• Fiber Technology and Industry
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.490-508
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• 1998

One of the latest fields of research in the area of output devices is tactual display devices [13,31]. These tactual or haptic devices allow the user to receive haptic feedback output from a variety of sources. This allows the user to actually feel virtual objects and manipulate them by touch. This is an emerging technology and will be instrumental in enhancing the realism of wearable augmented environments for certain applications. Tactual displays have previously been used for scientific visualization in virtual environments by chemists and engineers to improve perception and understanding of force fields and of world models populated with the impenetrable. In addition to tactual displays, the use of wearable audio displays that allow sound to be spatialized are being developed. With wearable computers, designers will soon be able to pair spatialized sound to virtual representations of objects when appropriate to make the wearable computer experience even more realistic to the user. Furthermore, as the number and complexity of wearable computing applications continues to grow, there will be increasing needs for systems that are faster, lighter, and have higher resolution displays. Better networking technology will also need to be developed to allow all users of wearable computers to have high bandwidth connections for real time information gathering and collaboration. In addition to the technology advances that make users need to wear computers in everyday life, there is also the desire to have users want to wear their computers. In order to do this, wearable computing needs to be unobtrusive and socially acceptable. By making wearables smaller and lighter, or actually embedding them in clothing, users can conceal them easily and wear them comfortably. The military is currently working on the development of the Personal Information Carrier (PIC) or digital dog tag. The PIC is a small electronic storage device containing medical information about the wearer. While old military dog tags contained only 5 lines of information, the digital tags may contain volumes of multi-media information including medical history, X-rays, and cardiograms. Using hand held devices in the field, medics would be able to call this information up in real time for better treatment. A fully functional transmittable device is still years off, but this technology once developed in the military, could be adapted tp civilian users and provide ant information, medical or otherwise, in a portable, not obstructive, and fashionable way. Another future device that could increase safety and well being of its users is the nose on-a-chip developed by the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee. This tiny digital silicon chip about the size of a dime, is capable of 'smelling' natural gas leaks in stoves, heaters, and other appliances. It can also detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. This device can also be configured to notify the fire department when a leak is detected. This nose chip should be commercially available within 2 years, and is inexpensive, requires low power, and is very sensitive. Along with gas detection capabilities, this device may someday also be configured to detect smoke and other harmful gases. By embedding this chip into workers uniforms, name tags, etc., this could be a lifesaving computational accessory. In addition to the future safety technology soon to be available as accessories are devices that are for entertainment and security. The LCI computer group is developing a Smartpen, that electronically verifies a user's signature. With the increase in credit card use and the rise in forgeries, is the need for commercial industries to constantly verify signatures. This Smartpen writes like a normal pen but uses sensors to detect the motion of the pen as the user signs their name to authenticate the signature. This computational accessory should be available in 1999, and would bring increased peace of mind to consumers and vendors alike. In the entertainment domain, Panasonic is creating the first portable hand-held DVD player. This device weight less than 3 pounds and has a screen about 6' across. The color LCD has the same 16:9 aspect ratio of a cinema screen and supports a high resolution of 280,000 pixels and stereo sound. The player can play standard DVD movies and has a hour battery life for mobile use. To summarize, in this paper we presented concepts related to the design and use of wearable computers with extensions to smart spaces. For some time, researchers in telerobotics have used computer graphics to enhance remote scenes. Recent advances in augmented reality displays make it possible to enhance the user's local environment with 'information'. As shown in this paper, there are many application areas for this technology such as medicine, manufacturing, training, and recreation. Wearable computers allow a much closer association of information with the user. By embedding sensors in the wearable to allow it to see what the user sees, hear what the user hears, sense the user's physical state, and analyze what the user is typing, an intelligent agent may be able to analyze what the user is doing and try to predict the resources he will need next or in the near future. Using this information, the agent may download files, reserve communications bandwidth, post reminders, or automatically send updates to colleagues to help facilitate the user's daily interactions. This intelligent wearable computer would be able to act as a personal assistant, who is always around, knows the user's personal preferences and tastes, and tries to streamline interactions with the rest of the world.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.179-195
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• 2010

