• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.164-172
• /
• 1996

CREAMS (Circulation Research of the East Asian Marginal Seas) Expeditions have provided a rare opportunity to carry out precise measurements of salinity, temperature and chemical tracers extensively in all major basins of the East Sea (Japan Sea) in 1993-1996 for the first time in more than 60 years since Uda's investigation (Uda, 1934). Studies revealed unequivocal evidence that the East Sea Proper Water (ESPW), previously known as a single homogeneous water mass, is indeed made of several distinct water masses. CREAMS data further confirmed the earlier observations of Gamo et al. (1986) that properties in Deep Waters in the East Sea have been changing during at least the last 25 years. There is evidence, especially from the analysis of the DO profile, that these changes may result from a major change in the mode of deep water formation: from bottom water formation in the past to intermediate/deep water formation in recent years. The causes for these changes are not clear at the present time, but nay include natural variation and may also reflect recent global changes in regional scale. A moving-boundary box model is presented to describe current observations, predicting the turnover time of the total deep and bottom waters to the cold surface waters to be ${\sim}$80 years in 1996.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.734-742
• /
• 2001

Objective : To evaluate the role of anterior lumbar interbody fusion in treatment of failed back surgery syndrome, the authors retrospectively analyzed the result of anterior lumbar interbody fusion performed in our institute. Methods : Fifteen FBSS patients due to variable causes have been treated with anterior lumbar interbody fusion in our institute from April 1994 to June 1999. We analyzed clinical changes in 15 patients who were followed up for an average of 23 months. Results : The etiologies of FBSS were post operative discitis(6 cases), post operative instability(3 cases), post operative adhesion(5 cases), and recurrence(1 case). These fifteen FBSS patients were treated with anterior lumbar interbody fusion. The overall treatment outcome was satisfactory(excellent and good) in 11 cases. Three patients were slightly improved, but post operative low back pain was remained. One patient who had underwent nerve root injury due to pedicle screw insertion showed no improvement. Conclusion : We conclude that the anterior lumbar interbody fusion for FBSS seems to be safe and favorable treatment in selective patients, because low incidence of nerve injury risk and post-operative infection.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.743-748
• /
• 2001

Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of posterior microforaminotomy in treatment of posterolateral cervical disc herniation, the authors retrospectively analyzed the result of posterior microforaminotomy in our institute. Patients and Methods : Ten patients with radiculopathy due to posterolateral cervical disc herniation have been treated with posterior microforaminotomy from August 1996 to July 2000. We analyzed clinical results in all patients who were followed up for an average of 10 months. Results : The mean age was 47.2 years and all patients were treated with posterior microforaminotomy as primary treatment. one patient was received anterior cervical interbody fusion with iliac bone 12 years before. Clinical improvement in the last follow-up were seen in all patients and there were no complications. Conclusion : Microcervical foraminotomy is considered useful operative method for posterolateral soft disc herniation. We conclude that the posterior microforaminotomy for radiculopathy due to soft posterolateral cervical disc herniation seems to be safe and effective in selective patients.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.1380-1394
• /
• 2015

This paper deals with the geographical scope of the East Sea introduced by major domestic institutions. The East Sea surrounded by South Korea, North Korea, Russia, Japan has a variety of marine resources, and is the very appropriate natural laboratory to study future global changes as a miniature ocean. However, there is a continuous conflict between Korea and Japan over the name of the East Sea because of the nature of international waters. So we need the active research achievements based on the exact geographic knowledge of the East Sea to promote the legitimacy of the East Sea in the international community. Nevertheless each domestic institution has a different way to define the southern border of the East Sea so that it showed a difference about linear distance of up to about 44 km. Also, they have defined the scope of East Sea not as the entire East Sea surrounded by South Korea, North Korea, Russia and Japan but as the jurisdiction of the Republic of Korea. It caused serious confusion about accurate statistical knowledge about East Sea such as area, volume, and mean water depth. Therefore, clear social consensus about the geographical scope of the East Sea would be required, there is also the need to institutionalize a legal order to spread it.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2007.06a
• /
• pp.370-373
• /
• 2007

For the development of wind turbine, generally simulator is used. Simulator include wind turbine components. e.g blades, pitch and pitching method, rotor, yaw system, tower, drive train and so on. Few the more, it include a external circumstance. e.g wind speed, wind direction, air density. these basic parameters be used for the control of wind turbine by wind turbine controller in wind turbine simulator. The wind turbine controller can be designed in the wind turbine simulator. But a developer must make the real control system that will be made using PLC or PC or other processor. The developer must verify the function of control system. that is control algorithm , I/O function, communication, sequence and so on. This verification is possible if we substitute the real wind turbine control system for wind turbine controller in the simulator.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.485-488
• /
• 2016

