• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.380-394
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• 2015

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2014. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of heat and mass transfer, cooling and heating, and air-conditioning, the flow inside building rooms, and smoke control on fire. Research issues dealing with duct and pipe were reduced, but flows inside building rooms, and smoke controls were newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for thermal contact resistance measurement of metal interface, a fan coil with an oval-type heat exchanger, fouling characteristics of plate heat exchangers, effect of rib pitch in a two wall divergent channel, semi-empirical analysis in vertical mesoscale tubes, an integrated drying machine, microscale surface wrinkles, brazed plate heat exchangers, numerical analysis in printed circuit heat exchanger. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, non-uniform air flow, PCM applied thermal storage wall system, a new wavy cylindrical shape capsule, and HFC32/HFC152a mixtures on enhanced tubes, were actively studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on solar water storage tank, effective design on the inserting part of refrigerator door gasket, impact of different boundary conditions in generating g-function, various construction of SCW type ground heat exchanger and a heat pump for closed cooling water heat recovery were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were carried out in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration and modelling and controls including energy recoveries from industrial boilers and vehicles, improvement of dehumidification systems, novel defrost systems, fault diagnosis and optimum controls for heat pump systems. It is particularly notable that a substantial number of studies were dedicated for the development of air-conditioning and power recovery systems for electric vehicles in this year. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, seventeen studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies, piping in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the evaluation of work noise in tunnel construction and the simulation and development of a light-shelf system. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy saving of office building applied with window blind and phase change material(PCM), a method of existing building energy simulation using energy audit data, the estimation of thermal consumption unit of apartment building and its case studies, dynamic window performance, a writing method of energy consumption report and energy estimation of apartment building using district heating system. The remained studies were related to the improvement of architectural engineering education system for plant engineering industry, estimating cooling and heating degree days for variable base temperature, a prediction method of underground temperature, the comfort control algorithm of car air conditioner, the smoke control performance evaluation of high-rise building, evaluation of thermal energy systems of bio safety laboratory and a development of measuring device of solar heat gain coefficient of fenestration system.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.20
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• pp.113-139
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• 2004

This article intends to illuminate how the men. leading agents in Saseol-sijo - musical performers. writers of lyrics, patrons. composers. compilers of Sijo anthologies, audience. etc. - In the Late Choson period, viewed or recognized women and how their understanding of women was reflected in the texts. Working with texts with the theme of 'Love,' this article starts with categorizing two types of love: the first type, 'lovelorn heart' focusing on unilateral pining for a single lover who is absent now and the second type. 'physical love' concentrating on bilateral sexual intercourse. In addition to the types of love, the gender of poetic speakers, distinct from real poets is vital to characterize the discourse of love. According to these two factors. texts in question fall into four groups: texts that a female speaker displays her lovelorn heart('Type 1'), those where she speaks about her sexual experiences('Type 2'), those where a male speaker sings his lovelorn heart('Type 3'), and those where he describes his sexual experiences('Type 4'). Of these. 'Type 2' and 'Type 3' are key to understanding of the men's view of women. With respect to the configuration of the theme of 'Love,' it should be noted that in Korean literary history, the nim or a 'sweetheart' had signified the totality of value or a perfect entity which makes one's life meaningful and that 'Type 1,' the pattern that a female subject expresses her love toward male min, had constituted a traditional way to convey the theme of 'Love.' In terms of this connotation of min. a remarkable increase of 'Type 3' implying the increase of male speakers, reveals the extent to which women, the male speakers' min, accomplished their entry into a 'sacred area' -the position of mm-in which only men had occupied; females are focused and centralized. This article considers this phenomenon as an exhibition of the upgrade of women's significance and weight in the Late Choson society and as an index of 'modernity.' Meanwhile, given that most of the Saseol-sijo poets are men, the emergence of the 'Type 2' texts in which male poets have female speakers disclose their sexual experiences, demonstrates a representative example that women are degraded to be a means of men's pleasure; for this situation gives men more pleasure than when male speakers reveal their sexual experiences. Not only 'Type 2,' but texts group which basically belongs to 'Type I' and conveys the theme of 'Loyalty' through the female voice by substituting rulers-subjects relation for men-women relation, also falls under the same case. For men employ female voice as a poetic device in order to stress the theme of 'Loyalty' This article regards this phenomenon as an index of 'pre-modernity,' in the sense that in a pre-modem society, specifically in Early Choson, male-oriented value system dominates, thereby alienating women. As it is well known, the Late Choson is marked by a transitional period from a pre-modem society to a modem society. Therefore the ambivalence of the premodern and the modem can be found mixed in every segment of the society. The dual aspects of the masculine view of women in Saseol-sijo constitutes one example. The significance of the Saseol-sijo in Korean literary history can be found in this phenomenon.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-81
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• 2004

