• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2017

Purpose: This study measured return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in relation to dispatch distance in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods: Of 2,347 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients transported by emergency medical technicians in J Province between January 1 and December 31, 2015, those under age 18, those with reserved resuscitation, and those with traumatic cardiac arrest, leaving 855 patients in the study sample. ROSC was compared between those with dispatch distance ${\leq}4km$ (short dispatch distance, 465 patients) and those with dispatch distance >4 km (long dispatch distance, 390 patients). Results: The mean was 2.17 km in the short dispatch group and 9.87 km in the long dispatch group (p=.000). Mean distance from was 6.49 km and 13.39 km in the two groups, respectively (p=.000). ROSC differed significantly between the short and long dispatch distance groups (7.1% for short dispatch distance, 3.6% for long dispatch distance, p=.025). The length of time from to cardiopulmonary resuscitation also differed significantly between the short and long dispatch distance groups (8.77 minutes and 14.63 minutes, respectively, p=.000). Conclusion: ROSC was lower in areas of long dispatch distance compared to those of short dispatch distance. We expect this was most likely due to differences in response time by age and dispatch distance to the scene of cardiac arrest. However, no significant differences were found between the groups in the factors affecting ROSC.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.287-303
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• 1999

The general solution of the functional equation f1(pr, qs) + f2(ps, qr) = g(p,q) + h(r,s) for p, q, r, s $\in$] 0, 1[will be investigated without any regularity assumptions on the unknown functions f1, f2, g, h:]0.1[->R.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of skill and distance factors on CoP (Center of pressure) and CoM (Center of mass) during golf putting. Method: 38 golfers were participated in this study. 8 motion capture cameras (250 Hz) and 2 force plates (1,000 Hz) were used to collect CoP and CoM during 2 m and 3 m of distance golf putting. To identify main effect and interaction effect, it was performed Two-Way ANOVA at a significant level of a .05. Results: In the novice group, CoP distance was significantly difference in the A/P direction and main effect between skill level and distance. Both groups indicated that CoP distance was significantly different and main effect between skill level and distance in the M/L direction. Finally, both groups showed that CoM was significantly different and main effect between skill level and distance in the M/L direction. Conclusion: Therefore, novice golfers are expected to be able to perform more accurate and proper putting exercise through the practice of minimizing the center of mass(CoM) and center of pressure (CoP) in the M/L direction, which is the pendulum movement of the putter head.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of reaching distance on movement time and trunk kinematics in hemiplegic patients. Eight hemiplegic patients participated in this study. The independent variables were side (sound side vs. affected side) and target distance (70%, 90%, 110%, and 130% of upper limb). The dependent variables were movement time measured by pressure switch and trunk kinematics measured by motion analysis device. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used with Bonferroni post-hoc test. (1) There were significant main effects in side and reaching distance for movement time (p=.01, p=.02). Post-hoc test revealed that there was a significant difference between 110% and 130% of reaching distance (p=.01). (2) There was a significant main effect in side and reaching distance for trunk flexion (p=.01, p=.00). Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences in all pair-wise reaching distance comparison. (3) There was a significant side by target distance interaction for trunk rotation (p=.04). There was a significant main effect in target distance (p=.00). Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences between 70% and 110%, 70% and 130%, 90% and 110%, 90% and 130% of target distance. It was known that trunk flexion is used more than trunk rotation during reaching task in hemiplegic patients from the findings of this study. It is also recommended that reaching training is performed with limiting trunk movement within 90% of target distance whereas reaching training is performed incorporating with trunk movement beyond 90% of target distance in patients with hemiplegia.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2014

