• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of traditional Korean whole cabbage Kimchi with salted shrimp. Sensory, physical and chemical characteristics of Kimchi with various salted shrimp level(1.8, 3.6%), fermentation time(12, 24, 36 hrs) and storage period(1, 4, 7 days) were measured. As the fermentation time and storage day were extended, pH of Kimchis decreased but titratable acidity of Kimchis increased. The more salted shrimp in Kimchi resulted in the higher titratable acidity. The longer fermentation time and the longer storage resulted in the more citric, malic and succinic acid, and the less lactic and acetic acid in Kimchi. The optimum conditions for the preparation of Korean whole cabbage Kimchi were 3.6% salted shrimp level, 12 hours fermentation time and 84 hours(3.5 days) storage period.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.642-650
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• 1995

Chinese cabbage kimchi has long been consumed as a traditional fermented food in Korea. Ingredients involved in kimchi preparation, such as red peper, garlic, ginger, green onion, and etc., influence the kimchi fermentation rate differing with kinds and amount of ingredients. In this review article, information on the kinds and amounts of these ingredients used in the extant 75 literature is given together with data for frequency and average amount of each ingredient. In addition, chemical composition, minerals and vitamins, and characteristics of the ingredients are present. Effects of ingredients on kimchi fermentation also are extensively reviewed.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.535-538
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• 1996

To investigate the quality characteristics of kimchi around Masan area, home made and commercial kimchi samples were collected from December 1994 to June 1995. The weight of a head of Chinese cabbage was 3.0kg after purchasing and reduced to 2.36kg after salting. Home made kimchi showed a little higher pH and titratable acidity than those of commercial kimchi in winter. Salt concentration of home made kimchi in winter was 3.69%, and higher than that of commercial kimchi. Color of home made kimchi was higher in L, a and b than that of commercial kimchi in winter and spring. The pH of commercial kimchi was lower about 0.3 than that of home made kimchi in spring. Home made kimchi in spring showed about 0.3% higher salt concentration than that of commercial kimchi.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.545-550
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• 2001

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on pH, titratable acidity, color, hardness and microorganisms of Chinese Cabbage Kimchi were investigated. Kimchi was pressurized at $200{\sim}600$ MPa for 5 min. There were no significant differences in color and hardness between control and pressurized Kimchi (p>0.05). Total aerobes and lactic acid bacteria were effectively inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure above 400 MPa. Changes in pH, titratable acidity, color, hardness and microbial counts for 4 weeks storage of Kimchi were investigated Kimchi was pressurized at 400 MPa for 5 min and stored at $4^{\circ}C$. The pH of control decreased to 3.94 but pressurized Kimchi maintained its initial pH value throughout the storage. The color of control showed significantly low values compared with pressureized Kimchi (p<0.05), but hardness was not significantly changed (p>0.05). Total aerobes and lactic acid bacteria in the control were reduced from the initial value of $10^8{\sim}10^9$ CFU/mL to $10^6$CFU/mL after 4 weeks storage. Whereas microbial counts in pressurized Kimchi was maintained about $10^3{\sim}10^4$ CFU/mL during storage.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.333-339
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• 1997

The effects of kind of vegetables and of the kind and amounts of fermented fish sauce on the formation of nitrosamine (NA) during kimchi fermentation were investigated. Kimchies made of Chinese cabbage, cucumber, and radish with fermented shrimp, anchovy and liquid sauces were fermented at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 6 weeks and the changes in the content of nitrate, nitrite, trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA) and NA were studied. Nitrate content in kimchies made of Chinese cabbage, cucumber, and radish increased at the initial period of fermentation, but it decreased at the later period. Nitrite was not detected at the later period of kimchi fermentation. Overall, there have not been great changes in the contents of nitrite and nitrate. However, there have been considrable changes in the contents of TMA and DMA as fermentation progressed. Only nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at the level of 0.5~10.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg was formed in three kinds of kimchies. More NDMA was formed in radish and cucumber kimchies than in Chinese cabbage kimchi. The pH was lowered faster in radish and cucumber kimchies than in Chinese cabbage kimchi. More NDMA was formed in Chinese cabbage kimchi made with fermented shrimp sauce than those with anchovy or liquid sauces. Shrimp sauce contained higher amount of DAM than anchovy and liquid sauces. The contents of NDMA tended to increase as the amount of shrimp sauce increased. The kind and amount of fermented fish sauce used for kimchi preparation may be an important factor affecting the formation of NDMA.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.87-93
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• 1994

This study was conducted to present a method that determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of chinese whole cabbage kimchi. After Sensory and chemical characteristics of kimchi with various salt concentration in brine, brining time and storage period at equal saltiness were measured, the optimum conditions for the preparation of chinese whole cabbage kimchi were determined with the use of the response surface methodology. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The more salt concentration in brine, the longer brining time and storage period, resulted in the lower pH and the higher titratable acidity of kimchis. As the salt concentration in brine and brining time increased, kimchi reaches at optimum titratable acidity of it within a shorter time. 2. As the salt concentration in brine and brining time increased, content of succinic acid decreased but that of lactic, acetic, and propionic acid increased. Amount of citric, malic and succinic acid decreased but that of lactic, acetic acid increased, with storage day. 3. Sensory data showed that firmness and green cabbage flavor of kimchi decreased while toughness, carbonic mouthfeel, sourness and staled flavor increased with increased salt concentration in brine, brining time and storage day. As the storage period increased, crispness of kimchi decreased. 4. The optimum conditions for the preparation of chinese whole cabbage kimchi were as follows: Optimum salt concentration in brine, brining time, and storage period were 19.5%, 3 hours and 45 minutes, and 12 hours.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.209-215
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• 2012

