• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2023

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that affects not only the survival and growth of cancer cells but also the activity of immune cells. Although it has been generally accepted that cancer cell-derived TGF-β could promote the survival and growth of early cancer cells and have immunosuppressive roles, it has been known that TGF-β has differential effects according to the type or stage of cancer cells. Therefore, it is hard to clearly define its role in cancer progression and immune responses. This study investigated the effects of TGF-β signaling on the expression of five NKG2D ligands and the NK cell-mediated anticancer immune response in the primary colon cancer cell line KM12C and its two metastatic cell lines, KM12SM and KM12L4A. At the surface protein level, exogenous TGF-β decreased the expression of MICA, MICB, ULBP1, and ULBP2, and galunisertib increased the expression of MICA, MIAB, ULBP1, ULBP2, and ULBP3 in KM12C. However, KM12SM and KM12L4A showed no significant changes in the expression of NKG2DLs after treatment with TGF-β or galunisertib. TGF-β signaling inhibition via galunisertib improved the NK cell-mediated anticancer immune response against KM12C but did not show a significant response to KM12SM and KM12L4A. Therefore, the suppression of TGF-β signaling could improve the NK cell-mediated anticancer immune response against KM12C. However, an increase in NKG2DLs expression and an enhanced NK cell-mediated cancer immune response is hard to expect due to the alteration of TGF-β signaling in KM12SM and KM12L4A.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 2008

Several validation studies have been made for QuikSCAT(QSCAT) wind data around the world, mainly in the offshore. However, until now, there were no validation studies for QSCAT wind with resolution of 12.5 km ('QSCAT 12.5 km wind') in the vicinity of Korean Peninsula. To validate 'QSCAT 12.5 km wind' and to investigate its characteristics around Korean Peninsula, the wind data from Ieodo Ocean Research Station, KMA buoys, and KORDI Realtime Observation Stations have been compared. Validation results showed that 'QSCAT 12.5 km wind' RMSE of wind direction and speed were $25.85^{\circ}$ and 1.83 m/s, respectively, at Ieodo Station. The mean wind speed correlation coefficient of KMA buoys and KORDI Realtime Observation Station were 0.78 and 0.61, and the mean wind speed RMSE were 2.2 m/s and 3.2 m/s, respectively. This seems to be mainly because of the distance between QSCAT and in-situ observation stations. The RMSE of wind direction were bigger than $40^{\circ}$ at all in-situ observation stations located near the shore, within 20 km from coastlines. Geophysical features where in-situ observation stations are located seem to affect wind validation scores.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 2008

The studies of seven individuals of Asiatic black bears were carried out with radio telemetry from October 2004 to December 2006 in Jirisan National Park. They were attached radio-transmitter and calculated by the 95%MCP and fixed kernel method(95%, 50%). As a result, Mean annual home ranges for female and male asiatic black bears were 71.66$km^2$ and 90.20$km^2$. The seasonal home ranges were calculated 19.81$km^2$ for females and 33.47$km^2$ for males in spring, 30.48$km^2$ for females and 20.26$km^2$ for males in summer, 22.63$km^2$ for females and 23.23$km^2$ for males in autumn and 0.22$km^2$ for females and 0.78$km^2$ for males in winter(F=4.193, P<0.05). The degree of home range overlapped 38%, 12.5% among females, 22.4% among males. Mean elevation of seven bears was 744$\pm$236m in spring, 682$\pm$253m in summer, 937$\pm$218m in fall and 975$\pm$137m in winter(F=8.526, P<0.001). It is assumed that home range sizes and location were closely correlated to environmental characteristics of the habitats and the seasonal variation of home-range was related to distribution of food sources.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2022

