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데데킨트 절단, 배중률, 관계

  • Hong, Seong-Gi
    • Korean Journal of Logic
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.15-46
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    • 2004
  • Um die rationalen Zahlen auf die reellen Zahlen zu erweitern und dadurch die Stetigkeit der reellen Zahlen sicherzustellen, hat der deutsche Mathematiker R. Dedekind im Jahr 1872 in seinem Aufsatz "Stetigkeit und Irrationale Zahlen" einen neuen mathmatischen Begriff $eingef\ddot{u}hrt,\;n\ddot{a}mlich$ 'Schnitt'. Die Menge aller rationalen Zahlen Q wird durch eine rationale Zahl a zu zwei Untermengen $A_1=\{x|x{\leq}a,\;x{\in}Q\}$, $A_2=\{x|x>a,\;x{\in}Q\}$ $vollst\ddot{a}ndig$ geteilt. Wenn wir solche Teilung, d.i. solchen Schnitt mit "$(A_1,\;A_2)$" bezeichnen, ist ein $Identit\ddot{a}tssatz$ "a=$(A_1,\;A_2)$" absolut harmlos. Analog dazu glaubt Dedekind fest, $da{\beta}$ jede irrationale Zahl mit Hilfe von einem entsprechenden Schnitt $einzuf\ddot{u}hren$ ist. Zum Beispiel, falls die zwei Mengen $B_1=\{x|x^2<2,\;x{\in}Q\}$ und $B_2=\{x|x^2>2,\;x{\in}Q\}$ gegeben sind, dann $w\ddot{a}re$ die irrationale Zahl $^{\surd}2$ mit $(B_1,\;B_2)$ gleichzusetzen. Im Fall von einem Schnitt der Menge der rationalen Zahlen durch eine rationale Zahl, $(A_1,\;A_2)$, haben die beiden Untermengen $A_1$ und $A_2$ jwewils ein Supremum und ein Infimum und beide $m\ddot{u}ssen$ identisch sein, aber -wie schon Russell in seinem Buch "Introduction to Mathmatical Philosophy" dies kritisiert- hat ein Schnitt $f\ddot{u}r$ die $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der irrationalen Zahl, $(B_1,\;B_2)$ keine solche $gl\ddot{u}cklichen$ Eigenschaften. Dennoch glaubt Dedekind an eine streng wissenschaftliche Fundierung der irrationalen Zahl fest, und $w\ddot{u}rde$ nach dem Grund seines Glaubens befragt, $k\ddot{o}nnte$ er nur seine Behauptung wiederholen, ein klarer Fall circulus vitiosus. Mit anderen Worten, die $L\ddot{u}cke$ zwischen $B_1$ und $B_2$ durch die $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ einer [einzigen] wissenschaftlich fundierten irrationalen Zahl $\ddot{u}berbr\ddot{u}ckt$ und das Ganze zu einem Kontinium gemacht werden sollte, bleibt dieses Vorhaben von Dedekind erst als eine Hoffnung und dessen Resultat kann $h\ddot{o}chstens$ nur als ein Postulat, aber keineswegs als ein methodisch einwandfreier Beweis betrachtet werden. Die Probleme, die mit dem Versuch der $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der irrationalen Zahlen mit Hilfe von Schnitt verbunden sind, sind nicht spezifisch allein im Gebient der Mathmatik, sondern betreffen immer wieder die Rechtfertigungsfrage der $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der letzten Bestandteile im bezug auf eine Systemerstellung, egal ob dies System ein Wissenschaftliches oder unsere $allt\ddot{a}gliche$ Sprachhandlung ist. $F\ddot{u}r$ all diese Rechtfertigungsfragen gilt das in der klassischen Logik $g\ddot{a}ngige$ logische Prinzip tertium non datur nicht mehr, aber nicht nur wegen der von praktischen $Unm\ddot{o}glichkeit$, die unendlichen vielen $Gegenst\ddot{a}nde$ durchforschen zu $m\ddot{u}ssen$, das $hei{\beta}t$, wegen der erkenntnistheoretischen $Beschr\ddot{a}nktheit$ des jetzigen Erkenntnisniveau, sondern auch wegen des speziellen ontologischen modus der $eizuf\ddot{u}hrenden$ Objekten. Der Autor des Aufsatzes analysiert $\ddot{a}nliche$ $F\ddot{a}lle$ (das Urmeterbeispiel und die Chrakterisierungen der geometrischen Axiome von Wittgenstein), und versucht mit Hilfe von beiden Begriffen, 'interne' und 'externe' Relation, zu zeigen, $da\beta$ eine gemeinsame, invariante Struktur in den eben genannten $F\ddot{a}llen$ besteht. Am Ende des Aufsatzes setzt der Autor sich mit der logischen Argumentationsstruktur des Zitates tiber 'Grenze' aus Noten von Leonardo da Vinci auseinander, und weist auf einen $m\ddot{o}glichen$ Zusammenhang der Grundidee seienes Aufsatzes mit der Philosophie der indischen Denker $N\bar{a}g\bar{a}rjuna$ hin, obwohl die zitierten Versen aus dem Hauptwerk von $N\bar{a}g\bar{a}rjuna$, dem Mittleren Weg$(Madhyamakak\bar{a}rik\bar{a})$ nur andeutend sein $m\ddot{o}gen$.

