• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.137-151
• /
• 2004

Many of today's environmental problems are regional in scope and their effects overlap and interact. The purpose of this paper is to developed a simple method for an integrated assessment of environmental conditions across the Mid-Nakdong River Region, by combining data on land use, impervious cover, roads, streams, riparian areas, forest patches, population, pollutant loadings, soil erosion and topography. A cluster analysis was used to identify groups of sub-watersheds with similar environmental characteristics. The mean value for each group was used to find watershed that may be more vulnerable to future environmental degradation. Watersheds in cluster I and II had high amount of forest, but the amount of riparian vegetation was low. Watersheds in cluster III, which located in the middle Geumho River and the main course of Nakdong River, had a greater proportion of their agriculture, a greater proportion of agriculture on steep slopes, and less forest adjacent to streams. Watersheds in cluster IV and V were in the most urbanized areas of the region. The principal adverse impacts for watersheds in this group were high scores for urban area, impervious cover, pollutant loadings, population density, forest fragmentation, and low amounts of forest and riparian forest cover. Notwithstanding the exploratory nature of cluster analysis, it appears to be a useful tool for grouping watersheds with similar environmental characteristics.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.362-369
• /
• 2013

Agastache rugosa, a member of the mint family (Labiatae), is a perennial herb widely distributed in East Asian countries. It is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cholera, vomiting, and miasma. This study assessed the genetic diversity and population structures on 65 accessions of Korean mint A. rugosa germplasm based on inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The selected nine ISSR primers produced reproducible polymorphic banding patterns. In total, 126 bands were scored; 119 (94.4%) were polymorphic. The number of bands generated per primer varied from 7 to 18. A minimum of seven bands was generated by primer 874, while a maximum of 18 bands was generated by the primer 844. Six primers (815, 826, 835, 844, 868, and 874) generated 100% polymorphic bands. This was supported by other parameters such as total gene diversity ($H_T$) values, which ranged from 0.112 to 0.330 with a mean of 0.218. The effective number of alleles ($N_E$) ranged from 1.174 to 1.486 with a mean value of 1.351. Nei's genetic diversity (H) mean value was 0.218, and Shannon's information index (I) mean value was 0.343. The high values for total gene diversity, effective number of alleles, Nei's genetic diversity, and Shannon's information index indicated substantial variations within the population. Cluster analysis showed characteristic grouping, which is not in accordance with their geographical affiliation. The implications of the results of this study in developing a strategy for the conservation and breeding of A. rugosa and other medicinal plant germplasm are discussed.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.265-280
• /
• 2011

The temporal dynamics of the meiofauna community in Marian Cove, King George Island, Antarctica were observed from March 7 to December 21 2007. Nine meiofauna taxa were found, with nematodes the most dominant group, making up 92.97% of the total meiofauna density, followed by harpacticoid copepods (3.18%). Meiofauna abundance ranged from 123 to 874 individuals per 10 $cm^2$ (mean 464 inds.10 $cm^{-2}$), which is lower than that found in some polar and temperate regions. The lowest meiofauna abundance was found in the 26th April sample (III) and the highest meiofauna abundance was found in the March 23rd sample (II). There was no correlation between meiofauna abundance and season. The seasonal changes were likely caused by meltwater runoff, and there were the physical disturbances on the bottom sediment by huge iceberg. Biomass of meiofauna varied between 20.36 and 101.02 ${\mu}gC{\cdot}10\;cm^{-2}$, and overall mean biomass was 54.17 ${\mu}gC{\cdot}10\;cm^{-2}$ during the study periods. More than 80% of meiofauna was concentrated in the upper 2 cm of the sediment, and density decreased with depth. The mean diversity index was 0.37, and the ratio between the abundance of nematodes: and harpacticoids (N/C) ratio ranged from 7.31 to 95.04 (mean 26.39). NMDS analysis divided the community into three groups: A (III, IV, V, VII, VIII), B (II, IX, XI, XII) and C (I, V, X). The results of ANOSIM and SIMPER analysis revealed significant differences in community structure among three groups and major contributed meiofauna taxon in grouping were nematodes and copepods. No significant correlations were observed between major meiofauna taxon and environmental factors. Thirteen species in 12 genera representing nine families of harpacicoids were recorded. Ancorabolidae was the most diverse family, and Heteropsyllidae was the most abundant. The correlation analysis between benthic harpacticoid copepods and environmental factors showed that some species were affected by water temperature, sediment temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a concentration, grain size of the sediments and heavy metal contents of the sediments. These data describe the usefulness of benthic harpacticoid copepods as biological indicator species in Antarctic regions.