This study was conducted to analyze the distribution characteristics of abandoned paddy wetlands according to topography and land cover. In Seosan-si, Dangjin-si, Boryeong-si, and Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, abandoned rice wetlands were found through GIS and field surveys, and the distribution status according to slope, elevation and land cover type was analyzed. As a result of the study, a total of 106 abandoned paddy wetlands were identified, and the average elevation of each abandoned paddy wetlands was 38.85m (S.D.32.76), the average slope was 6.27˚ (S.D.5.39), and the total area was 24,200km². 90 sites (84.9%) of abandoned paddy wetlands were distributed on flat land with less than 5˚ slope, 63 sites (12,121.07km²), and 27 sites(9,524.15km²) at 5-10˚ (9,524.15km²) on flat land with less than 10˚. The area is 21,645.22km²(89.5%) of the total area of abandoned paddy wetlands. 48 sites(12,326km²) in the lowlands with an altitude of less than 25 m, 29 sites(4,909.4km²) below 50m. It accounts for 71.2% of the total area of abandoned paddy wetlands. Among environmental factors of abandoned paddy wetlands, there was no statistically significant correlation between slope and altitude. According to the land cover classification, it was widely distributed in artificial grasslands (38), paddy fields (33), and fields (22).

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2013

Objectives : Health cooperative movement is of increasing concern among medical consumers and professionals in Korea. Most health cooperative clinics provide Western Medicine and Korean Medicine(KM) to patients. This study aimed to evaluate the primary care level of health cooperative KM clinics and compare it with local KM clinics in Korea. Methods : Face to face survey was performed at the 3 health cooperative KM clinics and 5 local KM clinics with the Korean Primary Care Assessment Tool (KPCAT). The KPCAT consists of 5 domains (21 items): first contact (5), coordination function (3), comprehensiveness (4), family/community orientation (4), and personalized care (5). Subjects were patients or guardians who had visited KM clinics five times or more during the last 3 months. We compared primary care scores of each domain between health cooperative KM clinics and local KM clinics. Results : Data were collected from 200 respondents (100 patients from health cooperative KM clinics and 100 local KM clinics). Total average scores of the KPCAT for health cooperative clinics and local KM clinics were $81.1{\pm}12.0$ and $75.4{\pm}9.5$, respectively. Among primary care domains, personalized care was the highest ($89.2{\pm}12.0$, $89.6{\pm}8.4$, respectively), and comprehensiveness function was the lowest ($68.5{\pm}22.5$, $54.5{\pm}22.0$, respectively). Significant differences between two groups were noted in comprehensiveness function (68.5 vs. 54.5, P=0.000), family-community orientation (79.5 vs. 73.0, P=0.004), first contact(89.2 vs 84.0, p=0.001) and coordination function(74.0 vs 68.7, p=0.025). Conclusions : Based on the patients assessment, health cooperative KM clinics provide more primary care-oriented services than local KM clinics. This means that health cooperative clinic can be one of alternatives to strengthen the primary health care in Korea. Future researches are recommended to measure patients satisfaction and treatment effectiveness in the health cooperative clinics.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.623-637
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• 2018

