• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2021

Zygotic embryo culture was performed to propagate evergreen oak, Quercus myrsinifolia, which has recalcitrant seeds and is difficult to propagate by cuttings. Zygotic embryos appeared in WPM medium after 14 days, and after 56 days, they developed into complete plants with cotyledons and roots. The medium suitable for zygotic embryo culture was 1/4 WPM medium, showing a shoot growth of 2.43 cm and root growth of 8.7 cm after 8 weeks of culture. As a result of investigating the effect of GA₃ on the growth of plants germinated from zygotic embryos through GA₃ treatment, the best growth was shown in 0.5 mg/l GA₃ treatment. The in vitro rooting and growth of IBA-treated zygotic embryo-derived plants were good in the 0.5 mg/l IBA treatment and rooting and shoot growth were not observed at higher concentrations. And the callus induction rate also increased as the concentration of IBA increased. Plants grown in vitro were transferred to a plastic pot containing artificial soil and acclimatized in a greenhouse for about 4 weeks, resulting in more than 90% survival. As a result of this study, the zygotic embryo culture method was confirmed to be effective for mass propagation of Q. myrsinifolia. The results of this study are expected to contribute significantly to the mass propagation of elite Q. myrsinifolia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.17-28
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• 2022

We evaluated the effect of CO₂ offsetting by estimating changes in carbon uptake under various forest management scenarios and proposed forest management strategies to achieve carbon neutrality. Paju and Goseong, which have relatively large forest areas but different industrial characteristics, were selected for the study sites. The current state of forest distribution was analyzed using forest type maps and aerial photographs, and the amount of carbon uptake was calculated using the equation presented by the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the national emission/absorption coefficients from the Korea National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report. As of 2015, the forest carbon absorption in Paju and Goseong was 49,931 t/yr and 94,225 t/yr, respectively, and the annual carbon absorption per unit area was 2.28 t/ha/yr and 2.16 t/ha/yr. Under the forest management scenarios, the annual maximum carbon absorption per unit area is estimated to increase to 5.68 t/ha/yr in Paju and 4.22 t/ha/yr in Goseong, and this absorption would increase further if urban forests were additionally created. Even if the current forests of Paju and Goseong are maintained as they are, emissions from electricity use can be sufficiently offset. However, by applying appropriate forest management strategies, emissions from sectors other than electricity use could be offset. This study can be applied to the establishment of carbon absorption strategies in the forest sector to achieve carbon neutrality.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.547-558
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• 2022

In August 2020, a debris flow occurred in Gokseon, Jeollanam-do, that resulted in the death of five residents. In this study area, high-resolution 0.03 m topographic information was generated through photogrammetry, and the amount of soil movement/loss was measured. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed for flow depth, flow velocity, and debris flow area with the program Flo-2D using the difference in simulation parameter that discharge and topographic information. Wth increasing debris flow input discharge, increases were seen in flow depth, flow velocity, and debris flow area, as ell as in the gap in results from high-resolution topographic information and low-resolution topographic information. Also, when high-resolution topographic information was used, the results were similar to the actual (measured) flow direction of the debris flow. Therefore, the application of high-resolution topographic information increases the accuracy of the debris flow analysis results compared with low-resolution information. Results could be further imporved in the future by considering geological information such as yield stress and viscosity.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.155-168
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• 2022

Purpose - Although the government and civic groups do not always confront each other over the Me Too movement, the two stakeholders are often conflicted. For example, the two interested parties may have different positions in the gender conflict and be often hostile due to debates over how to institutionalize and distinguish actual harm from innocence. In this situation, the strategies of the two stakeholders for their own ends are inevitably interdependent. This paper is a study on the strategic reciprocity of interested parties in relation to the Me Too Movement, which has recently raised a new discourses in our society. Design/methodology/approach - We derive equilibrium of the reciprocity between civic groups(collectively referred to as the Me Too Movement Headquarters) leading the Me Too Movement and government that must preemptively respond to new social issues, and analyze how changes in some external conditions affect the reactions of the two stakeholders. For this purpose we rely on economic methodology. Findings - In the reciprocity between the two forces, we derive an equilibrium composed of the pair of the government's optimal response level and the civic group's optimal strategy, and further derive the comparative static results according to changes in external conditions. Analysis results are mixed with intuitive results and non-intuitive ones. However, even if the result is not intuitive, rational reasoning is possible as long as it is derived through a rigorous model, and it has several implications. Research implications or Originality - Although this study is a positive approach, it is meaningful as a starting point to explore practical discussion directions and alternatives by adding another new perspective and approach to research in other social science fields with many normative studies.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.33-43
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• 2022