• 한국정보기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권12호
• /
• pp.85-92
• /
• 2018

복잡한 영상처리 알고리즘을 사용할 때 계산량을 줄이기 위해 슈퍼픽셀을 사용한다. 슈퍼픽셀은 특성이 유사한 픽셀들을 군집화하여 하나의 그룹으로 만드는 방법이다. 슈퍼픽셀은 영상처리의 전단계로 사용되기 때문에 빠르게 생성할 수 있어야 하고 영상의 에지 성분들을 잘 보존하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 에지 성분을 잘 보존하면서도 계산량이 많지 않은 슈퍼픽셀 생성 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법에서는 먼저 기존의 k-mean 방법을 이용하여 영상의 슈퍼픽셀을 충분히 생성하고, 생성된 슈퍼픽셀들을 분석하여 유사한 슈퍼픽셀을 병합하는 방식으로 최종 슈퍼픽셀을 생성한다. 슈퍼픽셀을 병합할 때는 슈퍼픽셀에 대해서만 유사도를 측정하기 때문에 추가되는 계산량은 많지 않다. 실험 결과는 제안하는 방법으로 생성된 슈퍼픽셀이 기존 방법에 의해 생성된 슈퍼픽셀에 비해 보다 정확하게 에지 성분들을 보존하는 것을 보여준다.

• 대기
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.451-461
• /
• 2019

Medium-range forecast is highly dependent on ensemble forecast data. However, operational weather forecasters have not enough time to digest all of detailed features revealed in ensemble forecast data. To utilize the ensemble data effectively in medium-range forecasting, representative weather patterns in East Asia in this study are defined. The k-means clustering analysis is applied for the objectivity of weather patterns. Input data used daily Mean Sea Level Pressure (MSLP) anomaly of the ECMWF ReAnalysis-Interim (ERA-Interim) during 1981~2010 (30 years) provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Using the Explained Variance (EV), the optimal study area is defined by 20~60°N, 100~150°E. The number of clusters defined by Explained Cluster Variance (ECV) is thirty (k = 30). 30 representative weather patterns with their frequencies are summarized. Weather pattern #1 occurred all seasons, but it was about 56% in summer (June~September). The relatively rare occurrence of weather pattern (#30) occurred mainly in winter. Additionally, we investigate the relationship between weather patterns and extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, and heavy rainfall as well as snowfall. The weather patterns associated with heavy rainfall exceeding 110 mm day^-1 were #1, #4, and #9 with days (%) of more than 10%. Heavy snowfall events exceeding 24 cm day^-1 mainly occurred in weather pattern #28 (4%) and #29 (6%). High and low temperature events (> 34℃ and < -14℃) were associated with weather pattern #1~4 (14~18%) and #28~29 (27~29%), respectively. These results suggest that the classification of various weather patterns will be used as a reference for grouping all ensemble forecast data, which will be useful for the scenario-based medium-range ensemble forecast in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.445-452
• /
• 2004

Genetic diversity of sub-Saharan African goats was assessed using 19 microsatellite markers. Breeds were sampled from eastern Africa (Maasai, Kigezi, Mubende, North West Highland, Arsi-Bale), southern Africa (Ndebele, Pafuri) and West Africa (West African Dwarf, Maure, Djallonke). European breeds (Grisons Striped, Toggenburg), Asian breeds (Mongolian Cashmere, Bandipur) and a Middle East breed (Arab) were also included. The mean number of alleles per locus and average gene diversity ranged from 5.26$\pm$0.464 (Djallonke) to 7.05$\pm$0.516 (Mubende) and from 0.542$\pm$0.036 (Pafuri) to 0.672$\pm$0.031 (Ndebele), respectively. The between breeds variation evaluated using $$G_{ST}$$ and $\theta$ were found to account for 14.6% ($\theta$) and 15.7% ($$G_{ST}$$) of the total genetic variation. The $D_{A}$ measure of genetic distance between pairs of breeds indicated that the largest genetic distance was between Pafuri and Djallonke while the lowest genetic distance was between Arsi-Bale and North West Highland. A neighbour-joining tree of breed relationships revealed that the breeds were grouped according to their geographic origins. Principal component analysis supported the grouping of the breeds according to their geographic origins. It was concluded that the relationships of sub-Saharan African goat breeds were according to their geographical locations implying that the goats of eastern Africa, West Africa and southern Africa are genetically distinct. Within each sub-region, goat populations could be differentiated according to morphological characteristics.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.98-105
• /
• 2007

