• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2006

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.131-134
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• 2000

Forest vegetation in Korea can be largely divided into warm temperate, cool temperate and frigid forest zone. The cool temperate forest zone of them occupies the largest part of the Korean peninsula and it is generally divided into three subdivisions such as northern, central and southern subzone. The Forestry Research Institute established three long-term ecological research sites at Kwangnung Experiment Forest in the central subzone of the cool temperate forest zone, at the Mt. Kyebangsan Forest in the northern subzone of the cool temperate forest zone. and at the Mt. Keumsan Forest in the warm temperate forest zone. The objectives of long-term ecological research in the Forestry Research Institute, Korea are to study long-term changes of the forest ecosystems in energy fluxes, water and nutrient cycling, forest stand structure, biological diversity, to quantify nutrient budgets and fluxes among forest ecosystem compartments and to integrate ecological data with a GIS - assisted model. To achieve the objectives, forest stand dynamics. environmental changes in soil properties, stream water quality, nutrient cycling, air pollution and biological diversity have been investigated and plant phonology as an indicator of climate change has been monitored in the LTER sites.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 1997

This study is for extent of polluted area by acid mine drainage from the Daeseong coal mine, Keumsan. Black shales of the Changri Formation containing the Daeseong coal mine are geochemically similar to those from the North America as well as Europe. Comparing with geochemical compositions and relative ratios, coal bearing and non-coal bearing soils are similar to the stream sediments influenced and not influnced by the acid mine drainage, respectively. These characteristics suggest that acidification of the soils and of the stream sediments are related to the the coal bearing black shale. Soil waters beneath the coal bearing soil have low pH and high cation contents than those beneath non-coal bearing soil, suggestive of extractions of cations with increasing oxidizations within the soils. Surface waters show that those influenced by the acid mine drainage are low pH, and have high $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, Mn and slightly lower DO, suggesting that heavy pollutions have been progressed in these area. Geochemical comparisons between the polluted surface water and adjacent black shales suggest that pollutions of the surface water are related to the black shales.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_1
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• pp.457.1-463
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• 1998

the research has been made for alkali and metal element concentrations in top soils and plants from the abandoned coal mine, Keumsan, Chungnam Province. Samples of the top soil and plant (Miscanthus sinensis and Pinus rigida) were collected from the mine area in which was divided into t재 regions the polluted region influenced by the coal mining and the non-polluted region. pH of the top soils was 3.16-4.33 in the polluted region. Ca, Sr and P concentrations were high in the polluted soils, and Al and Ba concentrations were high in the non-polluted soils. No differences were found in K, Na and Ti concentrations. M. sinensis was higher in the element concentrations than P. rigida. In the average concentration of the alkali and metal element, M. sinensis showed high Cs and Na in the polluted region, and high Ba, Ca, K, Sr and concentrations in the non-polluted region. P. rigida had high Cs, Na and Rb concentrations in the polluted region. M. sinensis and P. rigida were higher in the root than above-ground part in the most element, but Ca and K. Ca, K and Na concentrations within both plants had higher than those of soils.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2009

Geochemical relationships between ginsengs and soils from three representative soil types, shale, phyllite and granite regions, from Keumsan were examined. High elements ere shown at the granite and shale areas of the weathered soils, the phyllite areas of he cultivated soils and the shale areas of the host rocks. T1 was enriched in ginsengs grown in the shale areas, Cs and B in the phyllite areas, and Be and Cd in the granite areas. Positive correlations were dominated by the shale areas. These relationships can be explained for mineral characteristics within the soils, and their behaviors related to the physio-chemical conditions. High elements were shown in the 2 year ginsengs of the hale areas, and 4 year ginsengs of the phyllite and granite areas in comparisons with ginsengs of the different ages from the same areas. These differences can be explained with ages of the ginsengs, solubilities of the minerals and physio-chemical differences within soils. The content differences of high elements such as Cs, T1 and Be were found between soils and ginsengs. Overall, these results suggest that components of ginsengs grown in the granite areas are chemically similar to the soils.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2009

