• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.18-24
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• 2019

Background: Although a growing number of guidelines and clinical researches are available for immunosuppressive treatment of post-transplantation, there is no clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients in Korea. Selection of a researchable question is the most important step in conducting qualified guideline development. Thus, we aimed to formulate key questions for Korean guideline to aid clinical decision-making for immunosuppressive treatment. Methods: Based on previous published guidelines review, a first survey was constructed with 29 questions in the range of immunosuppressive treatments. The experts were asked to rate the clinical importance of the question using a 5-point Likert scale. The questions reached 60% or more from the first survey and additional new questions were included in the second survey. In analyzing the responses to items rated on the 9-point scale, consensus agreement on each question was defined as 75% or more of experts rating 7 to 9. Results: In the first survey, 50 experts were included. Among the 29 questions, 27 were derived to get 60% or more importance and 3 new questions were additionally identified. Through the second survey, 9 questions were selected that experts reached consensus on 75% and over of the options. Finally, we developed key questions using PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome) methodology. Conclusion: The experts reached a high level of consensus on many of key questions in the survey. Final key questions provide direction for developing clinical practice guideline in the immunosuppressive treatment of transplantation.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.92-97
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• 2006

This research deals with the determination of 25 key assessment questions(KAQ) from the Baldrige criteria. It first investigates the performance of all the examination questions through real world applications. The 25 KAQs are then selected based the level of correlation between each of the questions and the overall assessment results. A set of field data are used for validating the key assessment questions in a statistical framework.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.385-398
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• 2014

This study investigated students' alternative conceptions of plate boundaries and their conception revision according to the pattern of students' reasoning. Participants were twenty-two 10th grade high school students. All participants were asked to draw the three types of plate boundaries and to explain their drawings. Nine students participated in the reasoning activity. To this end, a semi-structured interview was conducted during which key questions were asked for the students to individually answer. The key questions used in the reasoning activity were created, by utilizing questions used in the previous studies. The findings revealed that the alternative conceptions of plate boundaries were classified into three levels based on established criteria. Students who attempted a variety of reasoning strategies such as causal reasoning, using an analogy, abductive reasoning, data reconstruction and concept combination, revised their alternative conception to a scientific conception after the reasoning activity. On the other hand, some students could not revise their alternative conceptions because they only conducted an incomplete reasoning strategy. The study also found that they were unable to use other reasoning strategies, either.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권20호
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• pp.8735-8740
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• 2014

Background: Previous studies for non-communicable disease cotrol, including cancer, have mostly relied on health literacy in adults. However, limited studies are available for adolescents. This study aimed to assess the status and determinants of health literacy in in-school adolescents in Guangdong, China. Materials and Methods: A total of 3,821 students aged 13-25 years were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. After the questionnaire of health literacy was answered, the total scores for health knowledge (18 questions), skills (5 questions) and behaviors (14 questions) were determined. The total scores for health literacy and each subscale were recoded into adequate and inadequate subgroups, and logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with each outcome variable. Results: The prevalence of adequate health literacy was 14.4%, and the prevalences for adequate knowledge, skills and behavior were 22.4%, 64.7% and 6.6%, respectively. Students coming from prestigious schools and having parents with higher education had higher odds of having adequate knowledge, skills and behaviors. Female students had higher odds of having adequate knowledge and behaviors. Students in grade 7-8 had higher odds of having adequate knowledge and skills. The health knowledge was positive associated with health skills (odds ratio [OR] =2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-2.5) and behaviors (OR=3.0, 95%CI 2.3-4.0), and health skills were positive associated with health behaviors (OR=2.6, 95%CI 1.8-3.8). Conclusions: Further efforts should be made to increase adolescents' health knowledge and behaviors, especially for low grade and male students in non-prestigious schools.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제68권1호
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• pp.40-53
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• 2024

이 연구는 화학 핵심 개념, 화학 행동 영역, 수학 행동 영역으로 구성된 3차원 분석틀을 이용하여 2019학년도부터 2022학년도까지 4개년도의 대학수학능력시험 화학 I 문항을 분석하여 영역별 출제 문항 수와 비율을 알아보고 이를 바탕으로 각 영역 간의 관계에 대하여 알아보았다. 연구 결과, 대학수학능력시험 화학 I 문항은 핵심 개별 별로 비교적 고르게 출제되었으나, 고난도 문항은 양적 관계에 편중되었다. 화학 행동 차원의 경우, 문제 인식 및 가설 설정, 탐구 설계 및 수행 영역의 문항 출제 비율이 매우 낮았고, 고난도 문항의 경우 결론 도출 및 평가에 편중되었다. 수학 행동 영역의 경우, 발견적 추론 영역과 연역적 추론 영역에서 출제된 문항 수가 매우 적었고, 고난도 문항은 내적 문제해결력 영역에 편중되었다. 또한, 특정 화학 핵심 개념과 화학의 행동 영역은 특정 수학 행동 영역과 높은 연관성을 보였으며, 이러한 특징은 학생들이 어려워하는 고차원적 수학 행동 영역을 포함하는 문항에서 두드러지게 나타났다.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2002