Phylogenetic relationships in Korean watermelons were evaluated by genetic similarity coefficients using 15 SSR(simple sequence repeat), 14 SCAR(sequence characterized amplified region) and 14 CAPS(sequence characterized amplified region) markers. The SSR markers were selected from previously reported melon and watermelon SSRs through testing polymorphisms within a set of commercial $F_1$ varieties. The SCAR and CAPS markers were developed from polymorphic AFLP(amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers between inbred lines 'BN4001' and 'BN4002'. From the AFLP analysis, 105 polymorphic fragments were identified between the inbred lines using 1,440 primer combinations of EcoRI+CNNN and XbaI+ANNN. Based on the sequencing data of these polymorphic fragments, we synthesized sequence specific primer pairs and detected clear and reliable polymorphisms in 27 primer pairs by indels(insertion/deletion) or RFLP(restriction fragment length polymorphism). A total of 43 sequence-based PCR markers were obtained and polymorphic information content(PIC) was analyzed to measure the informativeness of each marker in watermelon varieties. The average PIC value of SCAR markers was 0.41, which was similar to that of SSR markers. Genetic diversity was also estimated by using these markers to assess the phylogenetic relationships among commercial varieties of watermelon. These markers differentiated 26 Korean watermelon varieties into two major phylogenetic groups, but this grouping was not significantly correlated with their morphological and physiological characteristics. The mean genetic similarity was 66% within the complete set of 26 commercial varieties. In addition, these sequence-based PCR markers were reliable and useful to identify cultivars and genotypes of watermelon.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.105-105
• /
• 2018

Finger millet, Eleusine coracana Gaertn., is more nutritious than other cereals and millets and widely cultivate in tropical regions of the world. However, status of its genetic diversity remained concealed due to lack of research work in this species. In recent years, microsatellites have become the most used markers for studying population genetic diversity. In present study, genetic diversity and structure of different populations of finger millet from Africa and South Asia was examined at molecular level using newly developed EST-Simple Sequence Repeat (EST-SSR) markers using a total of 1,927 ESTs of Eleusine coracana available in the NCBI database. In total, 46 primers produced 292 alleles in a size range of 100-500 bp and mean Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) and Marker Index (MI) were 0.372 and 1.04, respectively. 46 primers showed polymorphism and 21 primers were identified as having a PIC value above 0.5. Principal coordinates analysis and the dendrogram constructed out of combined data of both markers showed grouping of finger millet accessions to their respective area of collection. The 156 accessions was classified into four groups, such as three groups of Africa collection and one group of Asia. Results of present study can be useful in identifying diverse accessions and management of this plant resource. Moreover, the novel SSR markers developed can be utilized for various genetic analyses in this species in future.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제50권2호
• /
• pp.131-141
• /
• 2005

Molecular-based genetic diversity for a set of 141 accessions of Korean barley cultivars and 24 accessions of foreign exotic cultivars were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Different level of genetic variability was observed with 30 random decamer primers in the Korean barley varieties and breeding lines which were preliminarily classified by morphological (hulled & hulless barley) and end-use (malting barley) and/or by the released periods. A total of 74 RAPD bands were scored, and the number of bands per primer varied from 1 to 7 with an average of 2.74. The hulled barley pool had one more marker genotype per primer than the hulless barley pool. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values based on the band pattern frequencies among genotypes varied depending on genetic pools where mean PICs of hulled, hulless and malting barleys were 0.62, 0.57, and 0.43, respectively. Certain genomic loci amplified by opR04, opF01, opB05, and opC13 were highly polymorphic with PIC>0.8. Patterns and temporal trends of genetic diversity assessed over the period from 1970s to 1990s had a tendency to increase, and in particular, this upward slant was quite clear and significant for the hulless barley pool. In the cluster analysis using genetic similarity matrix calculated from RAPD profiles, two major groups and several small subgroups were classified. Major grouping of materials was not affected by the presence of the husk but by their genetic background and the spike-row type. The validity of information on the genetic diversity and relationships between genotypes will have been reviewed to predict their yield potential.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.87-94
• /
• 2006

This study is to investigate the patients who had blepharoplasty for cosmetic purposes or facial nerve disorders. 21 patients were examined with an age from 17 to 63 years. Sixteen cases were classified as a normal group for investigation of the histopathologic change according to the age. The rest were patients of Bell's palsy(2), $Botox^{(R)}$ injection(2) and blepharospasm (1). We measured a mean diameter of myofiber and dimension's proportion of muscluar tissue per regular visual field. First, we measured a statistical significance according to the age in normal cases by grouping them into younger than 30-year-old, 30's, 40's, 50's and 60's. Second, we divided normal cases(16) into Group A and B by two bases for statistical analysis. In conclusion, although there were several differences as vacuolation, internalization of sarcolemnic nuclei between 35-year-old and 62-year-old patients in simple comparison, there was no uniform decrease according to the age. There were also no significant statistical changes in the value of a diameter of myofibers and dimension's proportion of muscular tissue according to the age in any of the two normal groups. But in $Botox^{(R)}$ injection and Bell's palsy, blepharospasm patients, two values showed remarkable difference compared to the normal group of same age.