This work was conducted to establish an efficient plant regeneration system for genetic transformation and the in vitro conservation of Sedum sarmentosum genetic resources. Effects of glutamine and $AgNO_3$ on plant regeneration between two genotypes were investigated using MS media supplemented with 0.2 mg/L NM and 3.0 mg/L BA. Calluses were formed on leaf explants placed on MS solid media supplemented with 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BA. Calluses of Keumsan local strain produced shoots at a frequency of up to 100% after 50 days of culture on medium supplemented with glutamine. The highest number of shoots per callus was 17.6 at 350 mg/L glutamine. However, calluses of Wanju local strain gave rise to no shoots under the same culture conditions. Likewise, calluses of Keumsan local strain produced shoots at a frequency of up to 100% after 50 days of culture on medium supplemented with $AgNO_3$ whereas Wanju local strain sporadically produced shoots. The highest number of shoots per callus of Keumsan local stain was 16.1 at $15{\mu}M$ $AgNO_3$. Regenerated shoots were subcultured on hormone-free MS medium for rooting and shoot growth, and then 3-5 cm high plantlets were transplanted to the artificial soils comprising vermiculite and perlite, where they survived at a frequency of 88-100%. After being transplanted into upland soil:sand (1:1, v/v) in a greenhouse, regenerated plants showed a morphologically normal growth.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.27-43
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• 1976

The flourite in Hwacheon, Hwanggangri and Keumsan district are major fluorite producing areas in Korea. The fluorite deposits of Hwacheon district are wholly fissure filling hydrothermal veins embedded in Precambrian gneiss and schists and Jurassic granites. Also some fluorite deposits are emplaced in felsite whose age is unknown. Emplacement of most fluorite veins of the district are controlled by EW fracture system. Fluorites are generally accompanied to chalcedonic quartz and also kaolinite, montmorillonite, dickite and calcite in parts. Vertical and lateral mineral zonings are not distinct. The fluorite deposits in the Hwanggangri district are wholly embedded in limestone and other calcareous sediments of Paleozoic Yeongweol Group. Most of the fluorite deposits belong to one of two categories which are steeply. dipping veins and gently dipping replacement deposits adjacent to Late Cretaceous(83-90mys) granite bodies. The strikes of fluorite veins of Hwanggangri district mostly occupy the fractures of $N30^{\circ}-40^{\circ}E$ and $N30^{\circ}-40^{\circ}W$ system. Fluorites are accompanied to calcite, milky quartz, chalcedonic quartz, and also montmorillonite, kaolinite in parts. But in some deposits, scheelite, various sulfide minerals and barite are accompanied. Emplacement of fluorite deposits are largely controlled by lithology and structures of this district. In some deposits fluorite veins gradate to scheelite veins and also telescoping of the mineral zones are found in this district. In the Keumsan district, fissure-filled fluorite veins and replacement deposits are mostly emplaced in limestone of Paleozoic Yeongweol Group, late Cretaceous quartz-porphyry, granite and sandstone. Some deposits are emplaced in Precambrian metasediments. Mineralogy and other characteristics of the deposits in this district is similar to those of Hwanggangri district. Fluid inclusion studies reveal the difference of salinities, $CO_2$ contents of ore fluid and temperatures during fluorite mineral deposition in the these districts. In Hwacheon district, ore-fluids were comparatively dilute brine and low $CO_2$ content. Filling temperatures ranges $104^{\circ}C$ to $170^{\circ}C$. In the Chuncheonshinpo mine, most deeply exploited one in this district, salinitles range 0.5-2. 2wt. % NaCl and filling temperatures range from $116^{\circ}C$ to $143^{\circ}C$. In the Hwanggangri district, ore fluids were complex and filling temperature ranges very widly. In the contact metasomatic fluorite deposits, ore fluid were NaCl rich brines with moderate $CO_2$ content and filling temperatures range from $285^{\circ}C$ to above $360^{\circ}C$. Fluids inclusions in tungsten and sulfide minerals bearing fluorite veins show high $CO_2$ content up to 31wt. %. Filling temperature ranges from $101^{\circ}C$ to $310^{\circ}C$. Fluids inclusions In mainly fluorite bearing veins were more dilute brine and low $CO_2$ contents. Filling temperatures range from $95^{\circ}C$ to $312^{\circ}C$. Filling temperature of fluid inclusions of Keumsan district are between $95^{\circ}C$ and $237^{\circ}C$. Data gathered from geologic, mineralogic and fluid inclusion studies reveal that fluorite mineralization in H wacheon district proceeded at low temperature with dilute brine and low $CO_2$ content. In Hwangganri district, fluorite mineralization proceeded by several pulse of chemically distinct ore fluids and formed the mineralogically different type of deposits around cooling granite pluton which emplaced comparatively shallow depth.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2004

