• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2013

Objective : Morus alba Linne Root Bark (MRAL) is a medicinal herb in Korean Medicine, known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. However, its mechanisms of action and the cellular targets have not yet been found and the study was developed to investigate the allergic suppressive effect of MRAL. The purpose of this study is to investigate the allergic suppressive effects of MRAL on activation of MC/9 mast cells. Methods : Cytotoxic activity of MRAL (50, 100, 200, 400 ${\mu}g/mL$) on MC/9 mast cells measured using EZ-Cytox cell viability assay kit (WST reagent). The levels of interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13 and IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 mRNA expression were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time PCR respectively. The expression of transcription factors such as GATA-1, GATA-2, NFAT, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 DNA binding activity were measured by western blot and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). Results : Our results indicated that MRAL (50 ${\mu}g/mL$, 100 ${\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibited PMA/Ionomycin-induced production of IL-5 and IL-13 and the expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13 mRNA in MC/9 mast cells. Moreover, MRAL (50 ${\mu}g/mL$, 100 ${\mu}g/mL$) inhibited PMA/Ionomycin-induced GATA-1, GATA-2, NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-Fos protein expression and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 DNA binding activity in MC/9 mast cells. Conclusions : In conclusion, we suspect the anti-allergenic activities of MRAL, may be related to the regulation of transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-Fos and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 DNA binding assay causing inhibition of Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in mast cells.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.61-67
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• 2023

Objective : Mori Fructus has been used to relieve thirst, and treat dizziness, tinnitus, and insomnia caused by poor constitution. This study was performed to investigate the protective effect of the ethanol extract of Mori Fructus (MF) in ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced apoptotic cell death in human keratinocyte cells. Methods : MF was prepared by extracting 100 g of Mori Fructus in 1 L of 100% ethanol for 48 h. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to measure cell viability. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was observed by Western blot. Tyrosinase activity was measured with a colorimetric commercial kit. Results : MF promoted cell vitality and inhibited apoptosis of UVB-induced HaCaT cells. MF pretreatment reduced TUNEL-positive cells and increased the expression of caspase-3 and -9. MF also displayed antioxidant effect with high radical scavenging ability. At 2 ㎎/㎖ concentration, the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition rates were 55.3 ± 4.6% and 48.5 ± 1.3%, respectively. Furthermore, MF showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. Conclusion : These results suggest that MF functions as a protective regulator in UVB-induced HaCaT cells by regulating apoptosis and partially exerting antioxidant effects. In addition, the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of MF shows the potential for MF to be used for skin pigmentation.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.273-283
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• 2016

In this paper, the effect of neurofeedback training program on attention ability of ADHD children is studied. The main concept of a neurofeedback training program is a robot control with brain wave. To do this, Mindset(neurosky, ltd) was used as a brain wave measurement and lego NXT was used to a robot kit. The developed brain wave training program has a 12 chapter. Students meet a problem situation and they invent and make a problem solving robot with NXT kits. After that, they control the their own robot by their brain wave. Developed program was applied to 8 student who live in chunan area. To monitor a change of attention ability, attention behavior checklist, K-CBCL, CTRS-R, ADS were used. These checklist were recorded with before and after the program. The result shows that student attention ability is increase after the program in the most of the checklist.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.113-125
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• 2023

In this study, we explored the synergistic effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and soybean protein components after fermentation with lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, and identified several peptides with desirable physiological functions, proteolysis, and immune effects. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, followed by cross-validation of the four antioxidant activities. These assays revealed that samples with a 8:2 and 9:1 whey to soy ratio possessed higher antioxidant activity than the control samples. Antibacterial potency testing revealed high antibacterial activity in the 9:1 and 8:2 samples. Cytotoxicity testing of samples using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide revealed that only the 10:0, 1:9, and 0:10 samples had <80% viable cells, indicating no significant cytotoxicity. Nitric oxide (NO) assays revealed that NO expression was reduced in 8:2, 5:5, and 0:10 protein ratio fermentations, indicating low inflammatory reaction stimulatory potential. Cytokine expression was confirmed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The 8:2 sample had the lowest inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) levels compared with the lipopolysaccharide-treated group. Amino acid profiling of the 8:2 sample identified 17 amino acids. These results suggest that inoculating and fermenting Lactobacillus plantarum DK203 and Lactobacillus paracasei DK209 with an 8:2 mixture of WPC and soybean protein releases bioactive peptides with excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making them suitable for functional food development.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.69.1-69.11
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• 2023

