• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.166-178
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• 2013

Purpose: To survey the social distance of nursing students toward minority groups (immigrants, foreign workers, Saeteomins, and foreign students) and compare them according to general and multicultural characteristics. Methods: The subjects were 409 students from two nursing schools at G metropolitan city. Data were collected with self-reported questionnaires from April 2012 to June 2012, and analyzed by descriptive statistics (t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe test) using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program. Results: The mean scores of social distance were $1.90{\pm}0.57$ (out of 4 points) and scores significantly differed according to religion (t=3.095, p=.002), tourist experiences in foreign countries (t=-2.651, p=.008), and for Asian background of minority groups. There were also differences according to the number of foreign friends(F=4.924, p=.008) and duration of friendships(F=3.913, p=.021). Conclusion: The level of social distance of nursing students was lower than average but needs to be reduced. We suggest further studies on the social distance toward each minority group and the development of valid scales for social distance and its related variables.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.1627-1638
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• 2018

In this paper, we study an special type of cyclic codes called skew cyclic codes over the ring ${\mathbb{F}}_p+v{\mathbb{F}}_p+v^2{\mathbb{F}}_p$, where p is a prime number. This set of codes are the result of module (or ring) structure of the skew polynomial ring (${\mathbb{F}}_p+v{\mathbb{F}}_p+v^2{\mathbb{F}}_p$)[$x;{\theta}$] where $v^3=1$ and ${\theta}$ is an ${\mathbb{F}}_p$-automorphism such that ${\theta}(v)=v^2$. We show that when n is even, these codes are either principal or generated by two elements. The generator and parity check matrix are proposed. Some examples of linear codes with optimum Hamming distance are also provided.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.120-123
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• 2004

To test preschool children's medium- long distance stereoscopic vision normal average value, and intermittent strabismus children,s medium-long distance stereoscopic vision acuteness is the goal of this study. The software of random stereoscopic vision and graph, which is developed by Hu-Chong etc has been used, to test 414 cases normal preschool children and 19 cases intermittent exotropia childrens medium-long distance (1-5 m) stereoscopic vision (before operation and after operation). The normal average value of preschool children's medium-long distance stereoscopic vision was achieved. Intermittent exotropia children's stereoscopic vision acuteness was declined with the increase of distance. This method can provide reference as screening abnormal stereoscopic vision during scientific research and clinical work.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.293-299
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the distance of the light tip to the surface of restoration and exposure time on the polymerization of surface and 2mm below the surface of light-activated composite resins. Two light-activated composite resins were used. From the experiment, the following results were obtained. 1. Relative light intensity rapidly decreased when distance of the light tip to the surface of material is more than 2mm(p<0.05). 2. In all groups, microhardness was increased according to the increase of relative light intensity and exposure time(p<0.05). 3. The distance of the light tip to the surface of restoration and exposure time more affected 2mm below the surface rather than the surface(p<0.05). 4. Although exposure time was increased, difference of microhardness of the 2mm below the surface with the distance of the light tip to the surface of restoration was relatively high in Z100 between below 4mm and other groups and Z250 between below 2mm and other groups(p<0.05).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare degrees of asthenopia in after wearing of dispensed reading glasses with different criterion of P.D. Methods: The person who has minus near correction power (distance correction value (-)) is compared to the degree of asthenopia by wearing of dispensed reading glasses with near P.D(-B) and distance P.D. The person who has plus near correction power is compared to degree of asthenopia by wearing of dispensed reading glasses with near P.D-B, distance P.D, near P.D-A. The "Near-P.D-A" means reduced optical centre distance of reading glasses of positive correction value at which the same effect of prism B.O through near visual point in distance glasses exist at near visual point in reading glasses. Results: When near correction value is (-), dispensed reading glasses with distance P.D have caused less asthenopia than dispensed glasses with near P.D-B. When the near correction value is (+), we cannot confirm that which P.D is more useful for reading glasses. As a result of this study, dispensed reading glasses with near P.D-A have caused less asthenopia than another criterion of P.D. Conclusion: The effect of prism B.I through a near visual point in distance glasses ((-) correction value) reduce convergence demand. Therefore (-) correction value-reading glasses support convergence in near vision, because the effect of prism B.I of reading glasses is smaller than that of distance glasses. When the near correction value is (+), centration points can be determined by one of near P.D-A, near P.D-B, distance P.D.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of loading position on plantar center of pressure(COP) displacement when carrying a schoolbag during walking. Methods : Forty-four normal subjects were randomly assigned to five groups according to the method of carrying a schoolbag. The carrying a schoolbag methods were classified into five conditions: no bag (condition 1), a backpack (condition 2), a shoulder bag (condition 3), a cross bag (condition 4), a one-hand bag (condition 5). COP displacement such as anteroposterior distance and mediolateral distance of COP were measured with F-scan system. The repeated one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test were used to confirm the statistical significance. Results : In the comparison of parameters of COP displacement between conditions, anteroposterior distance and mediolateral distance in the left foot and mediolateral distance in the right foot were not significantly different(p>.05), but anteroposterior diatance in the right foot was significantly different(p>.05). Between left and right foot, at condition 1 and 5 the mediolateral distance of COP was significantly different(p<.05) but anteroposterior distance at condition 1 and 5, anteroposterior distance and mediolateral distance of COP at condition 2, 3 and 4 were not significantly different(p>.05). Conclusion : These findings showed that the various loading position by five types of carrying a schoolbag didn't have influence significantly on COP displacement on during walking because of mechanism of postural adaption.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.390-395
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• 1994

