• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to investigate the present states and preferences for a type of campus wear, the differences between the life-style variables and clothing behavior among school uniform students and non-uniform students, to explore variabels of the purchasing tendency in clothes of boys' and girls' high school students. The questionnaires were administered to samples of four boys' and girls' high schools respectively in Kwangju. The data from 522 respondants were analyzed in using Frequency and T-test. The results were as follows: 1. Most of schools are likely to take a school uniform system in the near future but students do not have favorable attitude against the system. 2. There were partly significant differences between the clothing behavior variables (boys : psychological dependence, comfort and atmosphere of the store, girls : downtown shopping) among school uniform students and non-uniform students. 3. There were partly significant differences between life-style variables(boys : leadership and social attitude, advertisement confidence, girls : price consciousness) among school uniform students and non-uniform students. 4. About 80% of the subject group planned their clothing purchase in advance, and their parents and friends influenced on clothing buying behaviors more then other fashion information sources, however, for the boy students the atmosphere of the store is most affecting variables. The store in which the subject group purchased clothing most frequently was a specialty fashion store. In clothing selection, aesthetic factors were showen as important factor and the most affecting mass media is TV.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2005

Due to the fast changing social and physical environment, the clothing behaviour of elementary school students should have been changed. Since previous research was completed a long time ago, new research must be conducted to understand the relationships of the clothing behaviour of elementary school students in terms of the time of research, gender and grades. Third and sixth grades in Susan were sampled in 2002; the secondary data in 1988 was used. Factor analysis and Lisrel's group analysis were conducted. The results indicated as follows: 1. As there was an increased interest in clothes, the comfort of the clothes was decreased at the higher grades in 1988, and the low and high grades in 2002, and the clothes of boys in high grade increased in the manageability in 2002, but nor with boy students in the low grade neither all types of students in 1988. 2. As there was an increased manageability in clothes, all types of girl students became more independence in choosing their own clothes. However, boy students in the low and high grades only increased their independence in choosing their own clothes in 1988. 3. As there was an increased comfort of clothes, there was not a significant relationship with the independence of students for choosing their clothes concerning the gender, the grades and the period of research. 4. As there was an increased interest in clothes, the low grade girl and boy students in 1988 increased in their independence in choosing their clothes. However, the high grade boy students in 1988 significantly decreased their independence. Thus there are different results in the clothing behavior in the elementary school student concerning the time of study, gender and grades.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.11 s.158
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• pp.1538-1549
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was 1) to identify gender differences in appearance management behavior and influencing variables(media involvement, body satisfaction and self-esteem), 2) the effects of influencing variables on appearance management behavior, and 3) to analyze the relationships among influencing variables. The data were collected ken 458 fifth and sixth grade girls and boys of five elementary schools ill Seoul, Korea via self-administered questionnaires, and were analyzed by factor analysis, t-test, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows: Regarding the gender differences in research variables, preteen girls showed more interest in clothing/hair style management, weight management, TV involvement and celebrity imitation than preteen boys. Girls showed lower level of satisfaction than boys. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify the effects of media involvement, body satisfaction and self-esteem on appearance management behavior. For boy group, clothing/hair style interest was influenced by celebrity imitation, and weight management by TV involvement, body satisfaction and school self-esteem, and height management by celebrity management and school self-esteem. For girl group, clothing/hair style management was influenced by celebrity imitation and general self-esteem, and weight management by body satisfaction, general self-esteem, celebrity imitation and TV involvement, and height management by school self-esteem, TV involvement, time spent watching TV and general self-esteem. From the results of analyzing relationships among influencing variables, it was found that media involvement influenced self-esteem; TV involvement and celebrity imitation influenced school self-esteem; body satisfaction had the effect on all three sub dimensions of self-esteem in boy group. For female group, TV involvement had the effect on body satisfaction, and celebrity imitation on general self-esteem, the family self-esteem and school self-esteem, and body satisfaction on all three sub dimensions of self-esteem.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.1 s.215
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• pp.47-58
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• 2006