It is the purpose of this study to arrange in ornamental trees and shrubs the planting that leads to an appropriate type of templescape. The study was designed primarily as an examples for each Buddhist temple which desires further decoration with several ornamental plants, doubles the effectiveness of the Sen-Buddhist meditation, and boosts tourists' attraction. To investigate the planting status and type of trees and shrubs in the precincts of Buddhism temples, We close three temples : They are Nagsansa, Boolgoogsa and Booseugsa, which are intermonatane area temples all together. The results investigated were summarized as follows :1. Planting status and pattern in temples Open spaces of the Daewoogjeon in all temples, a main Sanctuaries in temple buildings, where Buddha is enshrined in, we could not find any kind of trees of shrubs to be planted.Muryangsujeon, a symbol of "Future", which can be also found at Boosugsa temple, is living in Western Elysium world and takes mercy on mankind of this life. Taxus cuspidata was planted at this Muryangsujeon, known as an immeasurable bliss building, where an Amitabha is enshrined in.Total 25 species of trees and shrubs were planted around Birozani building of Buddhist temples, Birozani is enshrined at the Birojion of Boollgoogsa temple.The buddhist Goddess of Mercy which is a buddhist saint for pursuit of fortune and blessing to relieve the mankind is enshrined at Wonchonjeon, Daebijeon and Kwaneumjeon which are able to observe at both Boolgoogsa and Nagsnsa temples, where Euonymus japonicus trees including other 26 species could be found in common at both temples.2. Correlation between trees/shrubs and temple buildingsTrees and flowers symbolizing Buddha are often planted as material sources of gardening to decorate : They are Logerstroemia indica as Buddha's flower, Viburmum opulus var. calvescens resembling Buddha's head, Tilia mandshurica producing the beads of rosary, Gardenia jaminoides Ellis with white flower blade and flower of bliss, not flower to this day and Lotus flowering clearly in the pond filling with dirty water which is able to clarifies the world full of crime, infidelity and injustification. Among these Buddhist' plants, however, Logerstroemia indica could be found in all three temples, and Viburmum opulus var. calvescens at both Nagsansa and Boosugsa. Also, Lager stroemia indica was planted at all three temples and Viburmum opulus var. calvescens at both temples of Nagsansa and Boosugsa. Tilia mandshurica and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were not found in any temples which might become the subject of investigation.In relation of the buildings of each temples as a sanctified space, the planting of trees and shrubs was not considered for the arrangement, templescape architecture or species. And, also, we could not find in the study any special relationship of trees/ shrubs with the characteristics of temples.With the results obtained through precise studies we presented here in this paper newly designed model of templescape in intermane buddhist temple which can be applied for planting and arrangement of trees or/and shrubs. Basic principles of model in mind are:To consider the correlation of the dominant between plants and temple buildings.To plant trees/shrubs for special functions as well as conditions of temple location.To make tree arrangement correlating to Buddhism spirit.To induce environment friendly plants to be planted, suitable to regional conditions.This redecorated model of templescape might be used as a canon of the tree planting and arrangement in the precincts of Buddhism temples.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.132-159
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• 1994