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A Study on Developing Web based Logistic Information System(KT-Logis) (웹 기반 통합물류정보시스템(KT-Logis) 개발에 관한 연구)

  • 오상호;김태준
    • Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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    • 2001.11b
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    • pp.125-141
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    • 2001
  • In this paper, the current problems of logistics industry in Korea and their possible solutions were discussed. With Korea Telecoms KT-Logis, the supplier and demander of logistics service would not have to invest large sum of money into their computer system. All they need is just a computer with internet connected. What KT-Logis influence on the logistics industry are the following; 1. Many logistics service supplier and demander can do the business on the web with one computer system. 2. This web based computer system does not only work on the office but also apply on the field worker such as delivery personnel or even the forwarder with mobile phone. 3. KT-Logis is an integrated system which cover the broad arrange of logistics management from truck management to customer relations management. 4. Finally, KT-Logis is web based systems which suits for current e-business and mobile environment. In future, more studies should be done to develop more progressive integrated logistics information systems with enterprise resource planning(ERP) and supply chain management(SCM).

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DISEASE DIAGNOSED AND DESCRIBED BY NIRS

  • Tsenkova, Roumiana N.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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    • 2001.06a
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    • pp.1031-1031
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    • 2001
  • The mammary gland is made up of remarkably sensitive tissue, which has the capability of producing a large volume of secretion, milk, under normal or healthy conditions. When bacteria enter the gland and establish an infection (mastitis), inflammation is initiated accompanied by an influx of white cells from the blood stream, by altered secretory function, and changes in the volume and composition of secretion. Cell numbers in milk are closely associated with inflammation and udder health. These somatic cell counts (SCC) are accepted as the international standard measurement of milk quality in dairy and for mastitis diagnosis. NIR Spectra of unhomogenized composite milk samples from 14 cows (healthy and mastitic), 7days after parturition and during the next 30 days of lactation were measured. Different multivariate analysis techniques were used to diagnose the disease at very early stage and determine how the spectral properties of milk vary with its composition and animal health. PLS model for prediction of somatic cell count (SCC) based on NIR milk spectra was made. The best accuracy of determination for the 1100-2500nm range was found using smoothed absorbance data and 10 PLS factors. The standard error of prediction for independent validation set of samples was 0.382, correlation coefficient 0.854 and the variation coefficient 7.63%. It has been found that SCC determination by NIR milk spectra was indirect and based on the related changes in milk composition. From the spectral changes, we learned that when mastitis occurred, the most significant factors that simultaneously influenced milk spectra were alteration of milk proteins and changes in ionic concentration of milk. It was consistent with the results we obtained further when applied 2DCOS. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of NIR milk spectra was done to assess the changes in milk composition, which occur when somatic cell count (SCC) levels vary. The synchronous correlation map revealed that when SCC increases, protein levels increase while water and lactose levels decrease. Results from the analysis of the asynchronous plot indicated that changes in water and fat absorptions occur before other milk components. In addition, the technique was used to assess the changes in milk during a period when SCC levels do not vary appreciably. Results indicated that milk components are in equilibrium and no appreciable change in a given component was seen with respect to another. This was found in both healthy and mastitic animals. However, milk components were found to vary with SCC content regardless of the range considered. This important finding demonstrates that 2-D correlation analysis may be used to track even subtle changes in milk composition in individual cows. To find out the right threshold for SCC when used for mastitis diagnosis at cow level, classification of milk samples was performed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and different spectral data pretreatment. Two levels of SCC - 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ and 300 000 cells/$m\ell$, respectively, were set up and compared as thresholds to discriminate between healthy and mastitic cows. The best detection accuracy was found with 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ as threshold for mastitis and smoothed absorbance data: - 98% of the milk samples in the calibration set and 87% of the samples in the independent test set were correctly classified. When the spectral information was studied it was found that the successful mastitis diagnosis was based on reviling the spectral changes related to the corresponding changes in milk composition. NIRS combined with different ways of spectral data ruining can provide faster and nondestructive alternative to current methods for mastitis diagnosis and a new inside into disease understanding at molecular level.