This study was conducted to monitor the vegetation recovery in the areas damaged by the forest fires on the east coast that occurred in April 2000. The study site was a forest fire-damaged area in Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do, and 21 monitoring areas (12 natural restoration sites, 9 artificial restoration sites) were selected to analyze the vegetation recovery trend since 1998. The vegetation recovery trend was compared by calculating the values according to the year using the difference Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based on satellite images (Landsat TM/ETM+ and Sentinel-2A). As the result of this study, all 21 sites, vegetation was recovered, and both groups showed the greatest recovery in summer. In the case of the dNBR, the artificial restored sites showed higher values than the natural restored sites, and in the case of the NDVI, the natural restored sites were higher than the artificially restored sites in summer and autumn. However, the difference between the two groups of natural and artificial restoration sites was not significant. Therefore, the direction of forest restoration after forest fire damage can be effectively restored if properly implemented for the purpose of restoration of the target site.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.159-176
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• 1993

The utilization of outpatient care services involves two steps of sequential decisions. The first step decision is about whether to initiate the utilization and the second one is about how many more visits to make after the initiation. Presumably, the initiation decision is largely made by the patient and his or her family, while the number of additional visits is decided under a strong influence of the physician. Implication is that the analysis of the outpatient care utilization requires to specify each of the two decisions underlying the utilization as a distinct stochastic process. This paper is concerned with the number of physician visits, which is, by definition, a discrete variable that can take only non-negative integer values. Since the initial visit is considered in the analysis of whether or not having made any physician visit, the focus on the number of visits made in addition to the initial one must be enough. The number of additional visits, being a kind of count data, could be assumed to exhibit a Poisson distribution. However, it is likely that the distribution is over dispersed since the number of physician visits tends to cluster around a few values but still vary widely. A recently reported study of outpatient care utilization employed an analysis based upon the assumption of a negative binomial distribution which is a type of overdispersed Poisson distribution. But there is an indication that the use of Poisson distribution making adjustments for over-dispersion results in less loss of efficiency in parameter estimation compared to the use of a certain type of distribution like a negative binomial distribution. An analysis of the data for outpatient care utilization was performed focusing on an assessment of appropriateness of available techniques. The data used in the analysis were collected by a community survey in Hwachon Gun, Kangwon Do in 1990. It was observed that a Poisson regression with adjustments for over-dispersion is superior to either an ordinary regression or a Poisson regression without adjustments oor over-dispersion. In conclusion, it seems the most approprite to assume that the number of physician visits made in addition to the initial visist exhibits an overdispersed Poisson distribution when outpatient care utilization is studied based upon a model which embodies the two-part character of the decision process uderlying the utilization.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.568-582
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• 2022

This study identifies regional problems caused by the relocation and dismantlement of military units by the government's Defense Reform 2.0 and examines the current situation. This study provides policy implications for future regional development by discussing the use of military idle land in the border region and seeking how to revitalize the region through urban regeneration. In order to utilize and manage the military idle land, first, the mutually beneficial development of the military unit and the local community must be achieved through the establishment of governance between private, government, and military sectors. Second, review and improvement of laws and systems related to border regions and military idle lands should be accompanied. Third, the various ideas and policies that reflect the uniqueness of the border region must be established. Finally, this study provided implications for the efficient utilization and management of sustainable idle land by reflecting the specificity of the border region in the future.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.89-112
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• 2013

