• 생물정신의학
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.184-193
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• 2007

목 적: 소뇌가 운동조절 뿐아니라 인지기능과 정신과적 증상에도 중요한 역할을 하고있다는 증거들은 많다. 정신분열병에서 소뇌기능은 많은 연구들에서 대뇌고위기능의 조정곤란(Cognitive dysmetria)이라는 개념을 통해 주목 받아왔다. 다시말하면, 전전두엽-소뇌-시상핵-전전두엽 회로의 이상은 정신분열병에서 인지기능의 손상과 임상증상으로 나타날 수 있는 것이다. 본 연구의 주 목적은 남자 정신분열병 환자에서 소뇌기능이상을 ICARS를 통해 반정량적으로 평가하고, 이것이 임상 및 인지기능과 어떤 연관성이 있는지 알아보는 것이다. 방 법: 저자들은 DSM-IV-TR 진단기준에 따라 정신분열병으로 진단된 47명의 남자 정신분열병 환자와 이와 성별과 나이를 맞춘 건강한 대조군 30명을 소뇌의 신경학적 징후를 ICARS로 점수화하여 비교하였다. 반정량적으로 100점의 총점을 가진 ICARS는 자세와 보행, 사지운동기능, 언어장애, 안구운동장애의 4개의 구획으로 나뉜 19개 항목으로 구성되어 있다. 모든 실험군은 한국형 간이정신상태검사(K-Mini Mental status examination, MMSE), 언어유창성 검사(Verbal fluency test), 시계그림검사(Clock drawing test)를 통해 인지기능검사를 받았다. 환자군에서 임상증상의 심각도는 한국형 양성 및 음성 증상 척도Positive and Negative Symptom Scale(PANSS)로 평가하였다. 환자군에서 ICARS의 높은 점수가 추체외로증상이나 지발성운동장애와 같이 약물사용으로 인한 부작용과 관련이 있는지 여부를 확인하기위하여 Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale(AIMS)를 시행하였다. 실험군과 변수들에서 통계적 유의성을 보기위해 독립표본 t 검증과 편상관분석을 사용하였다. 결 과: 정신분열병 환자들은 대조군에 비해 ICARS-자세와 보행장애, 운동기능, 안구운동장애-에서 유의하게 높은 점수를 보였다. 환자들은 인지기능검사에서도 보다 심각한 손상을 보였다. ICARS 점수와 PANSS로 평가한 환자들의 음성증상 총점과는 유의한 상관관계가 있었으며, 인지기능검사에서는 시계그림검사, 언어유창성 검사가 음성증상과 유의하게 연관이 있었다. 또, 시계그림검사는 ICARS 점수와 연관이 있었다. 정신분열병 환자에서 발병연령, 유병기간 및 AIMS 점수가 줄수있는 혼란변수는 회귀분석을 사용하여 평가하였으며, AIMS 점수는 ICARS의 점수와 연관성을 보이지 않았다. 결 론: 정신분열병은 발달학적 혹은 신경발달학적 질환으로 개념 내려지고 있다. 대부분의 연구자들은 정신분열병을 가진 환자들이 대뇌고위기능의 조정곤란(Cognitive dysmetria)이라고 불리는 전전두엽-시상핵-소뇌회로의 이상으로 인해 고통받고 있다고 하였다. 본 연구에서 저자들은 정신분열병 환자들이 인지기능과 소뇌기능에서 심각한 손상을 가지고 있고, 특히 이것은 환자들의 음성증상의 정도와 상관관계가 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이 결과는 정신분열병에서 소뇌의 역할에 대해 지지하고 있다. 또, 정신분열병 환자들의 연성신경학적 징후를 평가하는데 있어 ICARS라는, 구조화되어 다른 검사자들에게도 통용될 수 있는 도구를 사용했다는 것에서 의미가 있다고 볼 수 있겠다. 향후 유사한 연구에서는 질병의 경과에 따라 신경학적 징후의 변화에 대해 설명할 수 있기를 기대한다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three different plates($0^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ$}, $20^{\circ}$)under heels on the lower limb muscles and erector spinae during squat exercise. Ten high school korean traditional wrestling players(age: $18.5{\pm}0.7$, weight: $1972.2{\pm}128.5N$, height: $177.8{\pm}6.0cm$, weight of barbell: $1004.5{\pm}132.4N$) performed squat exercise using three different tilting plates under heels at a cadence of 40beats/sec with 80% one repetition maximum load. Surface electrodes were placed on the participants' left and right erector spinae, and rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, and lateral gastrocnemius in the right lower extremity. One S-VHS camcorder(Panasonic AG456, 60fields/s) was placed 10m to the side of the participant. To synchronize the video and EMG data, a synchronization unit was used for this study. Average and Peak IEMG values were determined for each participant. For each variable, a one-way analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were significant differences among three different tilting plates under heels. When a significant difference was found in plates type, post hoc analyses were performed using the Tukey procedure. A confidence level of p<.05 was used to determine statistical significance. As a result of this study, maximum nEMG values of the tibialis anterior in $0^{\circ}$ plates was significantly higher than the corresponding values for the other plates during the knee extension. This increased activation in the tibialis anterior muscle indicates an increase in displacement of center of gravity of body. It is very likely that additional muscle activation are needed to stop the forward and backward movement. The results also showed that muscular activities of quadriceps femoris and erector spinae were decreased with increasing angle of plates. This suggests that increasing angle of plate may help to sustain the balance and posture of squat exercise. It is considered that very few significant differences were found among three different plates($0^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$) since elite players with much experience in squat exercise, were chosen as a participant of this study. In order to obtain meaningful results regarding the tilting angle of heel plates in squat exercise, kinetic and 3D kinematic analysis will be needed in the future study.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2008