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Function of the Korean String Indexing System for the Subject Catalog (주제목록을 위한 한국용어열색인 시스템의 기능)

  • Yoon Kooho
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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    • v.15
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    • pp.225-266
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    • 1988
  • Various theories and techniques for the subject catalog have been developed since Charles Ammi Cutter first tried to formulate rules for the construction of subject headings in 1876. However, they do not seem to be appropriate to Korean language because the syntax and semantics of Korean language are different from those of English and other European languages. This study therefore attempts to develop a new Korean subject indexing system, namely Korean String Indexing System(KOSIS), in order to increase the use of subject catalogs. For this purpose, advantages and disadvantages between the classed subject catalog nd the alphabetical subject catalog, which are typical subject ca-alogs in libraries, are investigated, and most of remarkable subject indexing systems, in particular the PRECIS developed by the British National Bibliography, are reviewed and analysed. KOSIS is a string indexing based on purely the syntax and semantics of Korean language, even though considerable principles of PRECIS are applied to it. The outlines of KOSIS are as follows: 1) KOSIS is based on the fundamentals of natural language and an ingenious conjunction of human indexing skills and computer capabilities. 2) KOSIS is. 3 string indexing based on the 'principle of context-dependency.' A string of terms organized accoding to his principle shows remarkable affinity with certain patterns of words in ordinary discourse. From that point onward, natural language rather than classificatory terms become the basic model for indexing schemes. 3) KOSIS uses 24 role operators. One or more operators should be allocated to the index string, which is organized manually by the indexer's intellectual work, in order to establish the most explicit syntactic relationship of index terms. 4) Traditionally, a single -line entry format is used in which a subject heading or index entry is presented as a single sequence of words, consisting of the entry terms, plus, in some cases, an extra qualifying term or phrase. But KOSIS employs a two-line entry format which contains three basic positions for the production of index entries. The 'lead' serves as the user's access point, the 'display' contains those terms which are themselves context dependent on the lead, 'qualifier' sets the lead term into its wider context. 5) Each of the KOSIS entries is co-extensive with the initial subject statement prepared by the indexer, since it displays all the subject specificities. Compound terms are always presented in their natural language order. Inverted headings are not produced in KOSIS. Consequently, the precision ratio of information retrieval can be increased. 6) KOSIS uses 5 relational codes for the system of references among semantically related terms. Semantically related terms are handled by a different set of routines, leading to the production of 'See' and 'See also' references. 7) KOSIS was riginally developed for a classified catalog system which requires a subject index, that is an index -which 'trans-lates' subject index, that is, an index which 'translates' subjects expressed in natural language into the appropriate classification numbers. However, KOSIS can also be us d for a dictionary catalog system. Accordingly, KOSIS strings can be manipulated to produce either appropriate subject indexes for a classified catalog system, or acceptable subject headings for a dictionary catalog system. 8) KOSIS is able to maintain a constistency of index entries and cross references by means of a routine identification of the established index strings and reference system. For this purpose, an individual Subject Indicator Number and Reference Indicator Number is allocated to each new index strings and new index terms, respectively. can produce all the index entries, cross references, and authority cards by means of either manual or mechanical methods. Thus, detailed algorithms for the machine-production of various outputs are provided for the institutions which can use computer facilities.