The ginsengs showing different ages(1, 2 and 3 years) are collected from the granite, phyllite and shale area. Keumsan and are analysed for the incompatible elements with the soils. In the soils, granite areas are high in the most of element and shale areas show high correlations among the element pairs. In the comparisons for differences of ginseng ages within the same area, granite and phyllite areas are high in the 2 year ginsengs while the shale ares are high in the 3 year ginsengs in the most of the elements. Positive correlations are dominant regardless area differences and high correlations are shown in the 3 year ginsengs, indicating the absorptions of the eligible element content with increasing ages. In the comparisons of area for the ginsengs of the same age, Rb, Cs and Ga, in the case of the granite area, are low in the 2 year ginsengs while most of elements are low in the 3 year ginsengs. High element contents are shown in the shale area, which are compared with granite and phyllite areas, indicating differences of dominant minerals. In the comparisons of the parts, upper parts are mainly high. High correlations are shown in the 3 year ginsengs, suggesting the similarities of absorption degrees within root as well as upper parts with the age. In the comparisons between soils and ginsengs, elements except Ba and Sr, are mainly high in the soils.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2006

Ginsengs(1-3 years old) from the Keumsan were analysed for the rare earth element(REE) contents and compared with their soils from the biotite granite(CR), phyllite(PH) and shale(SL) areas. In the soils, high REE contents and correlations were found in the SL. In the ginsengs, high element contents were shown in the SL. High correlations were found in the 3 year. In the upper parts, the 2 year of the GR was mainly high. Comparing with the same aged ginsengs, high elements were shown in the SL. Positive correlations were dominated and high correlations were shown in the 3 year ginsengs. In the root parts, the GR was high in the 2 year while the PH and SL were high in the 3 year. Comparing with the same ages, high elements were shown in the SL. High correlation relationships were found. Comparing between upper and root parts, the upper parts were mainly high, LREE showed big differences and relative ratios of the 2 year were mainly high. Comparing between soils and ginsengs, the soils were mainly high. Ratios between soils and root parts(soils/root parts) were higher than those of the upper parts. Ratios of the LREE showed big differences relative to those in the HREE and the ratios increased with ages. Overall results suggested that ginsengs of the SL were similar to those of soils and those of the PH showed big differences.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.192-205
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• 2005

This study is for geochemical relationships between ginsengs and soils from three representative soil types from Keumsan, shale, phyllite and granite areas. For this study, ginsengs (2, 3 and 4 years), with the soils and their host rock, are collected and are analysed for the transitional elements. In the weathered soils, the shale area is high in the most of elements, but low in the granite area. High correlation relationships are shown in the shale area. In the field soils, the shale area is mainly high, but low in the granite area. Comparing with ages, most of elements are high in the 2 year soils, but low in the 4 year soils. Regardless of the localities, positive and negative correlations are dominant in the shale area. In the host rocks, high element contents are shown in the phyllite and shale areas. Positive and negative correlations are found in the shale and phyllite areas for large numbers of the element pairs. In the ginsengs, differences of the element contents with ages are not clear, but show high element contents in the 2 year ginsengs of the shale and phyllite areas, and low contents in the 4 year ginsengs of the granite area. Positive correlations are shown in the Cu-Zn pair in the shale and phyllite areas, and Co-Cu pair in the granite area. In the relative ratios(weathered soil/field soil), most of elements from the shale area are high, above I, suggesting high element contents in the weathered soils of the shale area relative to the granite and phyllite areas. In the relative ratios(weathered soil/host rock), most of elements are above 1, suggesting the high element contents in the weathered soils relative to the host rocks. Relative ratios (soil/ginseng) of the element contents are several to ten times. Regardless of the areas, big differences of the relative ratios are found in the Co and small differences are in the Cu and Zn, which suggest that differences between soils and ginsengs are big in the Co contents and small in the Cu and Zn contents. Regardless of the ages, differences among relative ratios are small in granite area relative to the shale area, which suggest more similar contents between ginsengs and soils in the granite areas.