The purposes of this research were to evaluate the effects of the sex education program on sexual knowledge and sexual attitude, and to provide fundamental information on sex education for middle school students. The research design was comparison and experimental groups including pre-test and post-test. The study subjects were 160 male middle school students in Pusan: 80 students of the experimental group and 80 students of the comparison group. The experimental group showed the significant differences from the comparison group in terms of sexual knowledge and sexual attitude. Through formative evaluation, students recognized human sexuality, especially in the areas of physical change, psychological change, dating, sexual drives and sexual violence. This sexual education program was designed with literature review and participated students' requests.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.490-500
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the snack and beverage intake patterns of students by body mass index groups (BMI <18.5, 18.5-23, 23-30, ${\geq}$30). Questionnaires were completed by 1381 high school students in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do, the area of Korea's capital region. There were no significant differences in skipping meals for overweight (BMI 23-30 and ${\geq}$30) or under-nourished (BMI <18.5) students. Girls skipped dinner more frequently than boys. Boys and girls both preferred meat and disliked fish regardless of BMI. Girls with BMI 23-30 disliked vegetables. Boys and girls would rather have crackers, candies, and chocolates than potatoes as snacks regardless of BMI. Obese boys (BMI ${\geq}$30) preferred flour-based food, fast food, and other food as snacks. Girls liked fruits more than boys. Snacks were eaten 2-3 times per week, when students were hungry or bored. There were no significant differences in the frequency or reasons (habitual, stressed) for snack consumption by BMI. Girls liked juice more than boys did, and boys preferred soda water more than girls did. Both the under-nourished (BMI <18.5) boy and girl groups had more juice than the overweight (BMI 23-30 and ${\geq}$30) groups. Obese (BMI ${\geq}$30) boys did not more drink soda water than other BMI groups. The under-nourished (BMI <18.5) boy group had more soda water than the normal (BMI 18.5-23) and overweight (BMI 23-30) groups. Girls in the overweight (BMI 23-30) group had 2 more cups of soda water a day than the normal group (BMI 18.5-23). Therefore, skipping meals and beverage intake patterns might influence BMI.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.7
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• pp.92-104
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• 1966

For the purpose of the better dietary management and to empahsize of importance in nutrition education for 552 students at the dormitories, College of Agriculture, Seoul National University, the dietary survey was conducted for each consecutive seven days, from March 7th to 13th at the boy's dormitory, from March 14th to 20th at the girl's dormitory, respectively. In comparison the average caloric and nutrient intake per caput per day at the both, girl's and boy's dormitory with the recommended dietary allowances for age of 25, the intake of calories and all nutrients except riboflavin were over the allowances for the boy, while the caloric intake by the girl was considerablly below the allowance. But it is meant that only 150 calories was actually deficient in comparison with the figure of the average energy consumption determined for the girls at the dormitory of the Sook-myung Woman's University, whose pattern of living was quite similar to those of the girls at this college. Except iron and ascorbic acid, all other nutrients were deficient for the girls. The calories in the form of protein of a diet taken by the boy was 12.9% and that by the girl was 12.8%. Protein quality of the diet taken by boy scored 70 while that by the girl scored 79. NDp Cal% of the diet taken by the boy was 7 and that by the girl was figured out to be 8. Therefore, calculated reference protein taken by the boy was 55.8 grams and that by the girl was 36.9%. Though it is generally recommended that at least 1/3 of the protein should come from animal sources, it was apparent by this survey that providing 1/5 of the protein from animal sources with remaining part of high quality vegetable protein foods in the adequate mixed diet would give satisfactory results for both girl and boy students. This was clearly demonstrated by the recommended reference protein and NDp Cal% met. Significant difference between boys and girls in the average consumption of seasonings was found. In consumption per day of seasonings, boy used 1.5 grams of red pepper powder which means they used 15 times more of red pepper than girls did. Kochujang was used 13 grams by boy-students which was as high as 21 times of that of the girl. Total salt intake by the boy was 34 grams while the girl consummed 23 grams. It is obviously recognized that boys prefer more peppery and salty flavor than girls do. To reduce the amount of protein consummed and to improve the quality of protein food, increase of riboflavin rich food and increase of fat intake in place of grain intake are recommendable to the boy. For the girl's diet, consumption of grains, particularly more intake of barley mal· be recommendable to meet the B group of vitamins allowances as well as the caloric allowance. The use of more servings of yellow green vegetables is needed to the girl.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1990