묵은지의 이용성 증대와 응용요리의 개발과 국제화 방안을 목적으로 쇠고기와 돼지고기 만두에 묵은지를 첨가하여 레시피를 개발하였다. 묵은지의 냄새를 완화하기 위하여 묵은지 고기 만두요리에 허브를 첨가하였다. 대표적인 허브 종류별로 관능검사를 실시한 결과 허브의 기호도는 rosemary가 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 묵은지를 이용한 요리의 대상으로 쇠고기와 돼지고기 만두를 선정하였으며, 관능검사를 통하여 최적의 묵은지의 첨가 함량을 알아내었고 최적 배합비를 확립하였다. 묵은지를 첨가한 쇠고기와 돼지고기 만두를 제조하여 관능검사를 실시한 결과 기호도 측면에서 쇠고기를 주재료로 한 만두의 관능검사 결과 쇠고기 100 % 함량에 대하여 묵은지 첨가 함량은 75% 첨가군이 가장 우수하였으며, 돼지고기를 주재료로 한 만두의 관능검사 돼지고기 100%에 대하여 묵은지 첨가 함량은 동일한 100% 첨가군이 가장 우수하였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.423-429
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• 2003

통배추 김치제조의 표준화 연구를 위해 소금농도와 절임방법을 달리한 후 소금함량과 조직감의 변화를 분석하였다. 1. 관능검사 결과 건염법에서 소금농도가 증가할수록 견고성과 아삭아삭함은 감소하고, 씹힘성은 증가하였다. 2. 줄기와 잎의 소금농도에서 염수법(16%B)은배추줄기와 잎의 농도 차가 크게 나타났고, 이는 상관관계 분석결과에서도 16%B에서만 음의 상관성을 나타내므로써 확인할 수 있었다. 3. 기계적 분석의 결과는 소금농도가 증가할수록 압착력은 감소하고, 절단력은 증가하였다. 그리고 압착력에 비해 절단력이 소금농도에 더 예민하게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 4. 현미경 관찰에 의한 세포벽의 미세구조는 소금농도에 따라 점차적으로 변형되는 반면, 유관속계는 일정 소금농도에서 완전히 붕괴되었다. 5. 배추의 소금농도와 상관성인 큰 변수로는 아삭아삭함과 절단력이 유의성 있는 결과를 보였다. 또한 절임배추에 있어서 절단력의 증가는 아삭아삭함과 상관성을 나타내었다. 결과적으로 16%B와 10%S에서 소금농도와 관능적, 기계적 측정결과가 유사하였으며, 소금농도와 질감의 변화를 고려하였을 때 10%S와 12%S가 가장 적당하였다. 또한 배추의 절임 정도를 예민하게 판정하는 지표로는 아삭아삭함과 절단력으로 나타났다. 그러므로 소규모의 김치제조시 염수법보다 건염법을 이용하면 소금의 양을 절약하고 절임시간을 단축할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 줄기와 잎이 고르게 절여지므로 균일한 맛의 김치를 제조할 수 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2016

아질산염과 dimethylamine(DMA)은 발암물질인 N-nitrosodimethylamines(NDMA)의 직접적인 전구물질이다. 본 연구에서는 아질산염과 질산염 함량이 다른 배추가 김치 저장 중에 NDMA, 아질산염, 질산염 그리고 DMA 함량 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 배추 1(HNC), 배추 2(MNC) 그리고 배추 3(LNC)의 아질산염 농도는 각각 $47.54{\pm}1.07$, $10.12{\pm}0.31$ 그리고 $6.10{\pm}0.09mg/kg$이었다. 김치는 세 그룹으로 나누었다. 즉 HNC를 사용하여 제조한 HNK, MNC를 사용하여 제조한 MNK 그리고 LNC를 사용하여 제조한 LNK이다. HNK는 저장 10일과 20일째 아질산염과 질산염 수준이 MNK와 LNK의 그것들보다 더 높았다. 모든 김치에서 DMA와 NDMA 함량은 저장기간 동안 감소하였다. HNK는 저장 20일까지 LNK보다 높은 NDMA 함량을 가지고 있었다. 이들 결과들은 배추의 아질산염과 질산염의 함량이 김치 내 NDMA 형성에 현저한 영향력을 가지고 있다는 것을 제안하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2023

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from kimchi (a traditional Korean dish typically made of fermented cabbage) can provide various health benefits, including anti-obesity, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. In this study, we examined the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WiKim0125 cultured in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) medium containing vegetable waste. Live bacterial cells were eliminated via supernatant filtration or heat treatment. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from culture broth containing kimchi cabbage waste (KCW), cabbage waste (CW), or onion waste (OW) showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against skin pathogens (Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus) and foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium), with inhibition zones ranging between 4.4 and 8.5 mm, compared to that in conventional MRS medium (4.0-7.3 mm). In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, both supernatant and heat-inactivated Lb. plantarum WiKim0125 from culture media containing KCW and CW suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines (72.8% and 49.6%, respectively) and nitric oxide (62.2% and 66.7%, respectively) without affecting cell viability. These results indicate that vegetable waste can potentially increase the antimicrobial and immunoregulatory potency of LAB while presenting a molecular basis for applying postbiotics to health products.