• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.131-141
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate in vitro mass propagation methods suitable for each growth stage of A. aristata (G. Forst.) Tindale, from spore germination to sporophyte formation. Among spores germinated in $1/8-1{\times}MS$ medium and Knop medium, Knop medium yielded the highest germination percentage (87.1%). We cultured prothalli obtained from germinating spores for 8 weeks on media with different concentrations of sucrose and active carbon, as well as different concentrations and ratios of nitrogen, to select a suitable growth medium. A. aristata (G. Forst.) Tindale prothalli grew most actively in MS medium with 3% sucrose and 20 : 40 mM of $NH_4Cl$ and $KNO_3$ (total concentration of 60 mM). We investigated sporophyte formation according to soil type, finding that bedding soil mixed with perlite at a 2 : 1(v / v) ratio yielded the highest number of sporophytes per pot ($73.8/7.5{\times}7.5cm\;pot$). By contrast, when peat moss was used alone or mixed with other substrates, prothallus development and sporophyte formation were suppressed. Therefore, the most effective propagation method for A. aristata (G. Forst.) Tindale is to grow prothalli in MS medium and to induce sporophyte formation in a mixture of bedding soil and perlite (v / v = 2 : 1).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2017

This study was conducted to determine the effects of various growth substrates on the growth and flowering of hydroponically grown Freesia hybrid 'Gold Rich'. Perlite, peat moss and a perlite: peat moss mixture (1 : 1 ratio, v / v) were used as the growing media. The greatest plant height before flower bud differentiation was attained using mixed medium compared to the others. The type of medium used did not influence leaf number, mineral content or SPAD value in leaves. Flowering began at 137 days after planting in mixed medium, which was 13 days earlier than in perlite medium. The whole plant fresh weight was 21.3 g heavier in mixed medium than in perlite medium (40.9 g). A similar result was obtained for shoot length, with the highest value (96.6 cm) obtained in mixed medium, i.e., 20 cm higher than in perlite medium (76.6 cm). Floret number per plant was also the highest in mixed medium (14.4), i.e., 1.7 - times higher than in perlite medium. Therefore, among the substrates tested in this experiment, we recommend using mixed perlite: peat moss medium (1 : 1 ratio, v / v) for hydroponic culture of freesia, as the use of this medium improved the physical properties of the plants, producing the best results in terms of plant growth and cut-flower quality.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.98-107
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• 2017

A DNA profile database was constructed to investigate the genetic relatedness of 72 germplasm samples of Pyrus and related cultivars using microsatellite markers. Three P. pyrifolia, four P. commus, and one P. betulifolia cultivars with different morphological traits were screened using 387 pairs of microsatellite primers. A core set of 11 primer pairs was selected to obtain 133 polymorphic amplified fragments meeting three criteria: high polymorphism information contents (PIC), high repeatability, and distinct allele patterns. The number of alleles per locus ranged between 4 and 22. Average PIC was 0.743 (range: 0.557 - 0.879). Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair - group method with arithmetical average (UPGMA) separated the 72 pear cultivars and germplasm samples into four major groups: Chinese, European pears, and a cluster of 55 Asian pears that could be reclassify into two subcluster, I - $1^{st}$ and II - $2^{nd}$, according to pedigree information. Almost all of the cultivars were discriminated by 11 microsatellite marker genotypes. The microsatellite DNA profile database may be utilized as tool to verify distinctness, uniformity, and stability between candidate cultivar, and to verify in the distinctness of existing cultivars.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.924-939
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• 2016

The great economic losses caused by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection of peppers has led to the development of genetically modified (GM) CMV-resistant peppers. We developed virus-resistant pepper plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation. The expressed recombinant protein was purified using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid resin and immunoaffinity chromatography, and purity was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblot analysis revealed the purified CMV coat protein (CMV-CP) had a molecular mass of 25 kDa. After in-gel digestion and desalting, the internal peptide fragments of CMV-CP were sequenced by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight. Most GM pepper and Escherichia coli BL21 internal peptides had identical peptide sequences and contained 137 of 183 whole peptides in CMV-CP. A quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect CMV-resistant GM peppers. We also provide basic information about the expressed protein in GM peppers for further safety assessment. The contents of soluble protein and CMV-CP were measured in GM and control peppers cultivated in three different areas of Korea. Statistical significance in terms of cultivation areas, harvest times, generations, and plant tissue origin were determined based on a P value of 0.05. The highest amount of CMV-CP was detected at the seedling stage from plant grown in each region. T3 and T5 showed significantly different levels of CMV-CP from T4 in leaves in the whorl stage. No statistical differences were observed among GM peppers at different stages of maturity in any cultivation area. The results from this study contribute to the safety evaluation of newly designed CMV-resistant GM peppers and provide a standard against which to compare other virus-resistant GM peppers.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.912-923
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• 2016

