• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.523-528
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• 2013

This study investigates the effects of three branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) on the in vitro ruminal fermentation of wheat straw using batch cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. BCAA were added to the buffered ruminal fluid at a concentration of 0, 2, 4, 7, or 10 mmol/L. After 72 h of anaerobic incubation, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) in the ruminal fluid were determined. Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability were calculated after determining the DM and NDF in the original material and in the residue after incubation. The addition of valine, leucine, or isoleucine increased the total VFA yields ($p{\leq}0.001$). However, the total VFA yields did not increase with the increase of BCAA supplement level. Total branched-chain VFA yields linearly increased as the supplemental amount of BCAA increased (p<0.001). The molar proportions of acetate and propionate decreased, whereas that of butyrate increased with the addition of valine and isoleucine (p<0.05). Moreover, the proportions of propionate and butyrate decreased (p<0.01) with the addition of leucine. Meanwhile, the molar proportions of isobutyrate were increased and linearly decreased (p<0.001) by valine and leucine, respectively. The addition of leucine or isoleucine resulted in a linear (p<0.001) increase in the molar proportions of isovalerate. The degradability of NDF achieved the maximum when valine or isoleucine was added at 2 mmol/L. The results suggest that low concentrations of BCAA (2 mmol/L) allow more efficient regulation of ruminal fermentation in vitro, as indicated by higher VFA yield and NDF degradability. Therefore, the optimum initial dose of BCAA for in vitro ruminal fermentation is 2 mmol/L.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.106-115
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary standard ileal digestible (SID) valine:lysine ratios on performance, intestinal morphology, amino acids of liver and muscle, plasma indices and mRNA expression of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism enzymes. Methods: A total of 144 crossbred pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White) weaned at $28{\pm}4days$ of age ($8.79{\pm}0.02kg$ body weight) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets formulated to provide SID valine:lysine ratios of 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%. Each diet was fed to 6 pens of pigs with 6 pigs per pen (3 gilts and 3 barrows) for 28 days. Results: Average daily gain increased quadratically (p<0.05), the villous height of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased linearly (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. The concentrations of plasma ${\alpha}-keto$ isovaleric and valine increased linearly (p<0.05), plasma aspartate, asparagine and cysteine decreased (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. An increase in SID lysine:valine levels increased mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial BCAA transaminase and branched-chain ${\alpha}-keto$ acid dehydrogenase in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using a quadratic model, a SID valine:lysine ratio of 68% was shown to maximize the growth of weaned pigs which is slightly higher than the level recommended by the National Research Council.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.21-31
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• 2016

Purpose - This study examines how consignment and Vendor-Managed Inventory perform as supply chain collaboration programs. By using three key collaborative features, this study defines the collaboration programs and develops theoretical models of different supply chain systems. Research design, data and methodology - This study conducts sophisticated analysis on the supply chain systems by applying simulation modeling based on time-phased operations. The simulation model represents a two-stage supply chain system where a supplier sells a single item to a buyer, and it incorporates various operations. Results - In general, the simulation outcomes support that more advanced collaboration programs outperform less advanced ones. The analysis on the simulation outcomes identifies the significant value of information sharing in both collaboration programs. The specific conditions where the particular collaboration system outperforms the others are recognized. Conclusions - The outcome of this study supports that the supply chain system can improve its performance by having more collaborative features. This study provides business practitioners with guidelines to identify the circumstances that the specific collaboration program can fully exploit its advantages.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1019-1025
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• 2012

Fault attacks manipulate the computation of an algorithm and get information about the private key from the erroneous result. It is the most powerful attack for the cryptographic device. Currently, the research on error detection methods and fault attacks have been studied actively. S. Pontarelli et al. introduced an error detection method in 2009. It can detect an error that occurs during Elliptic Curve Scalar Multiplication (ECSM). In this paper, we present a new fault attack. Our attack can avoid the error detection method introduced by S. Pontarelli et al. We inject a bit flip error in the Euclidean Addition Chain (EAC) on the private key in ECSM and retrieve the private key.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.109-120
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• 2020

The supply chain without digitization is just a series of discrete, siloed steps taken through marketing, product development, manufacturing, and logistics, and finally into the hands of the customer. Digitization brings down those walls, and the chain becomes a completely integrated network fully transparent to all the parties involved. The ulitimate goals of digitizatized supply chain management are velocity and visibility. This network will depend on a number of key technologies including integrated planning and execution systems, supply chain analytics, autonomous logistics, smart warehousing and factory, etc, enabling companies to react to disruptions in the supply chain, and even anticipate them, by fully modeling the network, creating "what-if" scenarios, and adjusting the supply chain in real time as conditions change. This paper presents a number of studies on digitalization of supply chains and provides a discussion on issues raised in the process of technology adoption. Implications of the study findings are also provided.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1169-1173
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• 2007