Different suture techniques have been used for anastomosis in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Bypass surgery may be difficult for patients who have small coronary arteries or marked size discrepancies between target coronary arteries and grafts. For proximal and distal anastomoses, three continuous stitches are first placed in the heel and toe of the small coronary arteries; for sequential anastomosis, an interrupted eight-stitch technique is used. We applied these anastomotic suture techniques in patients requiring coronary artery bypass graft surgery, achieving an early angiographic patency rate of 100%.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.393-399
• /
• 2004

For the efficient determination of activity against solid tumors, an in vitro tumor model that resembles the condition of in vivo solid tumors, is required. The purpose of this study was to establish a rapid culture method and viability assay for an in vitro 3-dimensional tumor model, multicellular spheroid (MCS). Among 12 human cancer cell lines, a few cell lines including DLD-1 (human colorectal carcinoma cells) formed fully compact MCS which was adequate for in vitro viability assay. DLD-1 MCS showed steady growth reaching $700\;{\mu}m$ diameter after 11 day culture. DLD-1 cells grown as MCS showed significant increase in $G_0/G_1$ phase compared to the monolayer cells (73.9% vs 45.7%), but necrotic regions or apoptotic cells were not observed. The cells cultured as MCS showed resistance to 5-FU (10.3 fold higher $IC_{50}$) compared to monolayers, however, tirapazamine (a hypotoxin) showed similar activity in both culture systems. In summary, MCS may be a valid in vitro model for activity screening of anticancer agents against human solid tumors and also exploitable for studying molecular markers of drug resistance in human solid tumors.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.361-367
• /
• 2005

In this study, we evaluated and compared the pharmacodynamics of paclitaxel (PTX) in human A549 NSCLC cells grown as monolayers or as three-dimensional histocultures. Growth inhibitory effects were determined after incubating cells in drug free medium until 96 hr post drug exposure initiation. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. The growth inhibition induced by PTX was significantly different in monolayers and histocultures, and PTX showed significantly less cytotoxicity in histocultures where large resistant fractions were observed. Moreover, although PIX induced significant $G_{2}/M$ arrest followed by apoptosis in monolayers in a drug concentration-dependant manner, $G_{2}/M$ arrest was not elicited in histocultures. However, apoptotic cells appeared from the $G_{2}/M$ phase in histocultures. In this study, we provide first evidence that PIX in three-dimensional histocultures, does not induce $G_{2}/M$ arrest, but rather that it induces $G_{2}/M$ phase specific apoptosis. Overall, our data demonstrate different pharmacodynamics of PTX in traditional monolayer and three-dimensional histocultures.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.9-13
• /
• 2013

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of micellar systems on the absorption of beta-lapachone (b-lap) through different intestinal segments using a single-pass rat intestinal perfusion technique. B-lap was solubilized in mixed micelles composed of phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate, and in sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-based conventional micelles. Both mixed micelles and SLS micelles improved the in situ permeability of b-lap in all intestinal segments tested although the mixed micellar formulation was more effective in increasing the intestinal absorption of b-lap. The permeability of b-lap was greatest in the large intestinal segments. Compared with SLS micelles, the effective permeability coefficient values measured with mixed micelles were 5- to 23-fold higher depending on the intestinal segment. Our data suggest that b-lap should be delivered to the large intestine using a mixed micellar system for improved absorption.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.93-104
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between women's face satisfaction and makeup satisfaction, to disclose the differences of makeup satisfaction according to demographic variables, and to examine how makeup satisfaction was influenced by face satisfaction and demographic variables. The subjects were 200 women over age 17 living in Seoul and its peripheral areas. The results of this study were as follows: Face satisfaction were drawn three factors. Factor 1 was face contour satisfaction, Factor 2 was skin satisfaction, and Factor 3 was lips and eyes satisfaction. There were significant positive relationship between factors of face satisfaction and makeup satisfaction. Also, the face contour satisfaction was in positive correlation with satisfaction of features, and the skin satisfaction was in positive correlation with that of features. There were significant positive correlations between makeup satisfaction and face shape, eyes, nose, lips, chin, and cheek bone satisfaction. Face satisfaction didn't show significant difference according to demographic variables, but makeup satisfaction showed significant difference according to age and occupation. Face satisfaction was influenced by the facial face, clarity of skin, elasticity of skin, skin color, and ages. The explanatory power of the 4 variables were 24.5%. Makeup satisfaction was influenced by lips and eyes satisfaction, ages, and skin care level. The explanatory power of the 3 variables were 13.3%.