This study investigated the effects of variations in the kinetic structure on science knowledge acquisition. According to the rationale of the kinetic structure theory, a communication having high structrue would facilitate greater knowledge acquisition than a presentation with low structure. To testify that hypothesis, a modified non-equivalent pretest posttest control group design was used. Four 10th grade classes (2 classes for each sex) were selected. On the topic of human digestive system, two tape recorded lessons differing in kinetic structure were developed. On n of two was high structure ($\bar{B}_{1}$=0.56), and the other was low structrue ($\bar{B}_{1}$=0.99) Results indicated that the high structure lesson did not show significantly higher score than the low structrue lesson(F=2.225, P<0.137). But when the data were analyzed by sex, only boy students showed the result that the high structure lesson had significantly higher score than the low structure lesson (F=4.785, P<0.009). The results of this study suggest that a high Structure communication will facilitate the science achievement in the case of boy students.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.242-252
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• 2003

Purpose: To examine the effect of a smoking prevention program on changing the knowledge and attitude toward smoking behavior of male middle school students. Method: A total of 69 male middle school students participated in this study. Each of them was assigned to either smoking prevention program (n=35) or to a control group (n=34). The intervention for the experiment group was developed by the investigator. The questionnaires for assessing knowledge and attitude were created by modifying scaled employed in previous studies. Result: 1) The experimental group with smoking prevention program showed higher scores in knowledge for smoking harmfulness in comparison with the control group (F=18.782, p=.000). 2) The experimental group with the smoking prevention program showed lower scores in attitude toward smoking behavior in comparison with the control group (F=17.483. p=.000). Conclusion: The results showed that the smoking prevention program was effective on improving knowledge and attitude toward smoking behavior in male middle school students. More studies on development of comprehensive smoking prevention programs for adolescents need to be conducted in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to classify somatotype was obtained from the factor scores of the upper half of bodies and analyze the Somatometric characteristics. The sample group (hereinafter referred to as "1st age group") was drawn from bays at the ages 7 to 8 living in Pusan and Kyungsangnam-do. Data from each boy comprised 36 anthropometric measurements and 7 photographic measurements. The study reached following conclusions. 1. According to the analysis to draw Somatometric factors by the 1st age group, seven indicative factors were obtained from measurements of the upper half of bodies. The most significant factor "sectional size" and the second most significant factor "longitudinal size" characterized most aspects of body shape of boys at the ages 7 to 8. 2. According to the analysis of Somatometric characteristics by the upper half of bodies, the 1st age group was categorized into three types : Boys in type 1 had highest stature, biggest frame, broadest shoulders, most protruded chest and shoulder blades and flattest belly : boys in type 2 had shortest stature, smallest frame, sloping shoulders and most protruded belly boys in type 3 had quite high stature and his other measurements were close to the averages of this age group.he averages of this age group.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.115-128
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• 2004

In this study, we examined the relationship among Multiple Intelligence constructs and the relationship among the sub-areas and analysed the development of the Multiple Intelligence according to age and gender to evaluate Korean children's Multiple Intelligence structures that teachers evaluated based on MIDAS-MYC. The subjects of the study consisted of 158 4-5 year old children (71 4-year-old group(boy 38, girl 33); 87 5-year-old group(boy 40, girl 47)) in Seoul and Gyeonggi. We found several results which are as follows. 1) Reliability on each area of intelligence in MIDAS-MYC was good. 2) The result of confirmatory factor analysis using the model of structural equation modeling was consistent with the results of other studies that children's Multiple Intelligence consists of eight intelligent areas that are independent to each other but are relative to each other. In particular, interpersonal-intrapersonal intelligence, languistic-intrapersonal intelligence, languistic-Interpersonal intelligence, and languistic-logic/math intelligence were high correlation. However, physical/motion-naturalist intelligence and musical-logic/math intelligence were low correlation. 3) Children's multiple intelligence differed according to age and sex, the 5-year-old was higher than 4-year-old and girls were higher than boys in a general way. 4) There was high correlation between the result of evaluation based on MIDAS-MYC and the result of teacher's subjective evaluation about children's Multiple Intelligence.