The protein encoded by SLC27A2 gene is an isozyme of long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family, and it converts free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby plays a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. In the present study, SLC27A2 located on human chromosome 15 was selected as candidate gene and we isolated and cloned partial fragments of mRNA sequence and genomic fragments of porcine SLC27A2 gene. The coding region of the gene as determined by alignments shared 90% and 82% identity with human and mouse cDNAs, respectively. Detection in LargeWhite and Meishan breeds showed that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ($A{\rightarrow}G$) existed in exon 7, which caused corresponding amino acid changed for encoding. In LargeWhite pigs it encoded for Val while in Meishan pigs it encoded for Ile, so we developed the PCR-RFLP genotype method for detection of this polymorphism. Association study in 135 $F_2$ reference family indicated that significant correlation existed between the polymorphism and growth and carcass traits.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Information Systems Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.316-335
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• 2004

This paper builds a system dynamics model analyzing first mover effect and growth strategy of online retailer, a major segment of B2C e-commerce. The dynamic model in this paper is calibrated to the online book market and Yes24.com as major test cases. The model consists of eight key value chain sectors. Five of these(Users, Site Operations, Human Resources, Financial Accounting, and Fundraising) are internal to the company, and three others(Market, Financial Market, and Relative Performance) are external to the company. With the model, this paper suggests research propositions representing positive feedback loops and negative feedback loops that lead to corporate growth and limits to growth according to dynamic causal relationships among eight key value chain sectors, and simulate these propositions.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.3110-3125
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• 2014

Network coding improves TCP's performance in lossy wireless networks. However, the complex congestion window evolution of network coded TCP (TCP-NC) makes the analysis of end-to-end throughput challenging. This paper analyzes the evolutionary process of TCP-NC against lossy links. An analytic model is established by applying a two-dimensional Markov chain. With maximum window size, end-to-end erasure rate and redundancy parameter as input parameters, the analytic model can reflect window evolution and calculate end-to-end throughput of TCP-NC precisely. The key point of our model is that by the novel definition of the states of Markov chain, both the number of related states and the computation complexity are substantially reduced. Our work helps to understand the factors that affect TCP-NC's performance and lay the foundation of its optimization. Extensive simulations on NS2 show that the analytic model features fairly high accuracy.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.488-488
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• 2015

Intermittent streamflow is common phenomenon in arid and semi-arid regions. To manage water resources of intermittent streamflows, stochactic simulation data is essential; however the seasonally stochastic modeling for intermittent streamflow is a difficult task. In this study, using the periodic Markov chain model, we simulate intermittent monthly streamflow for occurrence and the periodic gamma autoregressive and copula models for amount. The copula models were tested in a previous study for the simulation of yearly streamflow, resulting in successful replication of the key and operational statistics of historical data; however, the copula models have never been tested on a monthly time scale. The intermittent models were applied to the Colorado River system in the present study. A few drawbacks of the PGAR model were identified, such as significant underestimation of minimum values on an aggregated yearly time scale and restrictions of the parameter boundaries. Conversely, the copula models do not present such drawbacks but show feasible reproduction of key and operational statistics. We concluded that the periodic Markov chain based the copula models is a practicable method to simulate intermittent monthly streamflow time series.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.557-562
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• 2009

The free radical polymerization of styrene was initiated with azobis(isobutyronitrile) in the presence of benzene sulfonyl chloride. Analysis of the terminal structures of the obtained polystyrene with $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy revealed the presence of a phenyl sulfonyl group at the ${\alpha}$-end and a chlorine atom at the ${\omega}$-end of each polystyrene chain. The terminal chlorine atom in the polystyrene chains was further confirmed through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene and methyl acrylate using the obtained polystyrenes as macroinitiators and CuCl/2,2'-bipyridine as the catalyst system. GPC traces of the products obtained in ATRP at different reaction times were clearly shifted to higher molecular weight direction, indicating that nearly all the macroinitiator chains initiated ATRP of the second monomers. In addition, the number-average molecular weights of the polystyrenes increased directly proportional to the monomer conversions, and agreed well with the theoretical ones.