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Improvement of 2-pass DInSAR-based DEM Generation Method from TanDEM-X bistatic SAR Images (TanDEM-X bistatic SAR 영상의 2-pass 위성영상레이더 차분간섭기법 기반 수치표고모델 생성 방법 개선)

  • Chae, Sung-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.36 no.5_1
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    • pp.847-860
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    • 2020
  • The 2-pass DInSAR (Differential Interferometric SAR) processing steps for DEM generation consist of the co-registration of SAR image pair, interferogram generation, phase unwrapping, calculation of DEM errors, and geocoding, etc. It requires complicated steps, and the accuracy of data processing at each step affects the performance of the finally generated DEM. In this study, we developed an improved method for enhancing the performance of the DEM generation method based on the 2-pass DInSAR technique of TanDEM-X bistatic SAR images was developed. The developed DEM generation method is a method that can significantly reduce both the DEM error in the unwrapped phase image and that may occur during geocoding step. The performance analysis of the developed algorithm was performed by comparing the vertical accuracy (Root Mean Square Error, RMSE) between the existing method and the newly proposed method using the ground control point (GCP) generated from GPS survey. The vertical accuracy of the DInSAR-based DEM generated without correction for the unwrapped phase error and geocoding error is 39.617 m. However, the vertical accuracy of the DEM generated through the proposed method is 2.346 m. It was confirmed that the DEM accuracy was improved through the proposed correction method. Through the proposed 2-pass DInSAR-based DEM generation method, the SRTM DEM error observed by DInSAR was compensated for the SRTM 30 m DEM (vertical accuracy 5.567 m) used as a reference. Through this, it was possible to finally create a DEM with improved spatial resolution of about 5 times and vertical accuracy of about 2.4 times. In addition, the spatial resolution of the DEM generated through the proposed method was matched with the SRTM 30 m DEM and the TanDEM-X 90m DEM, and the vertical accuracy was compared. As a result, it was confirmed that the vertical accuracy was improved by about 1.7 and 1.6 times, respectively, and more accurate DEM generation was possible with the proposed method. If the method derived in this study is used to continuously update the DEM for regions with frequent morphological changes, it will be possible to update the DEM effectively in a short time at low cost.

A Fluctuation of Soil Microflora in Upland Soil Treated with Metalaxyl, Carbofuran and Simazine (Metalaxyl, Carbofuran, Simazine을 처리한 밭토양에서의 미생물수의 변동)

  • Lee, Wang-Hyu;Kim, Ju-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.220-226
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    • 1998
  • The effects of metalaxyl(granule), carbofuran(granule) and simazine(water soluble powder) on the soil microflora were conducted at field soil between Iksan and Chonju province. Pesticides were divided into 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 times of normal of field, respectively. The number of fluorescent Pseudomonas was ranged from $10^3$ to $10^6/g$ in both field soil treated with cabofuran. Pseudomonas concentration of Chonju field soil slowly increased and approached the maximum level at 56 day after treatment(DAT). It showed the higher at 14DAT than other DAT in Iksan field soil treated with metalaxyl or simazine, whereas it increased again at 112 DAT in metalaxyl treatment. Cabofuran treatment of both field soil showed maximum Pseudomonas number at 28 DAT compared to that of other treatments. In Chonju field soil, those Pseudomonads of metalaxyl and simazine treatment increased the highest level at 7 DAT. Simazine treatment decreased it's number from the beginning of experiment. In both soil, metalaxyl treatment decrease the general fungi number at 7 DAT, but increase at 14 and 56 DAT in Iksan field soil. However it increased at 56 DAT in Chonju field soil. Cabofuran treatment of Iksan field soil tended to decrease general fungi number at 28 DAT, but was ranged from 1.0 to $8.6{\times}104/g$ for the rest of experimental period. It started to increase at 56 DAT simazine treatment of Iksan. General bacterial concentration both soil treated with cabofuran was belong to $26.6{\sim}29.6{\times}106$. It was the highest at 56 DAT, but was not significantly different. General actinomyces number was highly increased at 7 and 112 DAT compared to that of other DAT. Pseudomonas putida or P. fluorescens from both field soil was separated and identified 10 to 30 of all 104 Pseudomonas, respectively. All isolated microorganisms showed chemical resistance of 100ppm metalaxyl, cabofuran and simazine treatment.

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Demonstration-scale Offshore CO2 Storage Project in the Pohang Basin, Korea (포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 저장 실증연구)

