• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2006

주기적인 고온환경 부가와 백삼 및 홍삼 추출물의 투여가 흰쥐의 체중, 식이섭취량, 혈액성분, 장기중량 및 간의 지질과 산화에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 흰쥐를 이용한 동물모델 실험결과, 매일 $38^{\circ}C$에서 5시간씩 7일간 고온환경을 부가한 경우 주당 평균체중 증가률이 감소하는 현상이 관찰되었으나 뚜렷한 식이섭취량 변화는 없었다. 반면 고온환경 부가전후에 백삼과 홍삼 추출물을 투여한 경우에는 고온환경 부가에 따른 평균 체중증가률 감소가 억제되었다. 고온환경 부가에 의한 혈액성분 변화를 살펴본 결과에서는 적혈구수와 혈색소량은 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 백혈구수는 다소 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며 인삼 추출물 투여는 백혈구수 증가도 억제하는 효과를 나타내었다. 고온환경 부가에 따라 장기중 간장의 중량비가 감소하였고 간의 MDA 함량이 크게 증가하였다. 인삼 추출물 투여시에 고온환경부가에 따른 간의 중량감소 및 MDA 함량 증가 등의 변화도 억제되는 효과가 있었다. 특히 간의 중량변화 및 간의 지질과산화 억제효과에 있어서는 백삼보다 홍삼 추출물의 효과가 다소 우수하였으며 통계학적으로 유의적인 수준은 아니었다. 향후 인삼중의 유효성분 구명이나 관련 물질들의 활성 변화에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단되지만 고온 등 급격한 주위환경가 변화에 대한 인삼의 생체항상성 유지효과를 일부 증명할 수 있는 결과인 것으로 판단되었다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.99-107
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• 1988

한국전매공사에서 년차별로 제조 포장된 홍삼시료를 실온조건($12-18^{\circ}C,\;RH\;55-68\%$)으로 1년에서 9년까지 장기저장하여 품질 안정성 및 항산화효과를 조사하였다. 일반성분조성, 여러 용매별 추출물의 수율 및 사포닌의 TLC와 HPLC 패턴은 거의 변화가 없고 안정하였다. 지방질과 지방산에 대한 TLC 및 GLC 패턴도 거의 변화가 없었고, 특히 불포화도가 높아 산화되기 쉬운 linoleic acid(C18 : 2) 및 linolenic acid (C18 : 3)도 매우 안정하였다. 홍삼갈색도는 저장기간이 경과되면서 뚜렷한 증가 경향을 보였고, 물 추출물의 pH 값은 다소 감소되었는데, 이러한 경향은 장기저장중 일어나는 갈색화반응 때문이다. 물 및 에탄올 추출물의 환원성 및 초산에칠 추출물의 항산화 효과도 증가되었는데 이와 같은 활성의 증가는 비효소적 갈색화반응 생성물들의 증가에 기인되는 것으로 생각된다. 그러므로 홍삼의 제조과정이나 장기 저장기간중 비효소적 갈색화 반응에 의해서 점진적으로 형성된 항산화 물질들은 전반적으로 홍삼의 품질을 안정시켜 줄 뿐만아니라 노화억제 약리효능과도 상관성이 매우 깊은 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.371-378
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• 2013

Serum and liver metabolites in rats fed red ginseng (RG) were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The mass data were analyzed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to discriminate between control and RG groups and identify metabolites contributing to this discrimination. The RG group was clearly separated from the control group on PLS-DA scores plot for serum samples, but not liver samples. The major metabolites contributing to the discrimination included lipid metabolites (lysophosphatidylcholine, acyl-carnitine, and sphingosine), isoleucine, nicotinamide, and corticosterone in the serum; the blood levels of all but isoleucine were reduced by RG administration. Not all metabolites were positively correlated with the health benefits of RG. However, the blood levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, which stimulate various diseases, and long-chain acylcarnitines and corticosterone, which activate the stress response, were reduced by RG, suggesting long-term RG might relieve stress and prevent physiological and biological problems.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.6290-6295
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• 2013