Purpose : Today, it enjoys a sports and a leisure where the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injury patient increase. The knee joint is important means of human body movement and to do an important duty when it encounters ACL injuries of the knee joint and the many restriction follows in the life which is ordinary. When it is damaged ACL, it comes to determinate that ACL reconstruction and preservation treatment that the according to condition of ligament and knee joint. After ACL reconstruction, that is the fact which already becomes known the exercise treatment advances a recovery and to reduce a sequela. Methods : we researched the method of exercise treatment after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction operation by journal of science direct and KISS in daecu university. Results : The representative exercise treatment is isometric exercise, isokinetic exercise isotonic exercise and complex exercise but what kind of exercise treatment most is effective, it revealed and support it was not. The method of exercise treatment is very various, so It causes a confusion made to the therapist and patients. So it executes once again it sought the kinetic therapeutic method which is efficient from this research and it tried to observe preceding research after ACL reconstruction. To operation a various the exercise treatments, operation only the treatment which is general compared to it was effective in muscular power and muscle functional improvement. But this like improve despite with the exercise treatment consequence which is continuous from research of most the pain leg compares to the health leg, it appeared the discrepancy which is a muscular power, a muscular endurance and a hypertrophy muscle etc, to the health leg or before operating 100% of muscular power to having gets the many therapy time was the recovery rate. Conclusion : Therefore after ACL reconstruction, it will become the many research continuously which is improve the muscle functional and ROM of the exercise treatment method and From therapeutic site of the patients it does to memorizes knowledge in advance about ACL injuries and the application the isokinetic treatment or exercise program are the set of necessary, frequency and amusement that considers complex what kind of therapeutic exercise becomes accomplished with the patient take care of attention.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.83-100
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• 1999

Modern technology has lessened the physical demand of every activities. Thus, physical inactivity has led to a rise in ‘Hypokinetic diseases’. The prefix, hypo, means lack of and kinetic refers to movement. Individuals who do not exercise regularly are at greater risk of developing hypokinetic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, musculoskeletal disease. Systematic exercise program defenses development of hypokinetic diseases. Exercise program bases on basic physical fitness test. The physical fitness evaluation is used to degree of Wellness of the individuals. It includes the evaluation of Health-Related Physical Fitness -musclular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition - and skill or sports related fitness -agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, speed. In present study, the authors investigated health-related physical fitness test result and questionnaire for 133 male and 71 female from Jannuary 16 to March 15, 1997. The purpose of this study is to observe relationship health related physical fitness and self-perceived health status. The results are as follows. 