• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.126-132
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• 2004

The physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of red pimiento kakdugi (radish kimchi) during fermentation at 1$0^{\circ}C$ were compared with red pepper kakdugi (control). The fermentation patterns of two kakdugies were similar, although total acidity, reducing sugar content and lactobacilli number of the red pimiento kakdugi were somewhat higher than those of control. The hardness and fracturability of the radish cubes of kakdugi were not significantly different from those of red pepper kakdugi during fermentation. The Hunter color L, a and b values of both kakdugies increased gradually until the 10th day, and then decreased thereafter. The AST A value and redness of red pimiento kakdugi were consistently higher than those of control, which is consistent with the sensory results. While red pepper powder kakdugi contains high concentrations of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, in pimiento kakdugi capsaicinoids were not detected by HPLC analysis. Also, capsainoids in red pepper kakdugi decreased gradually as fermentation proceeded. Sensory evaluation showed that the score of hot taste for red pimiento kakdugi was lower, compared with that of control (p < 0.05), whereas the score of over-all acceptability for red pimiento kakdugi was higher than that of control.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.602-608
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• 2000

깍두기에 까나리액젓, 멸치액젓, 새우젓을 각각 첨가하여 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 숙성시키면서 이화학적(pH, 총산도, 당도, 염도, 환원당, 색도, Texture, 유산균 수).관능적 특성의 변화를 젓갈을 첨가하지 않은 대조군과 비교하였다. 깍두기의 염도는 1.9-2.3%로 모든 처리군이 유사하였으며, 숙성 전기간동안 젓갈 첨가군이 대조군에 비해 pH와 환원당 함량이 낮았고, 총 산도는 높았다. 특히, 새우젓 첨가군이 숙성 전기간동안 pH 및 환원당 함량이 가장 낮았으며 총산도는 가장 높았다. 까나리액젓 첨가군은 멸치액젓 첨가군과 깍두기 숙성 양상이 매우 유사하였다. 유산균 수는 숙성 8일에 최고치에 달하였다가 그 이후 감소하였으며 새우젓 첨가군이 가장 많았고 대조군이 가장적었으며, 까나리액젓 첨가군은 멸치액젓 첨가군과 유사하였다 색도는 Hunter color의 a 및 b값이 까나리액젓 첨가군과 멸치액젓 첨가군이 유사하였다. Texture analyse체 의한 깍두기 무의 경도는 숙성 기간의 경과에 따라 약간씩 감소하였으나 큰 폭의 유의적인 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 관능검사 결과, 숙성 적기인 숙성 11일에 '전체적인 수용도' 점수는 새우젓 첨가군이 가장 높았으며 그 다음이 멸치액젓 첨가군 및 까나리액젓 첨가군이었으며 대조군의 점수가 가장 낮았다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2005

Physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of kakdugi prepared with red pepper powder gamma-irradiated up to 7 kGy were determined during fermentation at 5℃. The overall fermentation patterns between kakdugies with irradiated and nonirradiated red pepper powder were similar. Kakdugi prepared with irradiated red pepper powder required one week longer time for optimal ripening compared to the kakdugi control. Irradiated red pepper powder did not affect the hardness and fracturability of kakdugi during fermentation. Kakdugi prepared with irradiated red pepper powder maintained a redder color than the kakdugi control. No significant differences were observed in taste, odor, texture, and overall acceptability (p<0.05) except for color. It can be concluded that irradiation of red pepper powder, up to 7 kGy, did not affect the quality of kakdugi with regard to physicochemical and sensory characteristics during fermentation. Moreover, irradiated red pepper powder was better for maintaining the red color and delaying optimum ripening time of kakdugi fermentation.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2003

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Kakdugi substituted red pepper powder with red paprika powder during fermentation at 1$0^{\circ}C$ were compared with those of the control. The fermentation patterns of two Kimchies were similar. While the pH and the acidity of the control were 3.88 and 0.691%(as lactic acid), respectively, those of paprika, 3.85 and 0.690%(as lactic acid), respectively on the 10th day of fermentation, which is the optimal ripe time. Reducing sugar content and Lactobacilli number of paprika Kakdugi were higher than those of the control. The hardness and fracturability of Kakdugi radish were not significantly different from those of the control during fermentation. The Hunter color L, a and b values of both Kakdugies increased gradually until l0th day and then decreased. The a and ASTA value of paprika Kakdugi was higher than that of control, which is consistent with the results of sensory evaluation. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin analyzed by HPLC were not detected in paprika Kakdugi. Sensory evaluation (unstructured scale, 10 points) showed the score of hot taste f3r paprika Kakdugi was lower than that of the control(p<0.05), whereas the score of over-all acceptabillity for paprika Kakdugi(8.0) was higher than those of control(6.1).

