• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.459-485
• /
• 2011

This paper examines the seller's obligation to deliver documents conforming to the terms of the sales contract as set forth in articles 30 and 34 of the CISG. Article 30 obliges the seller to band over documents relating to the goods. This obligation to band over documents is further elaborated in article 34. According to article 34, the documents must be tendered at the time and place, and in the form, required by the contract. If the seller has delivered non-conforming documents before the agreed time, he has the right to remedy the defects if this would not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or expense. However, the buyer can claim any damages suffered despite the seller's remedy. Specific emphasis is placed on the interplay between the CISG and Incoterms. Incoterms contain detailed rules governing the obligations of the seller to provide for documents. Incoterms constitute international trade usage under articles 9(1) and 9(2) CISG and supplement construction of CISG with UCP under L/C transaction. In the event of failure by seller to deliver the necessary documents, the buyer has certain remedies available, such as the right to claim damages, the right to demand specific performance, and the right to repair. Furthermore, the failure to deliver the required documents under contract constitute a fundamental breach of the underlying sales contract as defined by article 25 of the CISG by the seller, and thereby enable the buyer to avoid the contract entirely article 49. However, it is stressed that since one of the main principles of the CISG is the preservation of the contract, the avoidance of the contract should remain a remedy of last resort.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.40
• /
• pp.243-260
• /
• 2015

Being a symbolic image to let traditional 'mother wonlee' contents characters known widely, need to be made in a way that can deliver the powerful message of korea An-dong traditional local contents and the value of regent story. As for the contents character develope methods and the scope of the study, an theoretical study was conducted based on literature review, and, factor plus fiction field surveys, and the legend story and then an effect of character marketing on global contents with original identity. 'mother wonlee' pre-production plaining have been analysis with creative described based on the ancients features and the classification of ancient original characters, and the situation and the concept of An-dong local place. as a results this thesis is show up how to make up a main character develop processing and make a features design processing of the characters who different age and a scenes. as a conclusion is drawing about a 'Wonlee' and 'Eungtea' both main Character plaining processing and graphics; traditional face, all clothes, body proportion, etc. Also we trade to traditional patten with character planing. it will be a high value industry which facilitates a variety of industries in conjunction with marketing traditional source characters in global. Recognizing the value of traditional story main character design and graphics marketing and utilizing the value through various media will create infinite value, enabling the global marketing.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.42
• /
• pp.163-186
• /
• 2009

On April 11, 1980, the "United Nations on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" ("CISG") was prepared by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and approved by a diplomatic conference in Vienna providing uniform law for international sales of goods. It took effect as of March 1, 2005, in Korea. It is set forth on the seller's remedies for breach by the buyer Section III (Art. 61 - 65) under the CISG. In this study, the focus is only on the seller's notice fixing additional final period for performance (Art. 63) and the right to avoid the contract (Art. 64), with examination on some relevant foreign arbitral awards rendered by the ICC and the CIETAC together. Article 63 provides that the seller may fix an additional period of time for reasonable length for performance by the buyer of his obligation. It was found from the above arbitral awards that the concept of 'reasonable length' should be decided on a case-by-case basis, given the specific circumstances in the case [Art. 63(1)]. It is provided that unless the seller has received a notice that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract in accordance with Article 63(2). Article 64(1) provides the means and grounds for avoidance of the contract, which can be avoided 1) when the breach of the buyer amounts to a fundamental breach of contract, or 2) when the additional period of time is fixed by the seller, unless the buyer declares that he will not perform so within the period of fixed time. As we examined in the above arbitral awards, it was held that the contract is avoided when the seller sends the final notice stating that he will avoid the contract, after the expiration of the additional period of time fixed by the seller in the ICC award. On the contrary, it was held that the contract should be deemed to be avoided exactly when the expiration of additional period noted in the avoidance notice is elapsed in the CIETAC award. Article 64(2) sets time limits for avoidance.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.42
• /
• pp.133-160
• /
• 2009