In this study, we objectively determined whether the ReSTOR as a multifocal IOL (intraocular lens) has a multifocal function compared to the IQ as a monofocal IOL in vivo by OQAS (Optical Quality Analysis System). Eighteen patients who had cataract surgery with implantation of ReSTOR (27 eyes) and 15 patients with IQ (21 eyes), were included inthis study. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UCNVA)and distance corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA) were measured. After setting the artificial pupil size to 3 mm, we performed 'Optical quality'. We inputted defocus diopters of (objective spherical refraction)(far), (objective spherical refraction-1.25 D)(intermediate),(objective spherical refraction-2.5 D)(near), and (objective spherical refraction-3.5 D)(very near) into 'selected spherical refraction' simulating the optical quality at far, intermediate, and near distance. We changed the pupil size to 5 mm and repeated the same measurements. The UCDVA and CDVA did not show significant differences between the 2 groups. But, the UCNVA and DCNVA of the ReSTOR group were better than those of the IQ group (p=0.000, p=0.000). For 3 mm pupil, at far distance, modulation transfer function (MTF) cut off and point spread function (PSF) width at 50% of ReSTOR were worse than those of IQ (p=0.039, p=0.020). At intermediate distance, MTF cut off, Strehl ratio and PSF width at 50% of ReSTOR were worse than those of IQ (p=0.001, p=0.001, p=0.000). At near distance, MTF cut off of ReSTOR was worse than that of IQ (p=0.033). At very near distance, MTF cut off and Strehl ratio of ReSTOR were worse than those of IQ (p=0.002, p=0.002), but PSF width at 50% of ReSTOR was better than that of IQ. For 5 mm pupil, most parameters at each distance, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Only PSF width at 50% of ReSTOR were worse than those of IQ at intermediate distance (p=0.013). It was impossible to show the multifocal function of ReSTOR compared to the IQ byOQAS.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2017

Background: Previous studies of radial nerve conduction study (NCS) did not present how to measure the length of the radial nerve across the elbow, and did not even mention how to manage the spiral course of the nerve. This study aimed to applicate the most reliable method to measure the length of the radial nerve during NCS. Methods: Three points (A, B, and C) were determined along the relatively straight course of the radial nerve. The distance was measured using three different methods: L1) straight distance corresponding to the A-C distance, L2) sum of the distances corresponding to the A-B-C distance, L3) based on the L2, but the elbow is flexed at a $45^{\circ}$ angle. We compared the three methods of distance measurement and the calculated nerve conduction velocities (V1, V2, and V3) in normal healthy subjects. Results: 19 normal participants were enrolled. The mean value for method L1, L2 and L3 were $22.5{\pm}1.8cm$, $24.0{\pm}2.1cm$, and $23.2{\pm}2.1cm$ (p < 0.001). Calculated conduction velocities using those distance measurement methods as follows (p < 0.001): V1 ($60.9{\pm}2.7m/s$), V2 ($64.6{\pm}3.3m/s$), and V3 ($63.4{\pm}3.9m/s$). V2 was significantly greater than V1 and V3 (p < 0.001, p = 0.010, respectively). Conclusions: The distance measurement using a stopover point near the lateral epicondyle between two stimulus points in position of a fully extended elbow with forearm pronation is the most appropriate posture for radial motor NCS.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2006

Genomic DNA isolated from two Porphyra species, P. tenera and P. dentate from Wando located on the southern coast of Korean peninsula was amplified by PCR reaction. The amplified products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) with decamer primer and stained with ethidium bromide. The eight arbitrarily selected primers OPA-04, OPA-06, OPB-01, OPB-08, OPB-10, OPB-11, OPB-14 and OPC-10 generated the shared loci, polymorphic, and specific loci. The size of DNA bands varies from 100 bp to 2,200 bp. The complexity of the banding patterns varies dramatically between the primers and two Porphyra species. A total of 528 loci observed were identified in P. tenera and 443 in P. dentata: 22 polymorphic loci (4.2%) in P. tenera and 30 (6.8%) in P. dentata. 154 shared loci observed, the average 19.3 per primer, were identified in P. tenera and 143 loci, the aver-age 17.9 per primer, in P. dentata species. The number of specific loci in P. tenera and P. dentata was 73 and 77, respectively. The average bandsharing value was $0.623{\pm}0.008$ with P. tenera and $0.560{\pm}0.009$ within P. dentata. The average bandsharing value between two Porphyra species was $0.408{\pm}0.004$, ranged from 0.305 to 0.564. The dendrogram obtained by the eight primers indicates four genetic clusters. The genetic distance between two Porphyra species ranged from 0.076 to 0.627. The individual no. 02 of P. tenera was genetically closely related to no. 01 of P. tenera(genetic distance=0.082). Especially, two entities between the individual DENTATA no.21 and DENTATA no. 19 of P. dentata showed the longest genetic distance (0.627) in comparison with other individuals used. In this study, RAPD-PCR analysis has revealed the significant genetic distance between two Porphyra species pairs (P<0.001).