In the internal connection system, the loading transfer mechanism within the inner surface of the implant and also the stress distribution occuring to the mandible can be changed according to the abutment form. Therefore it is thought to be imperative to study the difference of the stress distribution occuring at the mandible according to the abutment form. The purpose of this study was to assess the loading distributing characteristics of three different abutments for GS II$^{(R)}$ implant fixture(Osstem, Korea) under vertical and inclined loading using finite element analysis. Three finite element models were designed according to three abutments; 2-piece Transfer$^{TM}$ abutment made of pure titanium(GST), 2-piece GoldCast$^{TM}$ abutment made of gold alloy(GSG), 3-piece Convertible$^{TM}$ abutment with external connection(GSC). This study simulated loads of 100N in a vertical direction on the central pit(load 1), on the buccal cusp tip(load 2) and $30^{\circ}$ inward inclined direction on the central pit(load 3), and on the buccal cusp tip(load 4). The following results were obtained. 1. Without regard to the loading condition, greater stress was concentrated at the cortical bone contacting the upper part of the implant fixture and lower stress was taken at the cancellous bone. 2. When off-axis loading was applied, high stress concentration observed in cervical area. 3. GSG showed even stress distribution in crown, abutment and fixture. GST showed high stress concentration in fixture and abutment screw. GSC showed high stress concentration in fixture and abutment. 4. Maximum von Mises stress in the surrounding bone had no difference among three abutment type. In GS II$^{(R)}$ conical implant system, different stress distribution pattern was showed according to the abutment type and the stress-induced pattern at the supporting bone according to the abutment type had no difference among them.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.3-36
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• 2015

As of end of 2014, the population engaging in aviation activities for leisure has reached approximately 13 million, where approximately 356 cases involve a general aircraft, 200 cases involve light aircraft, and 636 cases involve an ULM. The industry for leisure has become a very promising industry in line with rapidly rising living standards which are expected to further increase in the future. The demand for such services is expected to increase over time. The purpose of this paper is to review the development and site selection of airfields in anticipation of these developments in the industry. While the government also has experience in the review of airfield location and candidate sites, it is not the government that carries out the actual construction. As such, the feasibility of the site needs to be verified in terms of actual construction. This study identified factors for Site Selection of factors through a review of related documents and existing research reports. A questionnaire was also used to collect the views of experts in the field, which was then analyzed. The Research model was confirmed in the layered form for an AHP analysis. The factors for Site Selection were identified as the technical / operational factors and economic / political elements for a two-stage configuration. The third step consisted of technical and operational elements. The final step is was constructed a total of 11 elements (weather, surface conditions, obstacle limitation surface, airspace conditions, operating procedures, noise problems, environmental issues, availability of facilities, construction and investment costs, contribution to the local economy, accessibility, demand / the proximity of demand). The surveys are conducted for more than 10 General and light aircraft pilots, professionals, and instructor. The analysis results showed a higher level in the technical / operating elements (73.2%) in the first step, while the next step sawa higher level of the operational elements (30.9%) than the other. The factors for Site Selection were any particular elements did not appear high, the weather conditions (17.5%), noise problems (19.8%), the proximity of demand (6%), accessibility (5.7%), environmental issues (11.1%), availability of facilities (8%), airspace conditions (7.9%), obstacle limitation surface (12%), construction and investment costs (4.2%) and to operating procedures (4.9%), contribution to the local economy (3.8%).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.40-52
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• 2007

1. Objectives and Methods The purpose of this study was to objectify the diagnosis of Sasang Constitution. 63 Male Juvenile's and 151 Female Juvenile's sentences were analyzed into 73 factors like Pitch, APQ, Shimmer, Octave and Energy, etc. Juvenile's sentences were classified into 6 categories: total Male Juvenile group, under 12 years old Male Juvenile grout, over 13 years old Male Juvenile group, total Female Juvenile group, under 12 years old Female Juvenile group and over 13 years old Female Juvenile group. 2. Results 1) In Total Male Juvenile group, there were no significant differences among constitutional groups in APQ and Octave segment. Taeumin's Center freq.(3) was significantly high compared with Soyangin group. Soeumin's Center freq.(5) was significantly high compared with Soyangin and Taeumin groups. Taeumin's Octave3 Shimmer was significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Soeumin's Octave6 Shimmer was significantly high compared with Taeumin group. Solyangin's D# Tot E was significantly high compared with Taeumin group. 2) In Under 12 years old Male Juvenile group, there were on significantly among constitutional groups in Pitch, APQ, Octave and Energy segment. Taeumin's Octave3 Shimmer and G Shimmer(1) were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. 3) In Over 13 years old Male Juvenile group, there were no signigicant differences among constitutional groups in Pitch, APQ and Shimmer segment. Soyangin's and Soeumin's Octave6 were significantly high compared with Taeumin group. Soyangin's $0k{\sim}2k$ Total Sum, $0k{\sim}2k$ Dev., $2k{\sim}4k$ Total Sum, $2k{\sim}4k$ Dev., A Dev.(1), D# Dev.(1) and G# Dev.(1) were significantly high compared with Taeumin group. Soyangin's and Soeumin's G# Tot E were significantly high compared with Taeumin group. 4) In Total Female Juvenile group, there were no significant differences among constitutional groups in Pitch and APQ segment. Soeumin's Octave4 Shimmer was significantly high compared with Soyangin group. Soyangin's Octave6 was significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Solyangin's 2k-4k Total Sum and B Tot E were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. 5) In Under 12 years old Female Juvenile group, there were no significant differences among constitutional groups in APQ and Energy segment. Soeumin's and Taeumin's Center Pitch and Pitch were significantly high compared with Soyangin group. Soyangin's Center freq.(1) and Center freq.(7) were significantly high compared with Soeumin and Taeeunin groups. Soyangin's and Taeumin's B Shimmer(1) and F# Shimmer(1) were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Soeumin's D Shimmer(1) was significantly high compared with Soyangin group. Taeumin's and Soeumin's G# Shimmer(1) were significantly high compared with Soyangin group. Soyangin's and Taeumin's Octave2 were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. 6) In Over 13 years old Female Juvenile group, there were no significant differences among constitutional groups in Pitch, APQ and Octave segment. Soeumin's Octave4 Shimmer was significantly high compared with Soyangin group. Soyangin's B Dev.(1) and F Dev.(1) were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. 3. Conclusions In juvenile groups, some sound factors are regarded as useful. PSSC are thought to be the objertive way to diagnose the Consitution and more participants are needed to get more efficiencies using PSSC.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2009