In International trade the buyer and seller are normally separated from on another not only by distance but also by differences in language and culture. It is rarely possible for the performance of obligations to be simultaneous and the performance of contracts therefore calls for trust in a situation in which the parties are unlikely to feel able to trust each other unless they have a longstanding and successful relationship. Thus the seller under an international contract of sale will not wish to surrender documents of title to goods to the buyer until he has at least an assurance of payment, and no buyer will wish to pay for goods until he has received them. A gap of distrust thus exists which is often bridged by the undertaking of an intermediary known and trusted by both parties who will undertake on his own liability to pay the seller the contract price in return for the documents of title and then pass the documents to the buyer in return for the reimbursement. This is a common explanation of the theory behind the documentary letter of credit in which the undertaking of a bank of international repute serves as a "guarantee" to each party that the other will perform his obligations. The independence principle, also referred to as the "autonomy principle", is at the core of letter of credit or bank guarantee law. This principle provides that the letter of credit or bank guarantee is independent of the underlying contractual commitment - that is, the transaction that the credit is intented to secure - between the applicant and the beneficiary ; the credit is also independent of the relationship between the bank and its customer, the applicant. The most important exception to the independence principle is the doctrine of fraud in the transaction. A strict interpretation of the rule that the guarantee is independent of the underlying transaction would lead to the conclusion that neither fraud nor manifest abuse of rights by the beneficiary would constitute an objection to payment. There is one major problem related to "Independent guarantees", namely abusive or unfair callings. The beneficiary may make an unfair calling under the guarantee. The countermeasure of beneficiary's unfair calling divided three cases. First, advance countermeasure namely by contract. In other words, when the formation of the contract, the parties must insert the Force Majeure Clause, Arbitration Clause to Contract, and clear statement to the condition for demand calling. Second, post countermeasure namely by court. Many countries, including the United States, authorize the courts to grant an order enjoining the issuer from paying or enjoining the beneficiary from receiving payment under the guaranty letter. Third, Export Insurance. For example, the Export Credit Guarantees Department is prepared, subject to certain conditions, to cover the risk of unfair calling. Of course, KEIC in Korea is cover the risk of the all things for guarantees. On international projects, contractor performance is usually guaranteed by either a standby letters of credit or Independent guarantee. These instruments will be care the parties.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.149-158
• /
• 2000

