces a new form of capital. This new form of capital produces a flow of socio-emotional goods that have value. Moreover, these socio-emotional goods can attach themselves to the objects used to convey them and change their value and meaning. This change in value and meaning is defined as attachment values. Exchanges of socio-emotional goods occur in networks where social capital resides. Formal and informal institutions provide order and meaning to exchanges of tangible and intangible goods. Social capital is a powerful resource that makes our choices interdependent. The social capital paradigm does not alter or contradict the basic economic theories of exchange. While the social capital paradigm accepts that selfish preferences motive many actions, it adds that sympathy and the desire to consume socio-emotional goods are powerful motivators. In case of marine affairs, ocean and fishing villages and their culture have been not only a fundamental basis of fisheries development but they also have made a great deal of contribution to forming social capital. In spite of this fact, the main reason that the problems of fisheries fishing villages fishermen in our society are kept at a distance is because they have been loosing their capability of forming social capital and producing socio-emotional goods, in addition to lowered relative economic share.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.41-45
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• 2023

Currently, the method of loading items in the warehouse, the worker directly decides the loading location, and the most used method is to load the product at the location closest to the entrance. This can be effective when there is no difference in the required amount for goods, but when there is a difference in the required amount for goods, it is inefficient because items with a small required amount are loaded near the entrance and occupy the corresponding space for a long time. Therefore, in order to minimize the release time of goods, it is essential to select an appropriate location when loading goods. In this study, a method for determining the loading location by predicting the required amount of goods was studied to select the optimal loading location. Deep learning based bidirectional long-term memory networks (Bi-LSTM) was used to predict the required amount for goods. This study compares and analyzes the release time of goods in the conventional method of loading close to the entrance and in the loading method using the required amount for goods using the Bi-LSTM model.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.517-536
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• 2013

The purpose of this research was to examine the trend of women consumption value and attitude on luxury goods and to analyse the relations between the behavior of purchasing luxury goods and satisfaction of consumers who buy luxury items. A total of 548 questionnaires were obtained in July and August 2011 from female respondents in their 20s to 40s who have bought at least one luxury item in the last 3 years. Collected data was analysed with factor analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan's test, and multiple regression in SPSS. The research results are summarized as follows: First, household income and personal expenditure were main factors in determining substantial differences in attitudes towards luxury goods and counterfeits. Second, the difference in frequency of buying luxury items was decided by household income, and expenditure and purchase cost, which varied based on age, education, occupation, household income, and expenditure. Third, both the younger consumers with more household income and expenditure and consumers with positive attitude towards luxury items but negative attitude towards the counterfeits purchased the luxury goods more frequently than those who are older with less incomes and expenditures. Fourth, consumers with more incomes and expenditures along with negative attitude towards the counterfeits spent more money on the luxury items. Consumers with less personal ostentation but with great pleasure consumption value for luxury goods spent more money on luxury goods. Fifth, the satisfactions of purchasing luxury goods were influenced by following variables such as positive attitudes toward luxury goods, ostentation, enjoyment and quality in consumption value.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.176-184
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• 2017

Objectives: Excluding in their homes, children spend most of their time at an elementary school, daycare center, and/or kindergarten. For educational or recreational purposes, they make use of many children's goods at these places. Some children's goods contain phthalates and heavy metals with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), so due to their physiological and behavioral characteristics children are exposed to high concentrations of phthalates and heavy metals. This study aims to measure PVC and heavy metals, which are harmful substances in children's goods which can have an effect on children's health. Methods: Six samples of children's goods were selected through cases of detected harmful substances and the results of previous research, including assembly blocks, model toys, household toys, bags, indoor play equipment, and floor mats. The selected items were measured using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and the presence and content of environmentally harmful substances such as PVC or heavy metals in the materials of children's goods were examined. Results: The highest detection rate for PVC was observed in floor mats, and bags and indoor play equipment were higher than other goods in this regard. The highest detection rate for heavy metals was found in bags, followed by indoor play equipment, assembly blocks, household toys, model toys and floor mats. Except for bags containing heavy metals, five goods showed the highest level of Pb compared to other heavy metals. Floor mats contained the highest level of Pb, Cr, and Cu among all goods. Conclusion: Many children's goods contain PVC and heavy metals, and high levels of heavy metals have been detected in some goods. It is necessary to manage children's goods to support their health.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.133-162
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• 1999