Ongoing and extensive urbanisation, which is frequently accompanied with careless construction works, may threaten important archaeological structures that are still buried in the urban areas. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) methods are most promising alternatives for resolving buried archaeological structures in urban territories. In this work, three case studies are presented, each of which involves an integrated geophysical survey employing the surface three-dimensional (3D) ERT and GPR techniques, in order to archaeologically characterise the investigated areas. The test field sites are located at the historical centres of two of the most populated cities of the island of Crete, in Greece. The ERT and GPR data were collected along a dense network of parallel profiles. The subsurface resistivity structure was reconstructed by processing the apparent resistivity data with a 3D inversion algorithm. The GPR sections were processed with a systematic way, applying specific filters to the data in order to enhance their information content. Finally, horizontal depth slices representing the 3D variation of the physical properties were created. The GPR and ERT images significantly contributed in reconstructing the complex subsurface properties in these urban areas. Strong GPR reflections and highresistivity anomalies were correlated with possible archaeological structures. Subsequent excavations in specific places at both sites verified the geophysical results. The specific case studies demonstrated the applicability of ERT and GPR techniques during the design and construction stages of urban infrastructure works, indicating areas of archaeological significance and guiding archaeological excavations before construction work.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2018

To reduce the environmental pollution by $NO_x$ from ship engine, International maritime organization (IMO) announced Tier III regulation, which is the emmision regulation of ship's exhaust gas in Emission control area (ECA). Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process is the most commercial $De-NO_x$ system in order to meet the requirement of Tier III regulation. In generally, commercial ceramic honeycomb SCR catalyst has been installed in SCR reactor inside marine vessel engine. However, the ceramic honeycomb SCR catalyst has some serious issues such as low strength and easy destroution at high velocity of exhaust gas from the marine engine. For these reasons, we design to metallic structured catalyst in order to compensate the defects of the ceramic honeycomb catalyst for applying marine SCR system. Especially, metallic structured catalyst has many advantages such as robustness, compactness, lightness, and high thermal conductivity etc. In this study, in order to support catalyst on metal substrate, coating slurry is prepared by changing binder. we successfully fabricate the metallic structured catalyst with strong adhesion by coating, drying, and calcination process. And we carry out the SCR performance and durability such as sonication and dropping test for the prepared samples. The MFC01 shows above 95% of $NO_x$ conversion and much more robust and more stable compared to the commercial honeycomb catalyst. Based on the evaluation of characterization and performance test, we confirm that the proposed metallic structured catalyst in this study has high efficient and durability. Therefore, we suggest that the metallic structured catalyst may be a good alternative as a new type of SCR catalyst for marine SCR system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 1980

An engineering design of the machines and equipment for processing grain as well as an understanding of processing itself need the knowledge of thermal properties of grain. Thermal properties of grain are thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat. Knowledge of any two and the bulk density of grain enables the third to be calculated. Several workers have investigated these properties, with special emphasis on thermal conductivity and diffusivity. However, some information is available on the specific heat of rough rice and barley but it is available only for a foreign variety of grain and for as a function of moisture content only. The objectives of this study were to develop a model for the specific heat of rough rice and barley which were a staple products in Korea as a function of initial temperature, moisture content and porosity of grain with cooling curve method, and to analyze the effect of these factors on the specific heat of rough rice and barley. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The specific heat was $1.8209-2.7041kJ/kg\;^{\circ}K$ for Naked barley, 1.8862-2.5625 k.l/kg K for Covered barley, $1.5167-2.3779kJ/kg\;^{\circ}K$ for Japonica rice and $1.5260-2.3981kJ/kg\;^{\circ}K$ for Indica rice. 2. The model for the specific heat of rough rice and barley as a function of initial temperature, moisture content and porosity of grain was developed. 3. Specific heat of rough rice was decreased with initial temperature, but specific heat of barley was increased with initial temperature. 4. On the whole specific heat of sample grain was increased with moisture content of grain. 5. Specific heat of the grain was found to decrease with porosity except Indica rice.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.68-87
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• 1993