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.436-443
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• 2004

냉동마쇄고추를 첨가한 깍두기의 4$^{\circ}C$ 저장기간중의 이화학적 성분 변화 및 관능적 특성을 알아본 결과는 다음과 같다. pH는 담금 직후 고춧가루를 첨가한 깍두기 마쇄액이 가장 높았고 마쇄 고추를 첨가한 깍두기액이 가장 낮았으며 숙성이 진행될수록 차이가 감소하여 숙성 5주째에는 거의 비슷한 값을 나타냈다. 총산 함량은 전반적으로 마쇄고추 첨가구가 고춧가루 첨가구보다 높게 나타났다. L값은 깍두기 마쇄액이 깍두기액보다 더 높은 값을 나타냈고 마쇄고추를 사용하여 담근 것이 고춧가루를 사용한 것보다 높게 나왔으며 전반적으로 숙성 3주부터는 모든 시료에서 L값의 감소를 보였다. a값은 마쇄고추를 사용한 깍두기액이 전 숙성기간동안 가장 높은 값을 보였고 마쇄액에서는 숙성초기에 고춧가루 첨가구가 마쇄고추 첨가구보다 높게 나왔으나 숙성 2주가 지나면서 반대로 마쇄 고추를 사용한 것이 더 높은 값을 나타냈다. b값은 깍두기 마쇄액에서 숙성 2주까지는 고춧가루 첨가구가 가장 높았고 3주째부터는 마쇄고추 첨가구가 고춧가루 첨가구보다 약간 높은 값을 보이다가 숙성 2주째에는 서로 일치하였고 숙성 3주째부터는 다시 마쇄고추 첨가구의 값이 더 상승하는 경향을 보였다. 유기산 함량 변화에서는 숙성이 진행됨에 따라 citric, quinic, malic acid는 감소 하였고 lactic과 acetic acid는 증가하였다. 또한 citric, lactic 및 malic acid는 마쇄고추 첨가구가, quinic acid는 고춧가루 첨가구가 더 높은 함량을 보였으며 acetic acid는 숙성 후반기인 4주째부터 마쇄고추 첨가구에서 더 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 관능검사에서는 QDA결과 적색도 및 상큼한 맛에서, 소비자 기호도 검사에서는 종합적인 기호도, 외관 및 맛에서 마쇄고추 첨가구가 고춧가루 첨가구보다 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였고 마쇄고추 품종인 칠보, 포청천, 부촌 시료간에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 깍두기에 마쇄고추를 사용하면 고춧가루를 사용하는 것보다 특히 적색도와 유기산 함량을 증가시켜 깍두기의 기호도에 더 좋은 영향을 줄 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.971-976
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• 2002

발효온도과 포장방법이 깍두기의 저장기간, 젖산균수 및 깍두기 포장물의 부피변화에 미치는 영향을 측정하였다. 발효온도가 높을수록 pH가 급격히 감소하였으며, 적숙기인 산도0.6%에 도달하는데 걸리는 시간은 $0^{\circ}C$에서 30일로 15$^{\circ}C$에서의 6일에 비해 5배 정도 저장성이 높았다. 발효온도에 따른 Leuconostoc sp. 젖산균의 수는 큰 차이가 없었으나 Lactobacillus sp. 젖산균의 수는 $0^{\circ}C$에서 발효시킨 깍두기에서 가장 적었다. 또한 $0^{\circ}C$에서 발효시킨 깍두기에서 알루미늄 파우치 의 부피팽창이 가장 적었다. 플라스틱 병과 알루미늄포장지에서 발효한 깍두기는 pH와 산도에서 차이가 없었으며, 가스흡수제(Ca(OH)$_2$)를 넣은 알루미늄포장지에서 발효한 깍두기는 적색도가 낮고 황색도가 높아 깍두기의 색이 탈색되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 배추김치에 비해 저장성이 낮은 깍두기의 경우 $0^{\circ}C$에서 발효하는 것이 저장성을 높일 수 있으며 플라스틱 병에서 저장할 경우 포장물의 부피팽창과 깍두기의 탈색을 억제할 수 있어 깍두기의 품질을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.443-448
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the effects of sweeteners on the quality of Kakdugi through the addition of 1.8% sugar, 0.006% sodium saccharin or 0.006% stevioside using a physicochemical test and sensory evaluation during fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$. The addition of sugar to Kakdugi resulted in the lowest pH and the highest total acidity relative to the control and experimental groups during the fermentation period. The number of lactic acid microorganism gradually increased and then decreased. The sensory evaluation revealed that the addition of sodium saccharin to Kakdugi resulted in the highest sweet smell and taste followed by the addition of stevioside. The addition of sodium saccharin to Kakdugi showed the highest sweet taste and the best texture, and the sweetness compensated for the sour smell and taste.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2000