1. There were statistically significant differences in BMI, grip strength, back strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility between male and female subjects. Flexibility is higher in female than male subject, but Others are higher in male than female subjects. 2. There were statistically significant differences in grip strength, muscular endurance between 30s, 40s, and 50s group In both gender subjects, and In cardiorespiratoryendurance between the groups especially in Female subjects. 3. For male subjects, flexibilitywas measured lower in group who classified low level in self-perceived health status than group of others. Also, for female, subjects, Muscular endurance ＆ flexibility were measured. 4. It was shown that grip strength, back strength, and muscular endurance were significantly lower in group who have chronic diseases than normal group for Male subjects. But, For female subjects, all the component were statistically insignificant results between normal and disease group. 5. Both male and female subjects, there were Positive correlation among grip strength, back strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility but, negative correlation for age. Therefore, health-related physical fitness is very important component for Heath Promotion ＆ Wellness. Physical Fitness test is valuable test in health evaluation, health management and health promotion, so available for hospital, sports center, community health center, industrial field, school etc.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.269-275
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• 1981

연근해 어업용 낚시 6가지형에 대하여 만능실험기로 인장속도를 290mm/min와 780mm/min로 하여 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 낚시의 직경은 d, 미늘 기부에서 허리굽이까지의 거리를 w라 하면 낚시의 파단하중은 $B={\alpha}\;wd^2+\beta$ (단, B는 kg, w와 d는 mm)로 나타내며, 인장연도가 290mm/min 일 때의 $\alpha,\;\beta$는 둥근형 낚시 $SR_{p}-F_{1}B,\;SR_{p}-F_{1}S$는 $\alpha_{s}=0.5,\;\beta_{s}=1.6$, 모난형 낚시 $SA_{a}-F_{1}S,\;SA_{a}-F_{1}S_k,\;LA_{a}-F_{1}S_{k}$는 $\alpha_{s}=1.1,\;\beta_{s}=2.0$긴 낚시 $LA_{p}-F_{1}S$는 $\alpha_{s}=0.4,\;\beta_{s}=1.5$정도이다. 2) 인장속도가 780mm/min 일 때 윗식에서 $\alpha,\;\beta$는 둥근형 낚시는 $\alpha_{f}=0.4,\;\beta_{f}=1.4$모난형 낚시는 $\alpha_{f}=1.0$ 일본산은 $\beta_{f}=0.9$, 국산은 $\beta_{f}=-2.5$ 긴 낚시는 $\alpha_{=}0.6,\;\beta_{f}=0.4$ 정도이다. 3) 낚시의 파단변형률은 $40\sim60\%$ 정도이며, 인장속도가 빠를 때의 변형률은 느릴 때에의 $95\%$ 정도이나, 빠를 때의 파단하중은 느릴 때의 $80\%$ 정도이다. 4) 낚시가 파단되는 부위는 인장속도에 관계없이 거의 모두 허리굽이 부분이며 꼭지 기부에서 파단점까지의 거리는 낚시 길이와 거의 같다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2006

The primary purpose of a TKA is to restore normal knee function Therefore, ideally, a TKA should: (a) maintain the natural leverage of the knee joint muscles to ensure generating adequate knee muscle moments to accomplish daily tasks such as rising from climbing stairs; (b) provide adequate knee joint stability. A 16-channel MyoResearch XP EMG system was used to collect the differential input surface electromyography signals VM, VL, RF, BF, ST during climbing/descending stair tests. A Peak Motion Measurement System was used to collect the kinematic and kinetic data. AKIN-COM Ill isokinetic dynamometer was used for EMG of VM, VL, RF, BF and ST during maximal voluntary contraction. I Quadriceps EMG results for the VM of the passed 1year group limb demonstrated significant less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb $60^{\circ}-15^{\circ}$ of knee flexion(p<0.05). The VL of the passed 1year group limb also demonstrated significants less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb from $60^{\circ}-45^{\circ}$ of knee flexion(p<0.05). Similar to the VM and VL, the RF of the passed 1year group limb showed less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb from $60^{\circ}-30^{\circ}$ do knee flexion(p<0.05). Hamstring EMG results for the BF of the passed 1year group limb demonstrated less RMS EMG than that of the passed 3year group limb from $75^{\circ}-15^{\circ}$ of knee flexion(p<0.05). The passed 1year group limb tended to have less ADD displacement(p<0.071) than that of the passed 3year group limb. There was no significant difference of the ABD displacement between the passed 1year group and the passed 3year group limbs(p<0.73). The passed 3year group used compensatory adaptation movement strategies to compensate for the strength deficit of passed 3year group limbs. The passed 3year group limb also increased the quadriceps muscle activation level to produce more knee extension moment to compensate for the short quadriceps moment arm. The passe 3year group limb might have an unstable knee joint in the medio-Iateral direction during the climbing/descending by showing a tendency of more ADD displacement and greater hamming co-activation EMG than the passed 1year group limbs. The TKA design was not able to help the knee joint to produce adequate knee extension moment with less quadriceps muscle effort. I think that old man needs continuous exercise for muscle strength.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of walking on a treadmill while using dynamic functional electrical stimulation (Dynamic FES) on functional ability and gait in chronic stroke patients. This was a prospective, randomized controlled study. Twelve patients with chronic stroke (>24 months) who were under grade 3 in dorsiflexor strength with manual muscle test were included and randomized into intervention (Dynamic FES) ($n_1$=7) and control (FES) ($n_2$=5). Both the Dynamic FES group and FES group were given a neuromuscular development treatment. The Dynamic FES group has implemented a total of 60 minutes of exercise treatment and gait training with Dynamic FES application. The FES group, with the addition of applying FES while sitting, has also implemented a total of 90 minutes of gait training on treadmill after the exercise treatment. Both two groups accomplished the program, twice a week, for a total of 24 times in a 12-week period. Exercise treatment, gait training on treadmill, and both Dynamic FES and FES were implemented for 30 minutes each. Korean version activities-specific balance confidence scale (K-ABC) was measured to determine self-efficacy in balance function. Timed up and go (TUG) test was performed to evaluate the physical performance. K-ABC, TUG, Berg balance scale (BBS), modified physical performance test (mPPT) and G-walk were evaluated at baseline and at 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, statistically significant differences (p<.05) were apparent in the Dynamic FES group in the changes in K-ABC and BBS. mPPT, TUG, gait speed, stride length and stance phase duration (%) were compared with the FES group. K-ABC had higher correlation to BBS, along with mPPT to TUG. Our results suggest that walking with Dynamic FES in chronic stroke patients may be beneficial for improving their balance confidence, functional ability and gait.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권25호
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• pp.41-63
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• 2011