The taxonomic revision of the family Congridae was made based on the specimens collected from the south-western coasts of the Korea from June 1988 to Oct. 1993. The family Congridae was classified into 8 species belonging to 6 genera. based on the external and internal morphological characters : Anago anago, Ariosoma anagodies, Ariosoma shiroanago shiroanago, Conger myriaster, Conger japonicus, Gnathophis nystromi nystromi, Rhechias retrotincta and Uroconger lepturus. Among the species reported as the congrid eels from Korea until now, four species were transferred into different generic or specific name Conger flavirostris into Ariosoma anagoides ; Astroconger myriaster into Conger myriaster ; Congrina retrotincta into Rhechias retrotincta and Rhynchocymba nystromi into Gnathophis nystromi nystromi. A Korean congrid eel, Ariosoma shiroanago shiroanago, was reported for first time in Korea. Intergeneric characters of the family Congridae were the form of the lateralline scales, the state of the tip of tail, the segmented state of the dorsal and anal fin rays, the existance of the supraoccipital bone and of lateral ethmoid process of the skull, the origin of dorsal fin and the forms of upper labial flange. The interspecific classification was made according to the characters such as the numbers of sensory pores of head part and in front of vent, teeth rows and numbers of upper and lower jaw, the numbers of vertebrae, the body color, the shapes of the head part, the color of intestine, the size of eye, the structure of air bladder and the number of branchiostegal rays. A new key on the taxonomical characteristics to the genera and species of the family Congridae has been estabilished and their distribution in Korea is described.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to summarize results from 11 domestic studies about sick role behavior applied health belief model and to assess the effectiveness of components on behavior change by using meta-analysis. Methods: We collected the existing literatures by using major web search of 'pulmonary tuberculosis patients', 'health belief model', and 'sick role behavior' as key words and by reviewing content of journals. Quantitative meta-analysis was performed by SAS program. Results: Among 66 articles, 11 studies were selected for quantitative meta-analysis. The knowledge level about pulmonary tuberculosis had more effect for only sick role behavior as general characterisitcs(d=0.7870). All the components of health belief model produced significant effects on sick role behavior with the magnitude of effect size from 0.31 to 0.73. The largest effects were benefits on actions of sick role behavior. Conclusions: Overall, these investigation provide very substantial empirical evidence supporting health belief model dimensions as important contributors to the explanation and prediction of sick role behavior among the type of health related behavior in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Strategic intervention including health education, etc. based on health belief model showed clear advantage in improvement of behavioral change.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2003

Objectives：As increasing number of new antidepressants have been being introduced in clinical practice, pharmacological understanding has been broadened. These changes mandate new information and theories to be incorporated into the treatment process of children with depressive disorders. In light of newly coming knowledge, this review intended to recapitulate the characteristics of new antidepressants and to consider the pivotal issues to develope guidelines for the treatment of depression in childhood and adolescence. Methods：Searching the Pub-Med online database for the articles with the key words of 'new', 'antidepressants' and 'children' ninety-seven headings of review articles were obtained. The author selected the articles of pertinent subjects in terms of either treatment guideline or psychopharmacology of new antidepressants. When required, articles about the clinical effectiveness of individual antidepressants were separatedly searched. In addition, the safety information of new antidepressants was acquired by browsing the official sites of the United States Food and Drugs Administration and Department of Health and Human Services. Results：1) For the clinical course, treatment phase, and treatment outcome, the reviews or treatment guidelines adopted the information from adult treatment guidelines. 2) Systematic and critical reviews unambiguously concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) excelled tricyclic antidepressants( TCAs) for both efficacy and side effect profiles, and were recommend for the first-line choice for the treatment of children with depressive disorders. 3) New antidepressants generally lacked treatment experiences and randomized controlled clinical trials. 4) SSRIs and other new antidepressants, when used together, might result in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-to-drug interaction. 5) The difference of the clinical effectiveness of antidepressants between children and adults should be addressed from developmental aspects, which required further evidence. Conclusion：Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of childhood and adolescence depression could be constructed on the basis of clinical trial findings and practical experiences. Treatment guidelines are to best serve as the frame of reference for a clinician to make reasonable decisions for a particular therapeutic situation. In order to fulfill this role, guidelines should be updated as soon as new research data become available.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.157-187
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• 1994