The international sale transaction is in essence a sale of goods and presents all those commercial and legal problems in any sale of goods. As a result, A International sales contract imposes several duties on the parties : the seller must deliver the goods and transfer ownership in them, while the buyer must pay the price and take delivery of the goods. However, there are several problems which impede a active transaction between seller and buyer who have their places of business in other countries each other. Therefore, It is necessary to provide the concept on the conformity of goods in the Int'l Sale of Goods. Especially, In our consideration for the point of time when defects occurs, the existence of non-conformity of goods should be judged on the basis of time of delivery rather than time of contract. Moreover, The burden of proof about nonconformity of goods is another fact which make an international dispute between the contractual parties in an international trade. Thus, The consistency in the interpretation of law must be maintained betweened the warranty and seller's liability. In the Uniform Commercial Code and UN Convention, non-conformity of contract is made of contract liability. And in our civil and commercial law provisions of warranty should be understand as the special ones of the provisions of general non-performance of obligation liability. As a result, More concrete study of them is required because they may have a great influence especially on international trade. As a result, We should be our best in finding a helpful and systematic structure that the dualistic structure of nonperformance of obligation liability and warranty liability must be unified by studying the theories of English and American warranty and our legal system, as well as international practice and usage being used in an international trade.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제66권
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• pp.25-46
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to provide a legal implication about conformity of goods in the international commercial transactions. There are so many legal relationship after the formation of contract. The most of important thing among the obligations of seller is to provide conformal goods which are of quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract. If seller violate above duties, seller take the warranty liability. However, CISG describe the conformity of the goods instead of the warranty as follows. First, CISG Art.35(1) states standards for determining whether goods delivered by the seller conform to the contract and Art.35(2) describes standards relating to the goods' quality, function and packaging that, while not mandatory, are presumed to be a part of sales contracts. Article 35(2) is comprised of four subparts. Two of the subparts (article 35(2) (a) and article 35(2)(d)) apply to all contracts unless the parties have agreed otherwise. Second, CISG Art.36 and 38 deals with the time at which a lack of conformity in the goods must have arisen in order for the seller to be liable for it. If seller lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time, seller is liable for a lack of conformity existing when risk passed to the buyer. Third, CISG Art.49 describe that a buyer who claims that delivered goods do not conform to the contract has an obligation to give the seller notice of the lack of conformity. The most of important things about CISG articles and precedents is that buyer is aware of the lack of conformity and notice it to seller. Failure to satisfy the notice requirements of article 39 eliminates a buyer's defence, based on a lack of conformity in delivered goods, to a seller's claim for payment of the price. Consequently, parties of contract had better agree to the notifying times about lack of conformity. Also, If seller fined the non-conformity, seller has to notify this circumstance to the buyer within short period or agreed time.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.111-127
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationships between individuals characteristics (socio-economic status, time pressures, resources related with implementing housework), attitudes toward goods characteristics, and the level of market goods substitution of housework in the domain of foods and clothes. For empirical analysis, the data of the study was collected from 572 married women living in Seoul. Covariance structure analysis were employed for data analysis, using LISREL. The major findings were as follows: 1) Individuals characteristics, attitudes toward market goods characteristics, and the level of goods substitution of housework had causal relationships. 2) Generally, wifes age and resources related with implementing housework were negative predictors of the level of market goods substitution of housework and wifes education, income, time pressures, attitudes toward characteristics of market goods were positive predictors. Wifes employment was a constraint of Korean traditional sauce, clothes repairing service and laundry service purchases, but a facilitator of the level of dining-out.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제60권
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• pp.3-26
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• 2013

Seller's obligation on the Delivery of Goods and Handing over the Documents are key elements in Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) has been entered into force on 1 January 1988 to create international certainty and uniformity in the law and to govern issues that arise in an international sale of goods transaction. The Incoterms were first published by the ICC in 1936 and were most recently revised in 2010. Incoterms 2010 are entering into force on 1 January 2011. The Incoterms focus on the seller's delivery obligations and reflect the principle that the risk of loss or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled its obligations to deliver the goods. This study highlights basic rules covering seller's obligation of delivery of goods and handing over the documents under the Incoterms 2010 and the United Nations Convention and Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In the second chapter, this study will provide analyses and compare these two legal systems in relation to the basic rules governing delivery of goods and passing of risks in contract of sale. This chapter evaluates the meaning of Article 31 and Article 67(1) and FOB, CFR, CIF & FCA, CPT, CIP terms of Incoterms 2010. Chapter Three will focus on handing over the documents. Article 30 CISG imposes the seller's primary obligations to deliver the goods and to hand over documents relating to them. Article 34 CISG supplements the seller's obligation in relation to documents by providing that the seller must hand over documents relating to the goods. In contrast, Article 58(1) CISG imposes on the buyer the obligation to pay only when it has received the goods or documents controlling their disposition. I reviewed only some of the documents relating to the goods are documents controlling their disposition. This chapter considers the meaning of the phrase "documents that control the disposition of the goods and do not control disposition of the goods." Finally, the fourth chapter will assess the meaning of rules of CISG and Incoterms 2010.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.967-978
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• 2016

This study examines consumers' multi-channel choices in the search phase and purchasing phase stage according to price sensitivity and product characteristics in order to propose a multichannel strategy. For the research, one-way ANOVA, t-test, clustering analysis, and crosstabs are used for the descriptive analysis of 317 surveys on men and women conducted in 2014. The findings are as follows. First, consumers that both experience goods and search goods rely on surrounding advice as well as a search channel regardless of price sensitivity. Second, channel selection differs by price sensitivity when it comes to purchasing phase. Consumers with high price sensitivity tend to purchase from online channels; however, consumers with low price sensitivity tend to purchase from off line channels in cases of search goods. Meanwhile, cases of experience goods have no meaningful result. Third, consumers are divided into 3 groups by the tendency of channel selection. In case of experience goods, search channel choice is aligned with purchasing channel; however, search channel choice is not aligned with purchasing channel in search goods. This study provides clear information on fashion consumers' behavior on multi-channel choices compared to ones for search goods consumers on strategic strategies for fashion companies.