Data acquisition system and computer program developed in this study could be well used in engine vibration analysis. The system and program developed were also operated to be able to control measuring interval, number of channels, number of data. The flywheel was specially studied to provide the proper weight with rubber damper for the engine design at low level of vibration. This study was conducted to obtain basic data which affect the engine vibration. The experiment of this study was performed on original weight flywheel, weight-reduced flywheel, weight-reduced and rubber-coated flywheel, weight-reduced and damper-attached flywheel. Avarage of peak value, maximum vibration, power spectrum density based on FFT analysis are major factors of this experiment. Results were obtained as follows : 1. When rubber was inserted in the flywheel rim of which weight was reduced from 32.2kgf to 24.4kgf, maximum vibration of the engine was decreased 48.3% at X axis, 35.5% at Y axis and 34.6% at Z axis in comparison with the flywheel of original weight. 2. When the flywheel of rubber damper was compared with the original flywheel, the average of absolute vibration for rubber damped flywheel was decreased at X, Y, Z axis and especially its decreasing rate was so high at X-axis comparing with the other flywheel, which implied that rubber damper was very useful to reducing the vibration of the engine at X axis. 3. Hysteresis losses of X, Y, Z axis were greatly decreased in the flywheel with rubber damper on rim. 4. Damped oscillation effect on X and Y axis vibration above average peak vibration by the flywheel of rubber damper on rim was larger than those by the other flywheels. 5. Power spectrums of vibration at real and imaginery part were bi-mode type. The vibration frequency of rubber dampered flywheel which weight is decreased was slightly increased as compared with original flywheel.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.182-190
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• 2005

The fiber Raman amplifier(FRA) is a distinctly advantageous technology. Due to its wider, flexible gain bandwidth, and intrinsically lower noise characteristics, FRA has become an indispensable technology of today. Various FRA modeling methods, with different levels of convergence speed and accuracy, have been proposed in order to gain valuable insights for the FRA dynamics and optimum design before real implementation. Still, all these approaches share the common platform of coupled ordinary differential equations(ODE) for the Raman equation set that must be solved along the long length of fiber propagation axis. The ODE platform has classically set the bar for achievable convergence speed, resulting exhaustive calculation efforts. In this work, we propose an alternative, highly efficient framework for FRA analysis. In treating the Raman gain as the perturbation factor in an adiabatic process, we achieved implementation of the algorithm by deriving a recursive relation for the integrals of power inside fiber with the effective length and by constructing a matrix formalism for the solution of the given FRA problem. Finally, by adiabatically turning on the Raman process in the fiber as increasing the order of iterations, the FRA solution can be obtained along the iteration axis for the whole length of fiber rather than along the fiber propagation axis, enabling faster convergence speed, at the equivalent accuracy achievable with the methods based on coupled ODEs. Performance comparison in all co-, counter-, bi-directionally pumped multi-channel FRA shows more than 102 times faster with the convergence speed of the Average power method at the same level of accuracy(relative deviation < 0.03dB).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 1985

Since most farmers breeding livestocks in Korea is depended on imported feeds, the rate of self-supplying feeds is very important for a stable development of farmers. Therefore, it is considered necessary to increase the rate of self-supplying feeds. In this study, performance tests were carried out with barley and forage to find the design's parameters of hammer for a small size hammer mill which can be driven by 3.7-7.5 kW power tiller being used by most farmers. The revolution speed of hammer mill was 3000 rpm, widths of hammer were 20mm, 30mm, 40mm, and the levels of thickness of hammer were 2mm, 4mm and 6mm. Experimental materials used were barley and forage and screen openings for barley was 4.76mm, and 3.18mm for forage. The study results can be summarized as follows; 1. Results of grinding tests showed that particle sizes were 478-774 microns for barley and 350-434 microns for forage. They were decreased according to the increasing thickness and width of hammer. 2. Fineness modulus of grinded materials were 3.07-3.62 for barley and 2.69-2.93 for forage. They were inversely proportional to thickness and width of hammer. 3. The required power for grinding was 3.8-5.0 kW for barley and 0.9-1.4 kW for forage. The thickness of hammer was more important for less power requirement than width of hammer. 4. Grinding performance of a small size hammer mill was 99-170kg/kWh for barley and 11-21 kg/kWh for forage. The thickness of hammer was an important factor for grinding performance, and inversely proportional to grinding performance. For about 3.2 of fineness modulus, 4 mm thickness was the best, and an optimum width of hammer was 30mm for a small size hammer mill.