[ $\Box$ ]무역업계는 인터넷의 발전에 따라 급속히 사이버화 하고 있는 무역환경에 적극적으로 대응하기 위해 사이버무역의 도입과 활성화를 위한 움직임을 급속히 확대하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. - 조사대상업체의 절반이 넘는(51.8%) 업체들이 자사제품 홍보, 거래선 발굴, 오퍼 및 거래협상 둥 각종 무역업무에 인터넷을 이용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. - 그러나 무역업계의 사이버무역 활용은 아직 초기단계 수준으로, 이용업체의 절반이상(57.3%)은 작년(1999년) 이후에 처음으로 사이버무역을 시작하였으며 사이버무역에 의한 수출비중도 10% 미만(1999년: 8.8%)의 낮은 수준인 것으로 조사되었다. - 반면, 향후 무역업계의 사이버무역 도입 확대와 수출비중 증가는 가속화될 것으로 나타나, 2000년에는 사이버무역 비중이 전년보다 두 배 이상 늘어난 18.7%에 달할 것으로 예상되었으며, 특히 중소기업의 경우 사이버무역 비중이 상대적으로 대기업보다 커질 것으로 전망되었다. $\Box$ 무역업계가 사이버무역을 도입하는 이유로는 "해외시장 개척효과" 때문이라는 응답이 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 "수출업무 신속화률 통한 인건비 절감"과 "광고비의 절약" 등의 효과를 염두에 두고 있는 것으로 나타났다. - 따라서 여러 수출단계 중에서도 "해외거래선 발굴"， "해외시장정보의 수집", "자사 제품의 해외 홍보" 등 주로 시장개척과 마케팅단계에서 사이버무역이 가장 많이 활용되고 성과도 큰 것으로 나타났다. - 시장개척과 마케팅을 위하여 약 40%의 무역업체가 무역거래 알선 사이트를 이용하고 있으며 특히 중소기업의 활용이 두드러진 것으로 파악되었다. - 반면, 사이버무역 활동이 애로를 겪고 있는 수출단계로는 "대금결제, 물류 유통", "신용조회", "거래계약 체결" 등의 순으로 조사되었는데, 이는 국제적 인증제도의 미비, 신용조사에 대한 공신력 부족 둥이 주된 요인인 것으로 분석되었다. $\Box$ 한편, 무역업계는 사이버무역의 필요성과 활용성과에 대해 긍정적인 인식을 갖고 있으나, 사이버무역을 활성화하는데 필요한 인프라로서 사이버 무역 전문인력이나 인터넷 통신환경 등은 아직 만족할 만한 수준이 못 되는 것으로 조사되었다. - 사이버인력 부문에서는 무역업무 종사자 중 인터넷 활용직원의 비율이 50%가 되지 않는 업체가 전체의 절반을 넘고 있으며, 특히 중소기업의 인터넷 활용 직원의 비율이 대기업에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났다. - 향후 무역업체가 10명의 무역인력을 채용한다고 가정할 경우, 평균 4.5명을 사이버무역 전문인력으로 채용할 계획이라고 밝히고 있으며, 중소기업(4.7명)이 대기업(3.4명)보다 사이버무역 전문인력에 대한 수요가 더 큰 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 대책이 시급한 것으로 파악되었다. - 인터넷 전용선 설치비율도 전체적으로 40%대에 그치고 있으며, 특히 중소기업의 경우 전용선 이용비율(38.5%)이 대기업(80%)의 절반에도 못미치는 열악한 수준에 있어 중소기업의 사이버 무역이용에 하나의 걸림돌이 되고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. $\Box$ 사이버 무역활성화를 위해 가장 시급한 과제로는 "사이버무역 전문인력 확충을 위한 체계적 교육 및 훈련제공"과 "사이버무역 관련법규 및 제도의 마련"으로 나타나, - 정부나 유관기관이 앞장서서 사이버무역 관련 교육프로그램의 개발, 자격시험제도의 도입 등과 아울러 대외무역법 둥 관련법률 및 제도를 정비해 줄 것을 무역업계에서 기대하는 것으로 지적되었다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.27-51
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to examine correlations between the facilitating factors of the B2C e-commerce and the online shopping and the overseas direct purchase for the purpose of suggesting the successful logistics operational strategies for the domestic parcel delivery service companies. This paper conducts wide literature reviews and empirical analyses on relationships between the facilitating factors of B2C e-commerce and the online shopping and the overseas direct purchase in B2C e-commerce. We built two regression equations that dependable variables are the turnover of online shopping and the amount of imports by international postal logistics services respectively. The former equation's estimation results show that all the independable variables are affecting the dependable variable in the long-term jointly. And, the results show that the change of the turnover of online shopping is affected not only by the change of the usage count of a credit card and the real GDP, but also by the change of the error-correction variable. The latter equation's estimation results show that all the independable variables are affecting the dependable variable in the long-term jointly. Futhermore, the results show that the change of the amount of imports by international postal logistics services is affected not only by the change of the usage count of a credit card, the exchange rate and the internet protocol IPv4, but also by the change of the error-correction variable. Based on these research results, a high advanced strategic approach for optimum parcel delivery services is highly required.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.155-175
• /
• 2002

