• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2013

This research observed the interrelations between the active components found specifically in red ginseng and fermented red ginseng from among the variety of ginseng variations and the protective effect and anti-oxidant effect exercised on brain cells in the animal model for MPTP-induced neurotoxic Parkinson's Disease and obtained the following conclusions. The results above comprehensively demonstrated that the fermented red ginseng extract exercised greater protective effects against oxidant brain damage by MPTP when compared to the group administered with the red ginseng extract. This was induced an increase in TH protein expression, and further raised the efficiency of the anti-oxidant enzyme defensive system against neurotoxicity, thereby restraining the lipid peroxidation caused by the active oxygen generated during the course of MPTP metabolism and enhancing the body's defensive capacities in response to tissue damage, thereby demonstrating a protective effect against MPTP induced neurotoxicity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 1981

A study was designed to produce a self-stable and clear Red Ginseng wine using ethanol solution for Red Ginseng extraction and low temperature treatment on the extract before packaging. Extraction of Red Ginseng at high temperature using low ethanol concentration caused an increase in the amount of crude Red Ginseng extract and a decrease of purified Red Ginseng extract. Extraction with 75% ethanol at $50{\sim}70^{\circ}C$, followed by dilution of the extract to the ethanol concentration of final product, resulted minimum precipitation in the Red Ginseng wine. Low temperature treatment at $4^{\circ}C$ retained all of the saponin content in crude extract while $-20^{\circ}C$ treatment caused a significant loss of saponin along with precipitation during purification.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 2000

In order to enhance the yield and physical property of Korean red ginseng extract, preheating stage was added to the inception of red ginseng manufacturing process and its effect was investigated. Preheating of raw ginseng at $70^{\circ}C$ for 2 hour followed by steaming for 2 hours increased the yield of water and 60% alcohol extract most effectively. Those yields were the highest at the same condition as above except preheating time shortened to 1 hour at $70^{\circ}C$. Steaming time had little effect on the yield of water and 60% alcohol extract. The content of starch in red ginseng was reduced effectively by preheating of raw ginseng at $70^{\circ}C$. The brown color intensity of red ginseng increased in proportion to preheating temperature in the range of $50-70^{\circ}C$. However, there was no increase in the color intensity at $80^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.478-483
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• 2014

To develop tofu with bioactivity, red ginseng extract was added and soft tofu was prepared without pressuring and forming steps. Then, the content of antioxidant components and antioxidative activities were measured using the prepared soft tofu during storage. The contents of polyphenols of the control and the sample added red ginseng extract were $605.25{\mu}g/mL$ and $598.51{\sim}681.65{\mu}g/mL$. The content of the polyphenols was proportional to the concentration of added red ginseng extract. The content of ascorbic acid of the control was 6.42 mg%, and the ascorbic acid contents of the sample added red ginseng extract were higher than that of the control. The contents of polyphenols and ascorbic acid of control were lower than those of the sample added red ginseng extract during the storage. The addition of red ginseng extract increased reducing power and ABTS radical cation decolorization.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.575-579
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• 2007

This study was performed to acquire scientific data for establishing the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides in Korean red ginseng and its extract. Pesticides (azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, cyprodinil) were applied to a cultivated field of ginseng, and the fresh ginseng was harvested and processed to make Korean red ginseng and its extract. The reduction rates of the residue pesticides were calculated by determining the pesticide contents in each stage of ginseng processing. The residue levels in fresh ginseng were 0.12 ppm for azoxystrobin, 0.19 ppm for fenhexamid, and 1.78 ppm for cyprodinil. The residue levels in Korean red ginseng were 0.24, 0.54, and 1.49 ppm, and in the extract 0.81, 1.93, and 3.66 ppm for azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, and cyprodinil, respectively. The steaming and processing of fresh ginseng increased azoxystrobin and fenhexamid residues, but cyprodinil was reduced. The reduction rates (dry basis) of azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, and cyprodinil were 0.66, 0.94, and 0.28 for Korean red ginseng, and 3.25, 4.94, and 1.01 for the extract, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 1982