1995년 경 부터 국가의 애니메이션 산업 부흥 책에 의한 수많은 제작업체와 교육기관과 들이 생겨났다. 적극적인 국가적 재정지원에 힘입어 제작산업은 급속히 활성화되었고, 제작기술은 비약적 발전되었으며, 교육기관을 통해 수많은 인력들이 사회로 배출되고 있다. 많은 개발도상국들도 우리와 비슷한 애니메이션 산업화에 역점을 두는 양상을 보이고 있는 현실상황은, 산업적으로 우리에게 큰 압박이 되고 있다. 단시간 내 특정분야를 세계적으로 경쟁력 있는 산업으로 발전시킨다는 것은 결코 쉽지않다. 이러한 국제적 상황에 따른 우리의 대응책은, 기존 제작방식에서 벗어난, 혁신성과 창의성, 그리고 수준 높은 애니메이션 전문 인력 양산에 있다고 판단된다. 본 논문은 국가 경쟁력 강화를 위한 새로운 교육방식의 제안서이다. 애니메이션 제작의 핵심인 애니메이팅 작업은, 철저히 애니메이터의 예술적, 기술적 기량에 좌우된다. 기존의 이론위주, 현장성이 결여된 학습내용의 맹점을 보완하고, 좀 더 실제적 애니메이팅 학습법을 구현하기 위해, 선호도 높은 작품의 빈도수 많은 캐릭터 동작을 바탕으로, 동작을 서서히 행하는 가운데, 역학적 원리를 감각적으로 스스로 체득하게 하는 슬로우 모션(Slow Motion) 효과를 병합하여, 애니메이터 지망 학생들의 감각적인 연기동작과 연출력 향상에 도움을 주기 위한 동작 학습법을 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.308-313
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different kettlebell mass (30%, 40%, and 50% of the body mass) on kinematics and kinetic variables of kettlebell swing. Method: Total of 16 healthy male who had at least 1 year of kettlebell training experience were participated in this study (age: 31.69 ± 3.46 yrd., height: 173.38 ± 4.84 cm, body mass: 74.53 ± 6.45 kg). In this study, a 13-segments whole-body model (upper trunk, lower trunk, pelvis, both side of forearm, upperarm, thigh, and shank) was used and 26 reflective markers were attached to the body to identify the segments during the movement. A 3-dimensional motion analysis with 8 infrared cameras and 4 channeled EMG was performed to find the effect of kettlebell mass on its swing. To verify the kettlebell mass effect, a one-way ANOVA with a repeated measure was used and the statistical significance level was set at 𝛼=.05. Results: Firstly, in all lower extremity joints and thoracic vertebrae, a statistically significant change in angle was shown according to an increase in kettlebell mass during kettlebell swing (p<.05). Secondly, in both the up-swing and down-swing phases, the knee joint and ankle joint ROM showed a statistically significant increase as the kettlebell mass increased (p<.05) but no statistically significant difference was found in the hip joint and thoracic spine (p>.05). Lastly, the hamstrings muscle activity was statistically significantly increased as the kettlebell mass increased during up-swing phases (p<.05). Also, as the kettlebell mass increased in P4 of the down swing phase, the gluteus maximus showed a statistically significantly increased muscle activation, whereas the rectus femoris showed a statistically significantly decreased muscle activation (p <.05). Conclusion: As a result of this study, hip extension decreased and knee extension increased at 40% and 50% of body mass, and the spine also failed to maintain neutrality and increased flexion. Also, when kettlebell swings are performed with 50% of body mass, synergistic muscle dominance appears over 30% and 40% of body mass, which is judged to have a risk of potential injury. Therefore, it is thought that for beginners who start kettlebell exercise, swing practice should be performed with 30% of body mass. In addition, even in the case of experienced seniors, as the weight increases, the potential injury risk may increase, so it is thought that caution should be exercised when performing swings with 40% and 50% of body mass. In conclusion, it is thought that increasing the weight after sufficiently training with 30% of the weight of all subjects performing kettlebell swing is a way to maximize the exercise effect as well as prevent injury.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2023

이 연구의 목적은 계단 내리기 시 성별과 중량차이가 하지역학에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 건강한 남성 10 명과 여성 10 명이 참여하였다. 계단 내리기 동작은 중량 변화(체중의 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%)에 따라 영상분석법과 지면반력 시스템을 이용해 분석하였다. 골반의 최대 합성속도에서 성별(남성>여성)과 중량변화(30%, 20%, 10%> 0%)에 따라 서로 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 성별과 중량 간 상호작용이 나타났다(중량>성별). 계단 내리기 동안 성별의 주효과는 초기 접촉 단계에서 남성보다 여성이 더 감소된 다리길이를 보였다. 또한, 남성보다 여성에게서 더 굴곡된 엉덩, 무릎관절 각도와 발목관절 각도의 저측 굴곡형태가 나타났다. 운동역학 변인에서, 계단 내리기 시 성별의 주효과는 남성보다 여성이 더 증가된 좌우 지면반력과 다리강성을 보였다. 결론적으로 여성들이 계단 내리기 동안 엉덩 관절의 운동 범위와 함께 합성이동속도를 감소시켜 중량을 성공적으로 수용한다는 것을 발견하였다. 반면 남성들은 중량수용과 운동량을 제어하기 위해 좌우 및 수직지면반력, 그리고 다리강성을 더 증가시킨다.