This study includes the taxonomy , and a key to species of aphids in the family Lachnidae from Korea. Specimens examined in this study were collected from 24 kinds of plants. Samplings were accomplished at 95 localities in Korea from March, 1987 to August, 1994. A list of Korean lachnids are as follows. *1. Chinara atlantica (Wilson, 1919), *.2. C. cembrae(Seitner, 1936), *3. C. formosana (Takahashi, 1924), *4. C. fresai Blanchard, 1939, *5. C. idahoensis Knowlton,1935, 6. c. juniperi (de Geer, 1773), 7.C.kochi Inouye,1939, *8. C. laridicola (Matsumura, 1917), *9. C. laricis (Hartig, 2839), *10. C.longipennis (Matasumura, 1917), 11. C. orientalis (Takahashi, 1925), *12. C. pinidensiflorae(Essig & Kuwana, 1918), *13. C. piniformosana(Takahashi, 1923), *14 C. shinjii Inouye, 1938, *15. c. tujafilina (Del Guercio, 1909), *16 . c. watanabei Inouye, 1970, *17. C. togyuensis Seo. 1994. *18. C. deodarae Seo. 1994, *19. Eulachnus agilis (Kaltenbach, 1843), *20. E. pumilae Inouye, 1939, *21. E. thunbergi (Wilson, 1919), *22. Schizolachnus orientalis (Takahashi, 1924) , 23. Lachnus, Chosoni Szelegiewicz, 1975, 24. L. japonicus (Matsumura, 1917) , *.25. L. tropicalis 9van der Goot, 1916), *.26. Maculolachnus sumbacula (Walker, 1848), *27. M. paiki Seo. 1994, *28 Nipppolachnus piri Matsumura, 1917, 29. Stomaphis asiphon Szelegiewica, 1975, *30. S. japonica Takahashi, 1960, *31. S. yanonis Takahashi , 1918 , *32. Tuberolachnus salignus *(Gmelin, 1790). Of them , 27 species preceded by an asterisk were observed in this study, and keys to these 27 Korean lachnids are provided . The relationship between Korean lachnids and their host plants, and geogrpahical distribution are discussed.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.45-60
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• 2017

This study aims to elucidate the key improvements through the current state of customer support for smart home services based on the Internet of things and the evaluation of user's usage. Smart home services typically provide a wide range of value in terms of security, safety, manageability (electricity and water use), convenience, and remote management accessibility. In this study, we analyzed the current state of smart home service based on Internet of Samsung, SKT and LG U + companies in Korea. However, since LG U+ is the only company providing user reviews, there is a limit to generalization, but we are trying to figure out whether the customer value is conveyed properly or not, and in which part the customer support is focused to support the service. As a result of analyzing the results of the study, we found that the smart home service is commercialized and marketed in various forms. However, it is questionable whether the technological level and user satisfaction level are sufficiently satisfied. The results of this study are as follows. First, although each company provides usage guidance, they still ask many questions about joining products and using products. Second, there are many defects in the product itself, and it is found that the companies are not satisfied with the overall response. Third, the three companies are focusing on switches, outlets, sensors, and lamps. This is an individual intelligent product rather than an interlocking or linking level, and it can be seen that there are many parts that are not compatible with the concept of the original Internet of things. In conclusion, this study shows that there are still many areas to improve on the level of customer service provision of smart home service, in particular, the ease of use is low and the quality of products is not reliable. We would like to present the improvement of this in detail through this study and reflect the companies that provide it and the service providers.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1996