Studies were carried out to clarify the effect of ginsenoside-Rbl -Rbr and acid hydrolyzatps of ginsenoside-Rbl, -Rb2 (HRbl, HRbf) on lipolysis and lipogenesis induced by epinephrine, glucagon, ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and insulin in rat adipose tissilr. HRbl , HRb2 slightly inhibited lipolysis induced by epinephine. glucagon and TSH. ACTH-induced lipolysis in fat tissue slices was significantly inhibited by ginsenoside -Rbl, -Rb2, HRbl and HRb2, particulary HRb2. None of ginsenoside-Rbl, -Rb2, HRbl and HRb2 accelerated insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in fat calls. Among ginseng products, extract powder (freeze dried), extract powder (spray dried), red ginseng powder inhibited ACTH-induced lipolysis in adipose tissue slices, but red ginseng extract not affect them.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.509-513
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extract using high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, a special component in red ginseng. From when the ginseng saponin glycosides transformed into the prosapogenins chemically, they were analyzed using the HPLC method. The ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with several treatment conditions of an edible brewing vinegar. The results indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ quantities increased over 4% at the pH 2-4 level of vinegar treatment. This occurred at temperatures above $R90^{\circ}C$, but not occurred at other pH and temperature condition. In addition, the ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with the twice-brewed vinegar (about 14% acidity). This produced about 1.5 times more ginsenoside $Rg_3$ than those processed with regular amounts of brewing vinegar (about 7% acidity) and persimmon vinegar (about 3% acidity). Though the white ginseng extract was processed with the brewing vinegar over four hr, there was no change for ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, the VG8-7 was the highest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.71%) in the white ginseng extract, which was processed with the twice-brewed vinegar for nine hr. These results indicate that ginseng treated with vinegar had 10 times the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, compared to the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in the generally commercial red ginseng, while ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was not found in raw and white ginseng.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.159-179
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effects of red ginseng extract on preneoplastic nodule formation in the rat liver using a rapid bioassay of hepatocarcinogenesis. Wistar male rats in test groups were fed diets containing 3.0, 0.3 or 003% of red genseng extract for 6 weeks after 2 week of dosing with diethylnitrosamine (DEAN, 200 mg/kg B.W., I.P.) or saline solution. The rats in the control groups were treated with DENA or saline alone. Three weeks after the beginning of the experiment, the two-thirds partial hepatectomy was performed on all animals. The inhibitory effects were investigated by measuring the number, total area and size of hyperplastic nodules enhanced by the 2/3 partial hepatectomy following induction with DENA. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In general, the body weight gains of the rats fed diets containing red ginseng extract were higher than those of other groups.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.132-136
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• 1990

The metabolic disturbance and nephrotoxicity induced by sodium dichromate (20 mg/kg, SC) have been diminished by the administration of Korean red ginseng extract (100 mg/kg, PO). Red ginseng has a powerful potency on the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increment shown in the early 2h after dichromate intoxication. It normalized the dichromate induced hepatic glycogenolysis. The effect of red ginseng on dichromate induced nephrotoxicity was investigated by hematological analysis, and urinalysis. Ginseng treatment significantly reduced the increases in the urinary excretion of protein and glucose. These effects were dose dependent. Ginseng protected the accumulation of BUN and cretonne in the blood, caused by dichromate intoxication. Unlike CaEDTA, ginseng did not change the urinary excretion chromium. And it could not convert htxavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. These results suggest that ginseng treatment is effective in decreasing the metabolic disturbance, one of the earliest signs of dichromate toxicity, resulting in the protective effect of dichromate induced renal damage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.274-278
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• 1990

The metabolic disturbance and nephrotoxicity induced by sodium dichromate (20 mg/kg, SC) have been diminished by the administration of Korean red ginseng extract (100 mg/kg, PO). Red ginseng has a powerful potency on the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increment shown in the early 2h after dichromate intoxication. It normalized the dichromate induced hepatic glycogenolysis. The effect of red ginseng on dichroamte induced nephrotoxicity was investigated by hematological analysis, and urinalysis. Ginseng treatment significantly reduced the increases in the urinary excretion of protein and glucose. These effects were dose dependent. Ginseng protected the accumulation of BUN and creatinine in the blood, caused by dichromate intoxication. Unlike CaEDTA, ginseng did not change the urinary excretion of chromiilm and it could not convert hexavalent chronlium to trialvalent chromium. These results suggest that ginseng treatment is effective in decreasing the metabolic disturbance, one of the earliest signs of dichromate toxicity, resulting in the protective effect of dichromate induced renal damage.