The author evaluated the nasal asymmetry after primary operations in the patients with unilateral cleft lip using full face photographs. The results are as follows : 1. Nasal deviation angle is average 2.98+3.01 degree(ranged from 0 to 10 degree), significantly different from control group(p<0.05). 2. Nasal deviation angle is average 5.1% when inter-medial canthal distance is 100%, significantly different from control group(p<0.05). 3. Difference in nostril size between cleft and noncleft side is 2.1% when inter-medial canthal distance is 100%, significantly different from control group(p<0.05). 4. Nasal attractiveness analysis shows higher points in difference in nostril size, nasal deviation, nasal form in that order. 5. Nasal asymmetry after primary operations in the patients with unilateral cleft lip using full face photographs is related with Nasal deviation angle, Nasal deviation distance and Difference in nostril size between cleft and noncleft side.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.218-225
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• 2004

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to find out static two-point discrimination (TPD) in fingertips. METHODS: This was a cross-section, measure study of static two-point discrimination involving healthy young adults. Measure was completed by 48 college students in Andong Science College from June 1 to 12, 2004. The minimal distance at which two-points could be discriminated was measured from thumb to little finger. RESULTS: For dermatomal regions of the fingertip, mean values ranged from 3.3mm to 4.9mm (thumb 3.6mm, index finger 3.3mm, middle finger 3.8mm, ring finger 4.2mm, and little finger 4.7mm in the left hand; thumb 3.7mm, index 3.5mm, middle 4.0mm, ring 4.3mm, and little 4.9mm in the right hand). A significant difference in discrimination ability was found between men and women, 3.5mm for women showed a greater sensitivity than 4.1mm for men in the left middle fingertip(p=0.0109), also 3.9mm for women showed a greater accuracy than 4.5mm for men in the left ring fingertip(p=0.0388). In the right index fingertip, women (3.1mm) have a narrow distance than men (3.6mm)(p=0.0329). The minimal distance of TPD was found a significant difference between 20 and 30 years in age. 4mm for 30 years showed a greater distance than 3.5mm for 20 years in the left thumb fingertip(p=0.0354), also, 3.8mm for 30 years showed a greater distance than 3.2mm for 20 years in the left index fingertip(p=0.0174), and 4.3mm for 30 years showed a greater distance than 3.7mm for 20 years in the left middle fingertip(p=0.0444). In the right index fingertip, 20 years (3.2mm) had also a narrow distance than 30 years (4.1mm)(p=0.0020), 20 years (3.9mm) showed a narrow distance than 30 years (4.6mm) in the right middle fingertip(p=0.0124), and 20 years (4.1mm) showed a greater sensitivity than 30 years (5.0mm) in the right ring fingertip(p=0.0070). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that distance of TPD in the both index fingertips for 20 years women was significantly narrowed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.273-279
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• 2004

Recently, newly developed single high-intensity LED curing lights for composite resins are claimed to have a higher intensity than previous LED curing lights and to results in optimal properties and short curing time. The purpose of this study was to determine the curing effectiveness of the curing units and to evaluate the relationship between the degree of polymerization and distance from curing light tip end to resin surface. One composite resin was tested(Filtek Z250). Thin film specimens were cured with a LED curing unit(Elipar Freelight 2, 10s), Plasma Arc curing unit(Flipo, 6s), Halogen curing light(XL3000, 20s) at four curing light tip to the resin surface(0mm, 2mm, 4mm, 6mm). Degree of conversion of composite resins were determined by a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR). From the present study, the following results were obtained. 1. In all curing units, relative light intensity was significantly decreased according to the increase of distance of light tip to the resin surface(p<0.05). LED curing units showed a higher percentile decrease in intensity than other curing units. 2. In all curing units, degree of conversion was decreased as increase of the distance but no statistically significant difference(p>0.05) except between 4mm and 6mm(p<0.05). 3. When comparing degree of conversion of light curing units at each distance(0mm, 2mm, 4mm, 6mm), LED curing light had a higher degree of conversion than plasma arc and halogen curing lights at 0, 2, 4mm(p<0.05). At 6mm, there was a no significant difference among the curing units(p>0.05).

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.61-69
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• 2020

Purpose: Zirconia fixed partial dentures with mandibular 2^nd premolar and 2^nd molar as abutments are fabricated and then the effects of inter-abutment distance on fracture resistance of zirconia fixed partial dentures is studied. Materials and Methods: The materials used in this study are Cameleon S zirconia block and S2 zirconia block, which are divided into CS Group and S2 Group applying different inter-abutment distance for each material, and the sintered zirconia fixed partial denture was luted to the epoxy resin die using a temporary luting cement, and then the fracture resistance was measured by placing a 6 mm diameter hardened steel ball on the occlusal surfaces of the pontics and applying pressure at a cross head speed of 1.0 mm/min on a universal testing machine with a load cell of 5.0 kN. Results: The fracture resistance of zirconia fixed partial dentures is not significantly affected by inter-abutment distance The fracture resistance of zirconia fixed partial dentures in CS Group was significantly higher in 15 mm of inter-abutment distance than in 13 mm and 17 mm of inter-abutment distance (P < 0.05). The fracture resistance of zirconia fixed partial dentures in S2 Group was not significantly different between the three groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The fracture resistance of zirconia fixed partial dentures with mandibular 2^nd premolar and 2^nd molar as abutments does not significantly affected by the inter-abutment distance.