복합 탄수화물 분해효소와 단백질 분해효소로 처리하여 제조한 홍삼박 효소분해물에 효모를 발효시킨 홍삼주의 발효특성을 조사하였다. 초기 가용성 고형분 함량을 $20^{\circ}Bx$와 $30^{\circ}Bx$로 조정한 후 효모를 접종하고 $25^{\circ}C$에서 발효시험을 실시한 결과, 발효 9일 후 가용성 고형분 함량은 $7.5^{\circ}Bx$와 $13.1^{\circ}Bx$로, 환원당 함량은 18 g/L와 24 g/L까지 감소하였다. 에탄올 함량은 당 소비량과 비례하여 최종 에탄올 함량은 각각 65 g/L와 106 g/L까지 증가하였다. pH는 모든 실험구에서 발효 2일째까지 급격하게 감소하여 pH 4.73에서 pH 3.99로 낮아졌으며, 그 이후 9일째까지 pH의 변화는 미미하였다. 적정산도는 pH 변화와 비례하여 증가하였다. 7일간 발효시킨 후 홍삼주의 조사포닌 함량은 효소 처리하지 않은 대조구에 비하여 100~200% 향상되었다. 그러므로 홍삼박 효소분해물은 홍삼 발효주의 원료로 이용 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.478-483
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• 2014

생리적 기능성을 함유하는 두부를 제조하기 위하여 홍삼 추출물을 첨가하여 압착 성형 공정 없는 연두부의 형태로 제조하였으며, 홍삼 추출물 첨가 연두부의 저장기간에 따른 항산화 성분 및 항산화 활성 변화를 측정하였다. 홍삼 추출물을 첨가하지 않은 대조군의 polyphenol 화합물의 함량은 $605.25{\mu}g/mL$이었으며, 홍삼 추출물을 첨가군의 함량은 $598.51{\sim}681.65{\mu}g/mL$이었으며, 홍삼 추출물 함량에 비례하였다. 대조군의 ascorbic acid의 함량은 6.42 mg%이었으며, 홍삼 추출물 첨가군은 5.74~7.67 mg%로 대조군보다는 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 저장기간에 따른 polyphenol 화합물 및 ascorbic acid의 변화를 보면 저장기간 내내 대체적으로 대조군보다는 홍삼 추출물 첨가군이 높은 함량을 보였다. 환원력의 경우, 대조군은 O.D.값이 0.2781로 나타났으며, 홍삼 추출물 첨가군은 O.D.값이 각각 0.3260~0.3477로 대조군에 비하여 높은 값을 나타내어 홍삼 첨가가 항산화 활성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 저장기간 내내 높은 항산화 활성을 유지하였다. ABTS radical cation decolorization은 대조군은 20.54 AEAC이었으나, 홍삼추출물 첨가군은 20.63~20.86 AEAC로 홍삼 추출물의 첨가농도가 높을수록 높은 값을 나타내어 항산화 활성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of processed sulfur with red ginseng on streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats for expansion of processed sulfur internal application. Methods : We prepared red ginseng with non processed sulfur extracts(GS), red ginseng with processed sulfur I extracts(GPS I) and red ginseng with processed sulfur II extracts(GPS II). In the present study, we examined about contents of crdue saponin, antioxidant activity, $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and effects of STZ induced diabetic rats. Results : Contents of crude saponin increased by processed sulfur, and GPS II was shown highest contents in crude saponin and sulfur compared with another groups. Electron donating ability of GPS II was shown highest activity compared with GS and GPS I, SOD-like activity showed same tendency as electron donating ability at 1 $mg/m\ell$ concentration. Inhibitory activity of $\alpha$-glucosidase was approximately same level in acarbose and GPS II. Blood glucose level of GPS II group was decreased 18.34% compared with DC(diabetes control) group and maintained stability range in glucose level. but GS and GPS I showed high level compared to GPS II. Serum triglycerides concentration also showed lowest level in GPS II. The activity of ALT, AST and ALP was shown high level in diabetic induced groups, and lowest level in GPS II. Creatinine was shown non-significantly difference in each groups and GPS II was shown lowest level in BUN. Conclusions : These results suggested that processed sulfur with red ginseng have improvement effects on diabetes and internal application of processed sulfur with red ginseng have no specific toxicity in liver and kidney.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2014