본 연구는 전자무역을 혁신수용의 관점에서 기술하고 있다. 관련 문헌의 고찰을 통해 천자무역 특성요인과 수용자(무역업체) 특성요인을 도출하고, 이를 바탕으로 연구모형의 개발 및 연구가설을 설정하였다. 연구가설은 인터넷리서치를 통해 수집된 자료를 다중회귀분석기법을 이용하여 검정하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전자무역의 특성변수들(지각된 유용성/편의성/위험성)이 전자무역 수용도에 미치는 영향관계를 검증한 결과, 지각된 유용성과 지각된 편의성이 높을수록 전자무역 수용도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 혁신 수용자로서 무역업체의 특성변수들(혁신성향, 정보인프라 성숙도)이 전자무역 수용도에 미치는 영향관계를 검증한 결과, 혁신성향과 정보인프라 성축도 모두 전자무역 수용도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 혁신성향이 높을수록 그리고 정보인프라가 성숙된 업체일수록 전자무역 수용도가 높게 나타난다는 일반적인 견해와 일치되는 결과이다. 셋째, 두 특성변수들(전자무역 특성, 무역업체 특성)간의 상황적 관계에서는 혁신성향이 낮은 무역업체일수록 전자무역의 정보위험성을 높게 인식하여 천자무역 수용(현재 활용정도와 지속적 이용의도)을 거부할 가능성이 높게 나타났다. 또한 정보인프라 성숙도가 낮은 무역업체일수록 정보위험성을 높게 인식하여 전자무역 수용을 거부할 가능성이 높게 나타났다. 넷째, 전자무역을 통한 수출입 경험여부에 따른 전자무역의 향후 이용의도와의 관계를 분석한 결과 무경험업체의 경우는, 혁신성향이 높고 정보인프라가 성숙된 무역업체일수록 향후 이용의도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 정보인프라 성숙도가 낮은 무역업체일수록 전자무역의 편의성을 낮게 인식하여 전자무역 수용을 거부할 가능성이 높게 나타났다. 유경험업체의 경우는 전자무역에 대한 향후 이용의도가 높은 무역업체일수록 전자무역의 편의성을 오히려 부정적으로 평가하는 경향이 드러났는데, 이러한 현상은 유경험업체가 인식하는 편의성에 대한 기대수준이 무경험업체에 비해 높기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 혁신성향이 높은 무역 업체가 향후 전자무역을 지속적으로 이용하기 위해서는 전자무역의 편의성을 더 높게 요구하는 것으로 나타냈다. 전자무역의 수용도를 높이기 위해서는 전자무역의 특성요인들에 대한 잠재적 수용자의 태도변화를 파악하는 것도 중요하지만, 수용자 집단의 특성에 맞는 상황적 전략수립이 동시에 필요하다. 그러한 의미에서 본 논문은 전자무역 수용 촉진 전략을 수용자 집단의 특성별로 그리고 상황적으로 수립할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.3-24
• /
• 2017

The level of ICT in the country affects economic performance as a basic infrastructure that has a significant impact on the competitiveness of the country. With the proliferation of globalization, ICT-related economic activities such as electronic trade are becoming more active, and the importance of ICT in the country is increasing. This study sought to analyze the impact of ICT level on the economic performance of the nation by subdividing it into three dimensions: accessibility, usage, and utilization skill. In particular, we sought to find ways to effectively resolve the digital divide between developed and developing countries by analyzing the difference in economic impact of ICT level. Furthermore, we tried to verify whether the government regulation and firm's nature of competitive advantage in the international markets play a moderating role in the economic impacts of ICT in the country. As a result of panel analysis with data collected from ITU, WEF and World bank national ICT level has consistently significant influence on economic growth in terms of access and usage. In addition, it was confirmed that the competitive advantage of companies in developed countries and the government regulation in developing countries have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between ICT level and economic growth.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.39-63
• /
• 2020

This paper reviews the Interpretative Guidelines on EU passenger rights regulations in the context of the developing situation with COVID-19 of EU commission. To enlighten the obscurity and to mitigate the economic impacts of the COVID-19, European Commission has published "Interpretative Guidelines on EU passenger rights regulations in the context of the developing situation with Covid-19" on March 18, 2020. The Guideline essentially aims to create a coherent system of rules to assist the passengers, industry and national authorities overall under the unprecedented circumstances across the European Union. To do so, the Guideline is drafted to cover the rights of passengers travelling by air, rail, ship or bus/coach, maritime and inland waterways, as well as the corresponding obligations for carriers. From an aviation industry focused perspective, by referencing the Regulation (EC) numbered 261/2004, the Guideline specifically applies to cancellation and delay in flights which are seen as the dark spots for the air carriers concerning potential burdens.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.185-191
• /
• 2020

This study aims to understand the differences in cultural and emotional perceptions about the color image of public healthcare facilities in Romania, an Eastern European country that is relatively lacking in recognition but is gradually expanding trade. For this, color images were selected through a review of previous studies, and a questionnaire survey was constructed based on the colorimetric data by visiting 8 public healthcare facilities such as medical facilities, 4 social sports facilities, and 8 nursing facilities. An online survey was conducted on the color image of public facilities with 89 Koreans and 86 Romanians, and frequency and cross-analysis was conducted using the SPSS statistical analysis program to examine the color images of public healthcare facilities of Koreans and Romanians. The difference in perception was identified. As a result, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference in the perception of color images of public healthcare facilities between countries in vocabulary evaluation and image evaluation, and this was interpreted as different meanings for groups residing in different cultures. Therefore, it implies that cultural differences in perception should be considered when establishing an environment related to this in the future.