This study was aimed to investigate the status and the relation of problem drinking, the influence of parents' problem drinking and codependency among students in Dept. of Social Welfare for students to become competent social workers on problem drinking, which is a serious social problem in our society. The subjects of this study consisted of 303 persons who were the university students of Dept. of Social Welfare in the east of Gangwon-do. The data were collected through self-reported questionnaires from Nov. 22th to Dec. 12th, 2012. Results indicated that 91.1% of students were drinkers, the average of problem drinking based on international standard of AUDIT was 8.33, and problem drinking showed significantly in sex. 30% of students were influenced by parents' problem drinking, both the influence of parents' problem drinking and codependency showed significantly in family income. The average codependency of students was mild level and the influence of parents' problem drinking contributed significantly to the codependency. Implications of findings of this study were discussed.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.107-119
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• 2011

Applied Geomorphology can be addressed quickly social needs. Therefore, it should be a lot of research on the applied geomorphology in order to have a distinct academic nature of the geomorphology. From this perspective, From this perspective, I think very important that it studied up to now look at the performance of the applied geomorphology. The proportion of applied geomorphology is only 0.6 percent of published papers in all areas of geography and 18.3 percent of geomorphology. Sharp increase in this proportion since the 2000s that, it is not nothing to do with the demands of modern society. The tourism sector in the topic of the applied geomorphology were most common, related papers with environmental conservation and disaster were followed. Nowadays, all academic studies must meet the needs of the social. Therefore, studies for the applied geomorphology should be extended in the future to grow number of researchers and expand research-based of the geomorphology.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.38-38
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• 2022

동해안 지역에서 발생되는 대형 산불의 원인은 건조주의보, 영동지역에서 불어오는 강한 바람, 소나무의 단순림, 임도 유무와 상태 등을 들고 있다. 조사 대상지인 삼척 검봉산 일대는 기존 소나무가 우점하는 곳으로 2001년 복원을 위해 소나무, 곰솔, 굴참나무 등을 조림하였고, 일부는 자연복원을 하였다. 복원 이후 21년 지난 현재 삼척 검봉산 일대 산불피해 복원지역의 식생은 크게 굴참나무-소나무군락, 소나무신갈나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락으로 나누어지는 것으로 나타났다. 산불피해지 식생 회복은 굴참나무, 소나무, 곰솔 등 조림으로 현재 식생은 산불 발생 이전의 임상으로 회복되고 있다. 특히, 산불의 유형 중 지표화 피해지역은 하층 식생의 피해가 크다. 기존의 소나무는 결실된 종자를 비산하여 치수를 발생시켜 자연복원의 속도를 높이고 굴참나무를 활용한 인공복원은 맹아를 발달시켜 본인의 영역을 확장하는 전략을 지니고 있다. 단, 입지적 환경이 동일하다는 전제 조건에서 숲에서 재생 기작이 진행되는 자연복원보다는 인공복원이 회복시간과 종다양성이 높은 측면에서는 효과적인 것으로 결론을 지을 수 있다. 식생군락을 분류한 결과 굴참나무-소나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무군락, 곰솔소나무군락으로 3개 군락으로 나누어졌다. 인공복원지에 식재한 굴참나무, 소나무, 곰솔은 복원 이후 지속적으로 해당지역의 식생이 우점종으로 자생하고 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 소나무-신갈나무군락의 경우 참나무과 식물인 신갈나무와 굴참나무, 졸참나무가 교목층과 아교목층에 자연유입되고 있어 향후 신갈나무가 우점하는 활엽수림으로 천이 될 것으로 예상된다. 군락의 종다양도지수는 낙엽활엽수가 우점하는 굴참나무-소나무군락이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 침엽수림인 곰솔소나무군락이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 산불피해지 식생은 조림수종에 영향을 크게 받으며, 21년이 지난 현재 산불 이전 임상으로 회복되는 경향을 나타내었다. 향후, 효과적인 복원을 위한 DB구축 및 모니터링자료 마련을 위해 산불피해지에 대한 지속적인 식생조사를 통한 자료구축이 필요하다.