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.297-305
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• 2016

In this paper, by using fixed point theorem, we obtain the stability of the following functional equations $$f(pr,qs)+g(ps,qr)={\theta}(p,q,r,s)f(p,q)h(r,s)\\f(pr,qs)+g(ps,qr)={\theta}(p,q,r,s)g(p,q)h(r,s)$$, where G is a commutative semigroup, ${\theta}:G^4{\rightarrow}{\mathbb{R}}_k$ a function and f, g, h are functionals on $G^2$.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.69-82
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• 2000

Physical therapists are exposured to radio-and microwave-frequency electromagnetic radiation by operating electrotherapy units. So there is few protection system in physical therapy room. Clinical pathology room and so on where various kins of electromagnetic instruments is used in hospital while protection failities like protection wall or protection glass is being used only in radiological room to reduce the damage of radiation. Acoording to Larsen's survey on female physical therapist in denmark. it was said that the percentage of congenital malfornation was $3.6\%$ and cadiac malformation made up $0.7\%$. It is likely that effect of electromagnetic fields on the result cannot be ruled out. Rita ouellet-Hellstron and Walter F. Steward insisted that the danger of abortion increase in the case of pregnant femeal physical therapist exposured to microwave diathermy. The intention of our study is arousing the necessity of microwave protection in P.T room and finding the proper method for physical therapist safe. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Each electrotherapy units are occurrenced the electromagnetic fields, and specially amply occurrenced in H.P,I.C.T 2 unit operating, M.W.D unit head on parallel, S.W.D unit head on parallel. all electrotherapy units are operating. 2. There were electric fields mount are consideration to species of electrotherapy units(p<.05). 3. There were magnetic fields mount are consideration to species of electrotherapy units(p<.05). 4. There were electric fields mount are consideration to distance of electrotherapy units(p<.05). 7. There were magnetic fields mount are consideration nut to distance of electrotherapy units(p>.05). 8. Before and after protection on magnetic fields mount are consideration to all distance(0m, 0.3m, 1m, 3m, 5m)(p<.05) 9. Before and after protection on electric fields mount are consideration to 0m, 1m, 3m distance(p<.05), and consideration not to 0.3m, 5m distance(p>.05) 10. After protection fellow the each electrotherapy units. distance, intencity to electromagnetic fields are reduced(p<.05).

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.24 no.1_2
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• pp.421-426
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• 2007

The problem of vertex labeling with a condition at distance two in a graph, is a variation of Hale's channel assignment problem, which was first explored by Griggs and Yeh. For positive integer $p{\geq}q$, the ${\lambda}_{p,q}$-number of graph G, denoted ${\lambda}(G;p,q)$, is the smallest span among all integer labellings of V(G) such that vertices at distance two receive labels which differ by at least q and adjacent vertices receive labels which differ by at least p. Van den Heuvel and McGuinness have proved that ${\lambda}(G;p,q){\leq}(4q-2){\Delta}+10p+38q-24$ for any planar graph G with maximum degree ${\Delta}$. In this paper, we studied the upper bound of ${\lambda}_{p,q}$-number of some planar graphs. It is proved that ${\lambda}(G;p,q){\leq}(2q-1){\Delta}+2(2p-1)$ if G is an outerplanar graph and ${\lambda}(G;p,q){\leq}(2q-1){\Delta}+6p-4q-1$ if G is a Halin graph.