Background: Kalkitoxin (KT) is an active lipopeptide isolated from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula found in the bed of the coral reef. Although KT suppresses cell division and inflammation, KT's mechanism of action in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is unidentified. Therefore, our main aim was to investigate the impact of KT on vascular calcification for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Objectives: Using diverse calcification media, we studied the effect of KT on VSMC calcification and the underlying mechanism of this effect. Methods: VSMC was isolated from the 6 weeks ICR mice. Then VSMCs were treated with different concentrations of KT to check the cell viability. Alizarin red and von Kossa staining were carried out to examine the calcium deposition on VSMC. Thoracic aorta of 6 weeks mice were taken and treated with different concentrations of KT, and H and E staining was performed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were performed to examine KT's effect on VSMC mineralization. Calcium deposition on VSMC was examined with a calcium deposition quantification kit. Results: Calcium deposition, Alizarin red, and von Kossa staining revealed that KT reduced inorganic phosphate-induced calcification phenotypes. KT also reduced Ca⁺⁺-induced calcification by inhibiting genes that regulate osteoblast differentiation, such as runtrelated transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), SMAD family member 4, osterix, collagen 1α, and osteopontin. Also, KT repressed Ca²⁺-induced bone morphogenetic protein 2, RUNX-2, collagen 1α, osteoprotegerin, and smooth muscle actin protein expression. Likewise, Alizarin red and von Kossa staining showed that KT markedly decreased the calcification of ex vivo ring formation in the mouse thoracic aorta. Conclusions: This experiment demonstrated that KT decreases vascular calcification and may be developed as a new therapeutic treatment for vascular calcification and arteriosclerosis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1070-1083
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sanghuangporus sanghuang (SS) has various medicinal effects, including anti-inflammation and anticancer activities. Despite the extensive research on SS, its molecular mechanisms of action on lung cancer are unclear. This study examined the impact of an SS alcohol extract (SAE) on lung cancer using in vitro and in vivo models. MATERIALS/METHODS: Different concentrations of SAE were used to culture lung cancer cells (A549 and H1650). A cell counting kit-8 assay was used to detect the survival ability of A549 and H1650 cells. A scratch assay and transwell cell invasion assay were used to detect the migration rate and invasive ability of SAE. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl2-associated X (Bax), cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinases 4 (CDK4), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3). Lung cancer xenograft mice were used to detect the inhibiting ability of SAE in vivo. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the effect of SAE on the structural changes to the tumor and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, cyclin D1, CDK4, STAT3, and p-STAT3 in lung cancer xenograft mice. RESULTS: SAE could inhibit lung cancer proliferation significantly in vitro and in vivo without cytotoxicity. SAE suppressed the viability, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The SAE treatment significantly decreased the proapoptotic Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the expression of pro-proliferative proteins Cyclin D1 and CDK4 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, SAE also inhibited STAT3 expression. CONCLUSIONS: SAE reduced the cell viability and suppressed cell migration and invasion in human lung cancer cells. Moreover, SAE also exhibited anti-proliferation effects in vivo. Therefore, SAE may have benefits in cancer therapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2022