This study investigates the effects of horizontal resolution, cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS), and probability forecasting on precipitation forecasts over the Korean Peninsula from 00 UTC 15 August to 12 UTC 14 September 2013, using the limited-area ensemble prediction system (LEPS) of the Korea Meteorological Administration. To investigate the effect of resolution, the control members of the LEPS with 1.5- and 3-km resolution were compared. Two 3-km experiments with and without the CPS were conducted for the control member, because a 3-km resolution lies within the gray zone. For probability forecasting, 12 ensemble members with 3-km resolution were run using the LEPS. The forecast performance was evaluated for both the whole study period and precipitation cases categorized by synoptic forcing. The performance of precipitation forecasts using the 1.5-km resolution was better than that using the 3-km resolution for both the total period and individual cases. The result of the 3-km resolution experiment with the CPS did not differ significantly from that without it. The 3-km ensemble mean and probability matching (PM) performed better than the 3-km control member, regardless of the use of the CPS. The PM complemented the defect of the ensemble mean, which better predicts precipitation regions but underestimates precipitation amount by averaging ensembles, compared to the control member. Further, both the 3-km ensemble mean and PM outperformed the 1.5-km control member, which implies that the lower performance of the 3-km control member compared to the 1.5-km control member was complemented by probability forecasting.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Objectives : The concurrent use of Korean Medicine (KM) and Western Medicine (WM) for the management of disease are increasing. In this study, the factors determining the choice of concurrent use of KM and WM was investigated based on national survey data for the public. Methods : Survey data from 1239 people with experience treating diseases with KM were utilized for this study. The national survey data were gathered using e-mail and face-to-face interviews between December 2007 and January 2008. Results : Among people who had been treated with KM, 819 (66%) used both KM and WM to the treat same disease. Multivariable analysis revealed that concurrent users of KM and WM were significantly associated with age 40-69 (OR=1.43, 95% CI=1.12-1.82), university education or higher (OR=1.34; 95% CI=1.05-1.71), enhanced health status (OR = 0.47, 95% CI=0.35-0.62) and unsatisfied with WM (OR = 1.71, 95% CI=1.02-2.87). The respondents that reported KM was more effective than WM among concurrent users of KM and WM were significantly associated with being an office worker (OR=1.78, 95% CI=1.25-2.53), age 40-69 (OR = 0.62, 95% CI=0.44-0.86), unsatisfied with WM (OR=2.61, 95% CI=1.51-4.50) and overall satisfied with KM (OR=8.38, 95% CI=5.65-12.44) Conclusions : This study showed that two-thirds of KM user were concurrent user of KM and WM, and some influential factors determined the choice of a concurrent use of KM and WM. Therefore, Korean Medicine Doctors should consider the possibility of concurrent use, need to know the information on the benefits and risks of concurrent use.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.9-15
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• 2023

In this paper, we propose a method predicting the speed of each lane from the link speed using a neural network. We took three measures for configuring learning data to increase prediction accuracy. The first one is to expand the spatial range of the data source by including 14 links connected to the beginning and end points of the link. We also increased the time interval from 07:00 to 22:00 and included the data generation time in the feature data. Finally, we marked weekdays and holidays. Results of experiments showed that the speed error was reduced by 21.9% from 6.4 km/h to 5.0 km/h for straight lane, by 12.9% from 8.5 km/h to 7.4 km/h for right turns, and by 5.7% from 8.7 km/h to 8.2 km/h for left-turns. As a secondary result, we confirmed that the prediction accuracy of each lane was high for city roads when the traffic flow was congested. The feature of the proposed method is that it predicts traffic conditions for each lane improving the accuracy of prediction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.213-215
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• 2002

함평만은 길이가 171km, 최대 폭이 12km에 달하는 반폐쇄적인 만으로서, 평균조차는 315.4cm인 중조차 해 역이다. 함평만 주변은 1910년대부터 간척사업이 진행되어 해안선이 크게 달라졌으나 해제반도로 둘러싸인 해안선은 비교적 자연성을 잘 유지하고 있다. 따라서 2001년 12월에는 무안군에 인접한 35.6$\textrm{km}^2$의 갯벌이 연안습지보전지역으로 선정되었으며 현재 보전계획이 수립되고 있다. (중략)

• 공원문화
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• s.32
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• pp.26-31
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• 1986

봄비가 촉촉 내린다. 가뭄에 메마른 곳을 적셔주고 먼 산허리에의 희끗희끗 얼어붙은 눈을 녹이고 한 겨울의 탁한 먼지를 말끔히 씻어준다. 온 대지에 푸른 생기가 가득차 움추린 가슴을 풀어 헤지게 하여 싱그러운 봄을 느끼게 한 지난3월22일 국립공원월악산을 찾았다. 월악산은 지난 1984년 12월 27일 국립공원으로 지정되어 산수의 조화등 입지조건으로 충북도민은 물론 인근도민과 전국의 자연공원 애호인 들의 관심사가 되고 있는데 그 면적은 $284.5km^2$에 이른다. 그중 충북 제원군이 $111.30km^2$, 단양 $63.32km^2$, 중원$32.08km^2$ 그리고 경북 문경군이 $77.8km^2$를 점하고 있다.