The effects of salting methods on sensory and microbiological properties of Kakdugi were evaluated during fermentation at 10$\^{C}$ for up to 52 days. Kakdugi samples were prepared by 4 different salting methods at the final salt concentration about 1.5%, which was appropriate for organoleptic quality. The salting methods for radish cubes(2cm size) of Kakdugi included; 1) Treatment S-1: spraying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, at the concentration of about 1.5%(w/w) and cured for 1 hr, 2) Treatment S-5: spraying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, at the concentration of about 1.2%(w/w) and cured for 5 hr, 3) Treatment B-1: brining radish cubes in a 8.5%(w/v) salt solution and cured for 1 hr, 4) Treatment B-5: brining radish cubes in a 4.0%(w/v) salt solution and cured for 5 hr. During the early stage of fermentation, sensory test showed higher scores in the overall acceptability of Kakdugi prepared with salting methods S-1 and S-5 than those with B-1 and B-5. However, the trend of acceptability has been reversed by the treatments B-1 and, more notably, by B-5 at the later stage of fermentation. The counts of lactic acid bacteria increased remarkably and then decreased gradually after the optimum ripening period. The major lactic acid bacteria isolated and identified from Kakdugi were Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.365-370
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• 1999

To investigate the effect of natural plants on the prolongation of optimal fermentation time of kakdugi, various kakdugies, added with hot water extract from 105 kinds of natural plants(68 medicinal plants and 37 vegetables), were fermented at 20oC until optimal fermentation time. In case of control without addition, the time required to reach the optimum acidity(0.6% lactic acid) was 60 hr. Among 105 kinds tested, 48 plant(42 medicinal plants and 6vegetables) extracts decreased the acidity after 60 hr fermentation to less than 50% of control. In addition, these extracts extended the optimal fermen tation time(>120 hr) by more than 2 folds. Moreover, among the above 48 kinds, 12 sorts of extracts raised the hardness of kakdugi, by more than 30%, compared to control. And the number of lactic acid bacteria in kakdugi added with the above 12 kinds was not smaller than that of control. In sensory test, 8 kinds of medicinal plants(including Phyllostachys edulis) were found to be acceptable. Based on these results, it is suggested that kakdugi added with 8 kinds of medicinal plants was adequate in the prolongation of optimal fermentation time of kakdugi.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1999

The effects of salting methods on Kakdugi (cubed radish kimchi) fermentation were evaluated. Kakdugi was prepared with various salting methods, salt concentrations, and settling times, and fermented at 10$^{\circ}C$ for up to 52 days. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cubes (2 cm size) were salted by using the following methods salt concentration of about 1.5% which was known appropriate for the organoleptic quality of Kakdugi: 1) Treatment S-1: applying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, with a salt concentration of about 1.5% (w/w) and cured for 1 hr, 2) Treatment S-5: applying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, with a salt concentration of about 1.2% (w/w) and cured for 5 hr, 3) Treatment B-1: brining radish cubes in a 8.5% (w/v) salt solution for 1 hr, 4) Treatment B-5: brining radish cubes in a 4.0% (w/v) salt solution for 5 hr. As the fermentation continued, the initial high decrease in pH has been retarded in all the treatments, of which the delaying extent was more significantly noted from B-1 and B-5 than S-1 and S-5. The pH of the Kakdugi which showed a good eating quality dropped to 4.3∼4.8 with the accumulation of total acids. Total vitamin C increased sharply at the palatable period of Kakdugi during the initial fermentation and then decreased gradually following a sigmoidal changing pattern. The reducing sugar levels were also influenced by salting methods and fermentation as sugars are converted into acids. High initial contents of reducing sugars and their subsequent rapid decrease were observed in “S” group than “B” group during fermentation. For nonvolatile organic acids, lactic acid increased consistently throughout the fermentation while malic acid, which was high at the initiation of fermentation, decreased rapidly afterwards at the palatable period of Kakdugi.