Purpose: Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype and age distribution of HPV infection were crucial for the national vaccination and screening program planning. However, there was a limited study providing these data in the normal cervix population. This study aimed to explore the HPV genotypes profile of women with clinically normal cervix based on Visual Inspection of Acetic Acid (VIA) test. Materials and Methods: A 7-year cross-sectional study was conducted from 2012 to 2018 in private and public health care centers in Jakarta. Subjects were recruited consecutively. Data were collected by anamnesis, VIA, and HPV DNA test using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR; SPF10-DEIA-LiPA25) method. HPV genotyping procedures include DNA extraction, PCR (SPF10-DEIA-LiPA25) using the HPV XpressMatrix kit (PT KalGen DNA, East Jakarta, Indonesia), and hybridization. The IBM SPSS ver. 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 1,397 subjects were collected. Positive HPV-DNA tests were found in 52 subjects (3.7%); 67% were single and 33% were multiple HPV infections. HPV 52 was the most frequently detected HPV genotype, followed by HPV 39, 16, 18 74, 44, 31, 54, and 66, respectively. The highest HPV infections in this population were in the 31-40 and 41-50 years old group. Conclusion: This study suggested beneficial screening for women aged 31-50 years old. Instead of "original" nonavalent (HPV 16, 18, 6, 11, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58), the different "nonavalent" formula for HPV vaccines protecting against HPV 16, 18, 6, 11, 31, 39, 44, 52, 74 might be useful for Indonesian population. However, further multicenter studies with a huge sample size are still needed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.139-148
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• 2004

MMPs(Matrix metalloproteinases)는 치주질환에서 주된 조직파괴단백분해효소인 것은 알려져 있고 TIMPs(Tissue inhibitor of Matrix metalloproteinase)는 MMPs의 작용을 억제한다라고 알려져 있다. 이 둘간의 불균형으로 인해서 조직파괴가 더 가속화될 수 있다. 이 두 연구의 목적은 ELISA kit를 사용하여 특정 MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13)과 TIMPs(1,2)의 양이 건강한 환자와 비교하여서 치주염 환자에서 달라지는지 알아보고 MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13), TIMPs(1,2)와 치은열구깊이와 GI score와의 관계를 알아보기로 한다. 8명의 만성 치주염 환자와 4명의 급속진행형 치주염 환자가 실험군으로 참여하였고 5명의 건강한 치주조직을 환자가 대조군으로 참여하였다. 임상적인 측정은 GI score와 치주낭측정을 통하여 이루어졌다. 8명의 만성 치주염을 가진 환자와 4명의 급속진행형 치주염을 가진 환자에서 각각 치주낭 깊이가 3mm이하인 부위에서 6개의 치은열구액 표본과 치주낭 깊이가 6mm 이상인 곳에서 6개의 치은열구액 표본을 채취하였다. 건강한 치주조직을 가진 5명의 환자는 단지 치주낭깊이가 3mm 이하인 건강한 부위에서만 치은열구액 표본을 제공하였다. MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13)과 MIMPs(1,2)의 측정은 Human Biotrack ELISA kit를 사용하여서 측정하였다. 통계처리는 MMPs, MIMPs의 실험군과 대조군의 차이는 Kruskal-Wallis test를 사용하였고 MMPs, TIMPs와 치주낭 깊이와 GI score의 관계정도는 Pearson's correlation coefficient를 사용하였다. 실험결과 대조군과 비교하여 만성 치주염 환자에서 치주낭 깊이가 6mm 이상인 부위에서 MMP9의 수치가 통계적으로 유의할만하게 높았으며(p=0.04) MIMP2의 수치가 대조군과 비교하여 치주낭 깊이가 3mm 이하인 부위를 가진 만성치주염 환자에서 통계적으로 유의할만하게 높았다(=0.049). MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13), MIMPs(1,2)의 활동성과 치주낭 깊이의 관계에서 둘간의 통계적으로 유의할만한 관계는 존재하지 않았으나 MMP1(r=0.35)과 MMP2(r=0.31)가 상대적으로 높은 관계를 보였다. 또한 MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13), MIMPs(1,2)의 활동성과 GI score의 관계에서도 둘간의 통계학적으로 유의할만한 관계는 존재하지 않으나 MMP1(r=0.4), MMP2(r=0.29), MMP9(r=0.26)가 상대적으로 높은 관계를 보였다. 이 실험의 결과로 볼 때 MMP9가 만성치주염 환자의 질환이 있는 부위에서만 염증의 지표가 될 수 있으며 MIMP2가 만성치주염 환자의 염증이 없는 부위에서 높은 농도로 존재하는 것으로 보아서 MIMP2가 MMPs에 대한 억제작용을 하여서 염증의 진행을 방해하는 역할을 한다라고 볼 수 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 1995