English allows conjoined wh-questions to have two different readings. The English sentence Which person does John like and Mary admire\ulcorner involves ATB movement and is understood either as single questions requiring one set of individuals that are liked by John and admired by Mary (which person x, likes (j,x) & admires (m,x)) or as coordinated wh-questions, allowing distinct individuals that John likes and Mary admires (which person x, likes (j,x) & which person y, admires (m,y)). I argue this ambiguity is explained by the two key assumptions about wh-movement in Chomsky (1995): (1) Movement is copying. (2) wh-phrases consist of a wh-element and a nominal restrictor. This yields two possible LFs for English depending on whether [Wh+nominal] or wh alone is interpreted as a variable. It is therefore natural for me to propose that number of questions understood corresponds to the number of nominal segments at LF.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.255-267
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• 2020

Students' engagement is important for meaningful learning and it has multifaceted aspects for their science learning. This study investigated elementary students' perceptions of science learning engagement. The subjects of this study were 341 4^th to 6^th elementary students. The survey questionnaires were 5-Likert scale questions and free response questions on science learning engagement. The results showed that elementary students' perceptions of behavioral engagement were higher than emotional and cognitive engagement. Keyword network analysis with NetMiner program showed that the frequent key words of science learning engagement were 'experiment', 'listening', and 'teachers' explanation', which were mostly the behavioral types of engagement. The degree centrality and eigenvector centrality of these key words appeared high. 'Interest', which is emotional engagement, were also one of the frequent key words, but the centralities of this word were relatively low. The Frequent key words of science learning disengagement were mostly related with off-tasks, not doing expected behaviors and negative emotions about science and science learning. Educational implications on science learning engagement were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.855-866
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• 2004

In many surveys, one of the most important goals is to obtain reliable and valid responses from respondents. To achieve the goal, a researcher have to make efforts to protect respondents' confidentiality and to reduce the effects of social desirability on answers. The key question of this paper is whether the position of demographic questions have an effect on responses. Two types of questionnaires are considered: one puts the demographic questions at the beginning and the other does at the last. On both types, I asked only a small number of demographic questions which are considered as essential on analytic purposes. The results show no evidence of position effects when the risk to threat confidentiality was minimized.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

A newly-structured Korean pharmacist license exam has been launched in 2015, reflecting upon the changes in the pharmacy curriculum from a 4 year program to a 6 year program in 2009. In order to provide new ideas to ensure that the new exam is one of the most effective pharmacist evaluations that have taken place thus far, this study was done to compare the pharmacy exams in Korea and Canada. One of the major differences noted between the two countries' exams is that along with paper based MCQ portion of the exam, Canada's exam also includes a performance-based section, known as OSCE, which the Korean Pharmacy Exam (KPE) does not have. Furthermore, with the MCQ portion of the exam, the Canadian exam asks about 300 questions, with 450 minutes of test time allocated and taken during a period of two consecutive days, the KPE asks 350 questions, with 325 minutes of test time allocated in one day. Although, similarly, many of the questions in both exams place emphasis on clinical or patient care, Canada's exam puts significantly more emphasis (50.5% of exam questions) on these types of questions than Korea (29.7% of exam questions). However, this percentage does not reflect the exact weight placed for the specific areas of knowledge it requires to answer these questions, since the types of questions asked in this section in Canada could be placed in another section on the KPE. Canada's exam also has more questions (10% +150 questions for BC) on the topics of law and ethics compared to the KPE (5.7%). The reason for this may be that the Canadian society puts emphasis on the legal and ethical duties of pharmacists as a leader. However, since each country is unique in their social, economical, and cultural points of view, comparing the KPE to the Canadian licensing exam and applying these differences to the new KPE may not be appropriate. One last thing to consider is that, as WHO/FIP mentioned, in good pharmacy practice, continually updating and developing an appropriate pharmacy exam with consideration of societal changes, is key to success in developing the scope of practice for current and future pharmacists.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.145-158
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• 1998

The selection of proposed sites for the general logistic center of agriculture products would be made the most suitable place by considering the spread of population as real consumers, the prospect of the demand, the expansion of traffic system, the regional, hourly and carring traffic volume and the use of land based urban planning, etc. As the preconsideration, the possible occupant companies have to be selected on the category of business and the district. After posing questions and having interview, several selected regions would be compared and analysed for deciding the most suitable place. The model for the general logistic center of agricultural products must be selected taking key factors approach for choosing key factors at first and referring to many documentary records. And the more, cooperating with the specialists for location selection and making objective questions to concerned companies, the most suitable place is selected by marking high score for the moderate land cost, the low traffic jam, the connection with the back cities and the possible expansion as the general logistic center of agriculture products.