Watermelon production is often limited by powdery mildew in areas with a large daily temperature range. Development of resistant watermelon cultivars can protect against powdery mildew; however, little is known about the characteristics of its causal agents. Here, we identified the genus and race of a causal pathogen of powdery mildew in Ansung province of South Korea, and developed molecular markers for the generation of resistant watermelon cultivars. The causal pathogen was determined to be Podosphaera xanthii based on multiple sequence alignments of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of rDNA. The physiological race was identified as 1W, and the Ansung isolate was named P. xanthii 1W-AN. Following inoculation with the identified P. xanthii 1W-AN, we found inheritance of the resistant gene fitting a single dominant Mendelian model in a segregated population ('SBA' ${\times}$ PI 254744). To develop molecular markers linked to fungus-resistant loci, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was accomplished between DNA pooled from eight near-isogenic lines (NILs; $BC_4F_6$), originated from PI 254744 and susceptible 'SBB' watermelon. After sequencing bands from RAPD were identified in all eight NILs and PI254744, 42 sequence-characterized amplifiedregion (SCAR) markers were developed. Overall, 107 $F_2$ plants derived from $BC_4F_6$ NIL-1 ${\times}$ 'SBB' were tested, and one SCAR marker was selected. Sequence comparison between the SCAR marker and the reference watermelon genome identified three Nco I restriction enzyme sites harboring a single nucleotide polymorphism, and codominant cleavage-amplified polymorphic site markers were subsequently developed. A CAPS marker was converted to a high-resolution melt (HRM) marker, which can discriminate C/T SNP (254PMR-HRM3). The 254PMR-HRM3 marker was evaluated in 138 $F_{2:3}$ plants of a segregating population ('SBA' ${\times}$ PI254744) and was presumed to be 4.3 cM from the resistance locus. These results could ensure P. xanthii 1W-AN resistance in watermelon germplasm and aid watermelon cultivar development in marker-assist breeding programs.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.878-885
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• 2016

A study was conducted to examine the effects of light quality on the growth and phytochemical contents of ice plant in a closed-type plant production system. Seeds were sown in a 128-cell plug tray using rockwool. The seedlings were then transplanted into a deep floating technique system with recirculating nutrient solution (EC $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, pH 6.5) in a closed-type plant production system. The nutrient solution was supplied at two weeks after transplanting with 2.0 mM NaCl concentration in all treatments for the development of the bladder cells. The three light sources with different light qualities used were as followed; FL (fluorescent lamps), combined RW LED (red:white = 7:3), and combined RBW LED (red:blue:white = 8:1:1) at $150{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD with a photoperiod of 14/10 hours (light/dark). The results showed that the FL treatment had the greatest growth enhancement effects on the leaf area and the fresh and dry weights of the shoots and roots. The SPAD values were significantly higher under the FL and RBW LED treatments, at 29.8 and 30.6, respectively. No significant difference was observed in salinity under all treatments. Chlorophyll fluorescence was significantly higher under the FL treatment. The total phenol content and antioxidant activity were the highest under the RBW LED treatment. The total flavonoid content was significantly higher under the RBW LED and FL treatments. Hence, the results indicate that the growth of ice plant was maximized under the FL treatment. The phytochemical contents were maximized under the RBW LED treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.860-870
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• 2016

Continuous monitoring of environmental parameters provides farmers with useful information, which can improve the quality and productivity of crops grown in greenhouses. The objective of this study was to develop a greenhouse environment measurement system using a low-cost microcontroller with open-source software. Greenhouse environment parameters measured were air temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) concentration. The ranges of the temperature, relative humidity, and $CO_2$ concentration were -40 to $120^{\circ}C$, 0 to 100%, and 0 to 10,000 ppm, respectively. A $128{\times}64$ graphic LCD display was used for real-time monitoring of the greenhouse environments. An Arduino Uno R3 consisted of a USB interface for communicating with a computer, 6 analog inputs, and 14 digital input/output pins. A temperature/relative humidity sensor was connected to digital pins 2 and 3. A $CO_2$ sensor was connected to digital pins 12 and 13. The LCD was connected to digital pin 1 (TX). The sketches were programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE). A measurement system including the Arduino board, sensors, and accessories was developed (totaling $244). Data for the environmental parameters in a venlo-type greenhouse were obtained using this system without any problems. We expect that the low-cost microcontroller using open-source software can be used for monitoring the environments of plastic greenhouses in Korea.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.966-976
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• 2016

