• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.253-287
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• 2014

In First-Order Logic the English expressions, 'any', 'every', 'all', and 'each' are treated on a par but have different meanings in the natural language usages. Especially the expression 'any' is typically used only in the negative contexts, which linguists have paid attention to and attempted to provide an adequate explanation of. I shall show that the explanations so far mainly from linguists are not satisfactory and revive the philosophical insights concerning the logical features of 'any' provided by Zeno Vendler in 1962. I shall claim that the expression 'any' has what Vendler calls the 'freedom of choice' as its primary meaning and denotes what Kit Fine calls an 'arbitrary object'. It will be shown that the logical features of 'any' are manifested more evidently in the analysis of the Korean expression 'amwu'. I believe that this analysis has significant philosophical implications. As an instance I shall show that we can take a fresh perspective on the problem which involves the universal generalization rule and the preface paradox.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.9
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• pp.58-76
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• 2010

In this study, the shapes of po worn by military officers who served During the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea(1592-1598) were investigated. Findings of the study can be summarized as follows. Various types of po that military officers usually wore during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea includes jikryeong, dapho, dopo, cheolik, aekjureum, jangeui, jungchimak and bangryeongpo. Out of these types, cheolik and jungchimak were most often used by the officers. Po that were usually worn by military officers during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea as above mentioned is characterized as no difference in length between the front and back of the costume, kalgit and a pair of coat strings which are directly attached to po. The sleeves of the costume are bean chaff-shaped in some cases and just narrowly shaped in other cases. Similarly, the outer seop of po was either double-layered or single-layered. For jikryeong and dapho, mu is usually type of outside wrinkle. For dopo, its rear kit has the inner hem whose right and left edges are usually distant, respectively by 6~16cm, from the back center of the costume. Cheolik and aekjureum usually have either fine or broad pleats. For jangeui and jungchimak, mu is usually trapezoid in shape. Among various types of po which were usually worn by military officers during the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea, most representative are jikryeong from the tombs of Bae Cheon jo, dapho from Shin Yeo Gwan, dopo from general Bak and Bae Cheon Jo, cheolik from Nam Yoo and Cho Gyeong, aekjureum from Shin Yeo Gwan, jangeui from Kim Ham, jungchimak from Bae Cheon jo and bangryeongpo from Cho Gyeong.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.2 s.82
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• pp.198-203
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• 2007

DNA transfection is a powerful tool for studying gene functions. The $Ca^{2+}$-phosphate precipitation remains one of the most popular and cost-effective transfection techniques. Mature neurons are more resistant to transfection than young ones and most other cell types, and easy to die if microenvironment changes. Here, we report a transfection protocol for mature neurons. The critical modifications are inclusion of glial cells in culture and careful control of $Ca^{2+}$-phosphate precipitation under microscope. Cerebral glial cells were grown until ${\sim}70-80%$ confluence in DMEM/10% horse serum, which was thereafter replaced with serum-free Neurobasal/Ara-C, and 319 hippocampal neurons were plated onto the glial layer Formation of fine $DNA/Ca^{2+}$-phosphate precipitates was induced using Clontech $CalPhos^{TM}$ Mammalian Transfection Kit, and the size ($0.5-1\;{\mu}m$ in diameter) and density(about 10 particles/$100\;{\mu}m^2$) were carefully controlled by the time of incubation in the medium. This modified protocol can be reliably applied for transfection of mature neurons that are maintained longer than two weeks in vitro, resulting in 10-15 healthy transfected neurons per a well of 24-well plates. The efficacy of the protocol was verified by punctate expression of $pEGFP-CaMKII{\alpha}$, a synaptic protein, and diffuse expression of pDsRed2. Our protocol provides a reliable method for transfection of mature neurons in vitro.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 1999

Comparative differences between the fine structure of cultured LL/2 cell in vitro and tumor cells in vivo which were induced in the lung by inoculation of LL/2 cells to C57 BL/6 mouse via tail vein during 21 days are not observed except for cell configuration which was changed spindle shape into oval shape. At first tumor cells appeared at lymphatic nodules and around capillary in the lung. Tumor cells divided actively by mitosis, so they became tumor nodules. The pulmonary aveoli around tumor nodules were observed somewhat flattened in shape but the cells in the aveoli appeared to be in normal condition. Furthermore the normal lung cells were observed in the tumor nodules and some apoptotic tumor cells appeared in the large tumor nodules. A lot of neutropiles were observed in the aveoli and tumor nodules of C57 BL/6 mouse lung after inoculation 22 days and 31days.