Background : Several studies have suggested that impaired mucociliary clearance plays a role in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma. Cough productive of mucoid sputum is common, and mucous plugs in the airways are frequently observed. These clinical features are in keeping with the histologic lesions of asthma, which involve primarily the epithelial and mucous-producing structures of the conducting airways. Some studies have shown that the mucociliary clearance is impaired in adult asthma, but it has not been studied in childhood asthma. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the mucociliary clearance is impaired in childhood asthma and to estimate the degree of impairment in comparison with that of immotile cilia syndrome. Method : Thirteen children with mild stable asthma and eight patients with immotile cilia syndrome completed this study. Ten healthy children were recruited as a normal control group. The whole-lung mucociliary clearance was measured by the radioaerosol technique. Aerosols, tin colloid particles tagged with the radionuclide technetium-99m($^{99m}Tc$), were generated by means of nebulizer, and inhaled via a mouthpiece. The retention of radioactivity was measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes by gamma camera, and mucociliary clearance was calculated as percent retention at each time. Results: 1) In each subject, the percent retention decreased variably with the lapse of time. 2) The percent retention of radionuclide decreased at each time in order of normal control, bronchial asthma and immotile cilia syndrome and the percent retention of immotile cilia syndrome was significantly higher than that of normal control at each time(p<0.05). 3) At two hours, the percent retention of bronchial asthma($65.0{\pm}1.8$(SE)%) was significantly higher than that of the normal control($54.4{\pm}3.5%$, p<0.05), and significantly lower than that of immotile cilia syndrome($73.3{\pm}1.4%$, p<0.01). 4) When the percent retention was analyzed according to $PC_{20}$ in the children with bronchial asthma, they had no relationship with each other. Conclusion: Mucociliary clearance in the children with bronchial asthma was significantly lower than normal control. This finding indicates that impaired mucociliary clearance operates in childhood asthma as well, and suggests that it may be one contributing factor in the pathogenesis of asthma. The degree of impairment, however, was not so severe as immotile cilia syndrome.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1245-1255
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• 1997

Background : Rifampicin(RFP) is a key component of the antituberculous short-course chemotherapy and the RFP resistance is a marker of multi-drug resistant(MDR) tuberculosis. RPoB gene encodes the $\beta$-subunit of RNA polymerase of M. tuberculosis which is the target of RFP. And rpoB gene mutations are the cause of RFP resistance of M. tuberculosis. Although several reports showed that PCR-SSCP would be a rapid diagnostic method for identifying the RFP resistance, there were few reports Performed using direct, clinical specimens. So we Performed PCR-SSCP analysis of rpoB gene of M. tuberculosis in direct, clinical specimens. Methods : 75 clinical specimens were collected from patients at Asan Medical Center from June to August 1996. After PCR of IS 6110 fragments, 43 both AFB smear-positive and IS6110 fragment PCR-positive specimens were evaluated. The RFP susceptibility test was referred to the referral laboratory of the Korean Tuberculosis Institute. DNA was extracted by bead beater method. And heminested PCR was done using 0.1ul(1uCi) [$\alpha-^{32}P$]-dCTP. SSCP analysis was done using non-denaturating MDE gel electrophoresis. Results : The results of PCR of IS6110 fragments of M. tuberculosis were positive in 55(73%) cases of 75 AFB smear-positive clinical specimens. Of the 55 specimens, RFP susceptibility was confirmed in only 43 specimens. Of the 43 AFB smear-positive and IS6110 fragment-positive specimens, 29 were RFP susceptible and 14 were RFP resistant. All the RFP susceptible 29 strains showed the same mobility compared with that of RFP sensitive H37Rv in SSCP analysis of ropB gene. And all the other RFP resistant 13 strains showed the different mobility. In other words they showed 100% identical results between PCR-SSCP analysis and traditional susceptibility test. Conclusion : The PCR-sseP analysis of rpoB gene in direct clinical specimens could be used as a rapid diagnostic method for detecting RFP resistant M. tuberculosis.