Background: Cytokeratin 19 is 40KD acidic molecule whose distribution is restricted to simple or pseudo-stratified epithelia, such as the epithelial layer of the bronchial tree. Immunohistochemical study have shown that cytokeratin 19 is overexpressed in lung carcinoma tissue. An immunoradiometric assay, CYFRA 21-1 has been developed using two monoclonal antibody, BM 19-21 and KS 19-1, reactive to different epitopes on cytokeratin 19. We studied the diagnostic value of CYFRA 21-1 in lung cancer. Method: The serum CYFRA 21-1 level using immunoradiometric kit(ELSA-CYFRA 21-1) was measured in 54 patients who admit to Yeungnam University Hospital from April, 1993 to August, 1994. Lung cancer group was 39 primary lung cancer patients(19 patients with squamous cell carcinoma, 11 patients with adenocarcinoma and 9 patients with small cell carcinoma). Control group was 15 patients with non malignant lung diseases(8 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 3 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2 patients with pneumonia and 2 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease combined with pulmonary tuberculosis). Results: The mean serum value of CYFRA 21-1 was $20.2{\pm}4.7ng/ml$ in squamous cell carcinoma, $7.2{\pm}1.6ng/ml$ in adenocarcinoma and $15.5{\pm}4.7ng/ml$ in non-small cell lung cancer. The serum value of CYFRA 21-1 in control group was $1.7{\pm}0.5ng/ml$. All of the serum values of 3 histologic types were significantly higher than that of control group(p<0.01). The serum value of CYFRA 21-1 of squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that of adenocarcinoma(p <0.05). Serum value of CYFRA 21-1 in small cell lung cancer was $2.9{\pm}0.9ng/ml$ and not significantly different compared with control group. Using cut off value of 3.3ng/ml, sensitivity and specificity was 11.1%, 65.2% in small cell lung cancer, 70.0%, 62.5% in non-small cell lung cancer, 73.7%, 75% in squamous cell carcinoma and 63.6%, 78.9% in adenocarcinoma, respectively. Conclusion: The serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 may be useful in diagnosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma, especially in squamous cell carcinoma with its high specificity.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1383-1392
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• 2021

It has been reported that emodin, a major pharmacologically active ingredient of herbal medicines such as Polygonum cuspidatum, Polygonum multiflorum, Rheum palmatum, and Aloe vera, is effective in antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and liver protection. In this study, to investigate the potential of emodin to be used as a skin disease and functional material, the activity related to the improvement of inflammation and skin barrier function was confirmed. To observe the anti-inflammatory effect on HaCaT cells, which are human keratinocytes, cytokine inhibition was confirmed by ELISA kit and protein expression by western blot. In HaCaT cells activated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL)/IFN-γ (10 ng/mL), emodin was treated with each concentration (5, 10, 20, 40) µM. As a result, It was confirmed that the production amount of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 decreased as the concentration of emodin increased. In the experimental results on the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins iNOS and COX-2, it was confirmed that 48% of iNOS and 29% of COX-2 were inhibited compared to control at a concentration of 20 µM of emodin. As an indicator of skin barrier function improvement, the mRNA expression level of filaggrin, involucrin, and loricirn and the production amount of filaggrin, involucrin, and loricirn were confirmed. and excellent results were obtained with an emodin concentration-dependent increase. In particular, filaggrin, which was produced twice as much as the control at a concentration of 20 µM, is a protein involved in the formation of NMF, a natural moisturizing factor, and is known to play an important role in moisturizing the stratum corneum. In conclusion, it was confirmed that emodin can be used as a material for improving inflammation and improving skin barrier function, which is part of the potential for use as a skin disease and functional material. It is believed that if additional research is performed in the future, the scope of its application can be further expanded.