According to the results of my study on the chromatographic analysis of fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) roots, most of the contents of protopanxadiol ginsenosides $Rb_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, and Rd are derived from the corresponding malonyl ginsenosides in fresh ginseng by a heat process. Also, I confirmed that acetyl ginsenosides are naturally occurring constituents in fresh ginseng, not decarboxylates from malonyl ginsenosides. Seven neutral ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, Rc, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, and Rd were transformed to specific conversions in red ginseng preparation conditions. The conversion paths progress by three rules concluded from my study. These conversion rules are I: the ether bond is stable at positions 3 and 6 in the dammarane skeleton, II: the ether bond between sugars is stable in glycosides, and III: the ether bond to glycosides is unstable at position 20 in the dammarane skeleton.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2019

As various populations are rapidly becoming an aging society worldwide and interest in health issues has increased, demand for functional foods including herbal products has increased markedly to maintain a healthy state which has led to safety issues about their intake as an inevitable result. The objective of this study was to identify the safety profile of a Korean red ginseng and Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract mixture (KGC-03-PS) which is a valuable ingredient that can be used as a functional food. In the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of KGC-03-PS were evaluated. Sprague Dawley rats were administered KGC-03-PS orally for 28 days by gavage. Daily KGC-03-PS dose concentrations were 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. Bacterial reverse mutation test with KGC-03-PS dose levels ranging from 312.5 to $5,000{\mu}g/plate$ was carried out by OECD test guideline No. 471. Five bacterial strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2) were tested in the presence or absence of metabolic activation by plate incorporation method. There were no toxicological effects related with test substance in the clinical evaluation of subacute oral toxicity test including clinical signs, body weight, and food consumption. Moreover, no toxicological changes related to KGC-03-PS were observed in the hematological and serum biochemical characteristics as well as in the pathological examinations, which included organ weight measurements and in the gross- or histopathological findings. KGC-03-PS did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies in all bacterial strains of the bacterial reverse mutation test. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of KGC-03-PS is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw/day, and KGC-03-PS did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations under the conditions used in this study.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.551-553
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• 1996

A genuine dammarane glycoside, named ginsenoside $Rg_{5}$, has been isolated by repeated column chromatography and preparative HPLC from the MeOH extract of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The chemical structure of ginsenoside$ Rg_{5}$ was determined as $3-O-[{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl (1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl]$ dammar-20(22), $24-diene-3{\beta},12{\beta}-diol$ by spectral and chemical methods. The stereostructure of a double bond at C-20(22) of ginsenoside $Rg_{5}$ was characterized as (E) from the chemical shift of C-21 in the $^{13}C-NMR $and a NOESY experiment in the $^{1}H-NMR$.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1987년도 Proceedings of Korea-Japan Panax Ginseng Symposium 1987 Seoul Korea
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• pp.89-107
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• 1987

For the elucidation of significance of saponin as quality criterion of ginseng ginsenoside content(GC) and ginsenoside pattern similarity(GPS) by simple correlation were investigated in relation to red ginseng quality factors, age, plant part, harvest season, mineral nutrition, soil physical characteristics, growth light and temperature, shading material, growth location, physiological disease and crop stand through survey of ginseng plantstions, field experiments, water culture and phytotron experiments. Effect of tissue culture was also reviewed. GC was negatively correlated with good quality of red ·ginseng and positively with bad quality. Age did not show any consistency with GC but GPS was less with the increase of age difference. GPS was less or not significant between taproot that is lowest in GC and epidermis highest, and significant between leaf and taproot. Harvest season marked with the lowest GC and Pattern was also different. Nutrient imbalance, the increase of hazardous soil nutrient and physical condition to growth increased GC, but GPS was little different. The higher the growth lights intensity and temperature the higher the GC but GPS was little changed. Root rust increased GC, but root scab decreased it. Sponge-like and inside cavity phenomena increased GC. Ginsenoside pattern of cultured tissues and rootlet showed great variation. These results strongly indicate that there are optimum saponin content and ginsenoside pattern and that these are accomplished under the optimum growth condition.