A new bright yellow gerbera (Gerbera hybrida Hort.) cultivar, 'Joyful', was released by the Flower Research Institute of Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research & Extension Service in 2013. 'Joyful' was developed in Changwon from 2005 to 2006 and is a cross between 'Chowoo', a semi-double type gerbera cultivar with yellow-orange colored flowers, and 'Focus', a semi-double type cultivar with yellow colored flowers. The characteristics trials for selection were conducted from 2007 to 2009. 'Joyful' has large, semi-double type flowers with yellow (RHS, 12-A) ray florets and a brown central part. It also has a stable flower shape, strong peduncles, and a vase life of 12.8 days. The average flower yield of 'Joyful' was determined in greenhouse trials carried out from 2008 to 2010 and is 49.2 stems per plant per year. 'Joyful' was demonstrated to be a new cultivar based on ploidy tests and RAPD analysis and was registered (Grant No. 4574) to the Korea Seed and Variety Service (KSVS) for commercialization in 2013.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.355-362
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of rain-shelter types on growth, and fruit quality of red pepper (Capsicum annuum, 'Kemmaru') cultured in paddy. Applied rain-shelter types were outfield (control), simple rain-shelter plastic house with 2 rows (2R), simple rain-shelter plastic house with 4 rows (4R), and perfect plastic house (House). The plant height was the highest in Houses treatment. There was no difference in leaf length and width among the rain-shelter treatments. The fresh and dry weight of red pepper was high in order of House > 4R > 2R > Control. The ASTA value is irregular tendency among the treatments. Hunter's color value 'a' and 'b' was not different from among the treatments. Phytophthora blight, powdery mildew, bacterial spot were not occurred in all of treatments, and Anthracnose was only occurred in control. Mite, Microcephalothrips abdominalis, and Bemisia tabaci were not occurred in all of treatments, and aphid, Helicoverpa assulta, and virus were occurred all of treatments as same degree. Our results will provide rain-shelter cultivation of red pepper can be increase dry yield and decrease disease and insects.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.472-487
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• 2016

This study aimed to determine the effects of floral fragrances on human brain waves and moods. A total of 44 subjects participated in this experiment. Group 1 consisted of 11 male and 14 female college students with a mean age of 24.5 years (${\pm}2.23$) and Group 2 consisted of 10 males and 9 females with a mean age of 54.3 years (${\pm}2.98$). Subjects were exposed to floral fragrances of Rosa hybrida, 'Hera' (hereafter referred to as "rose"), Cymbidium faberi (hereafter referred to as "orchid"), or odorless control flowers (hereafter referred to as "control"). Experiments took place in three rooms (rose, orchid, and control). Electroencephalographs (EEGs) were recorded during exposure to the odors and the data were processed using quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) techniques. The changing EEG patterns were analyzed by brain mapping and compressed spectral arrays, and the subjects' preferences (hedonic evaluations) were quantified with an A1 index. Increased activation of absolute alpha waves was verified on six of the eight EEG channels, with the right frontal and left occipital lobes exhibiting no changes and the left parietal region showing the greatest activation. According to the QEEG measurements in the electrode sites over the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, the strongest absolute alpha waves were induced in the parietal lobes, followed by the temporal lobes, with the other lobes showing no significant changes. On brain maps, the orchid fragrance induced greater absolute alpha and absolute mid-beta activities compared with the rose and control fragrances, and the rose fragrance induced high absolute mid-beta activation. To identify emotional responses to floral fragrances, the subjects were requested to fill in a questionnaire and the resulting odor-related emotional descriptors were analyzed using semantic differential and factor analysis. Principal component analysis identified "elegant" as the first principal component describing the floral fragrance, followed by "refreshing" and "aromatic." The subjects gave orchid higher scores for "elegant" and "refreshing," while finding rose more "aromatic." Differences in hedonic evaluation revealed by the A1 index appeared in the 65-115 sec range of scent exposure time. The subjects with ages of around 50 years showed olfactory preferences throughout the entire experimental time of 160 sec, most markedly in the later time segment (115-165 sec), showing an increasing preference with increasing exposure time. We conclude that rose fragrance can improve concentration by creating an aromatic environment conducive to a concentrated and calm state of mind, and orchid fragrance can make people feel pampered and relaxed by creating an elegant and refreshing environment.