  • Kwon, Yi Kyun
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.133-160
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    • 2018
  • $CO_2$ storage is a very important technology for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and has been considered as almost the only viable and effective option for immediate large-scale $CO_2$ sequestration. Small-scale demonstration project for offshore $CO_2$ storage in the Pohang Basin is the transitional stage R&D program for technological preparation of large-scale $CO_2$ storage project in Korea. Through the extensive exploration research for prospective $CO_2$ storage sites, the offshore strata in the Pohang Basin was recommended for the storage formation of the small-scale demonstration project. The Pohang Offshore Storage Project launched at 2013, and has accomplished the technical demonstration and technological independence in a wide range of $CO_2$ storage technology, such as geophysical exploration, storage site characterization, storage design, offshore platform construction, injection-well drilling and completion, deployment of injection facility, operation of $CO_2$ injection, and $CO_2$ monitoring. The project successfully carried out $CO_2$ test injection in early 2017, and achieved its final goal for technical development and demonstration of $CO_2$ storage in Korea. The realization of $CO_2$ injection in this project is the measurable result and has been recorded as the first success in Korea. The Pohang Offshore Storage Project has a future plan for the continuous operation of $CO_2$ injection and completion of $CO_2$ monitoring system. The project has provided in-house technical and practical expertises, which will be a solid foundation for the commercial-scale $CO_2$ storage business in Korea. Additionally, the project will help to secure national technical competitiveness in growing international technology market for $CO_2$ storage.

Harvest Date and Cultivar Effects on Forage Yield and Quality of Fall Sown Oat (수확시기와 품종이 추파연맥의 사초수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, G.S.;Kim, D.A.
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.339-346
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    • 1999
  • This experiment was carried out to determine harvest date and cultivar effects on the agronomic characteristics, forage yield, and quality of fall sown oat (Avena sativa L.) at the forage experimental field, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suweon from August to November 1993. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were consisted of the harvesting dates, suchas early (11 October), mid(21 October), and late(1 November), the subplots were consisted of different maturities of oat cultivars, such as 'West', 'Cayuse' and 'Magnum'. The first heading date of an early maturing culivar, West, was observed on 10 October, and the heading increased up to 30% at the late harvesting date. The average dry matter (DM) content of oat cultivars increased significantly from 12.8 to 15.9% as the growing stage progressed(p<0.01). The average dry matter percentage of West, Cayuse, and Magnum was 15.4, 13.4, and 13.5%, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content of oat cultivars decreased significantly from 20.1 to 13.3% as the harvesting date was delayed(p<0.01), and the CP contents of midseason and late maturing cultivars, Cayuse and Magnum, respectively, were significantly higher than that of an early maturing cultivar West (p<0.01). The mid harvesting date showed the highest acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents than the other harvesting dates, and an early maturing cultivar West had higher ADF and NDF contents than the midseason and late maturing cultivars, Cayuse and Magnum, respectively. The in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) of oat cultivar West decreased as the harvesting date was delayed, but that of Cayuse and Magnum decreased only by the mid harvesting date. Cayuse and Magnum showed 3~4% higher digestibility than West. The correlation coefficient between IVDMD and ADF content was -0.86. The average dry matter yield of oat cultivars increased from 2,901 to 5,901kg/ha as the harvesting date was delayed(p<0.01), but no significant difference was found among oat cultivars. The corrdelation coefficient between DM yield and gorwing degree days(GDD) was +0.86. The results of this study indicate that a delay in harvesting date would be recommendable for the increase of dry matter yield when fall-sown oat is grown. Especially, the DM yield of the midseason and late maturing cultivars, Cayuse and Magnum, respectively, can be increased without much change of forage quality although the harvesting date are delayed.

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Studies on the Yeasts for the Brewing of Soy Sauce(2) -Isolation, identification and classification of the yeasts in the soy sauce mash- (간장발효에 관여하는 효모에 관한 연구 (제2보) -간장 덧 중에 생육하는 효모에 대하여-)

  • Lee, Taik-Soo;Lee, Suk-Kun;Shin, Bo-Kyu
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.171-180
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    • 1970
  • The yeasts in the soy sauce mash were isolated and identified, and they were classified by coloring with the treatment of TTC(2, 3, 5, triphenyltetrazolium chloride) agar and counted in process of time. The results obtained were as follows: a) The number of ordinary and osmophilic yeasts in 1 ml. of the soy sauce mash showed a tendency to be increased from the mashing to the mature stages and to decrease in the aging stages: $127{\times}10^3$ immediately after mashing, $83{\times}10^3$ 1 month after, $356{\times}10^3$ 3 months after, $1250{\times}10^3$ 6 months after and $65{\times}10^3$ 2 years after mashing in the case of ordinary yeasts, and 0 after mashing, $40{\times}10^3$ 1 month after, $81{\times}10^3$ 3 months after, $358{\times}10^3$ 6 month after and $23{\times}10^3$ 2 years after mashing in the case of osmophilic yeasts. b) 50 strains of yeasts were isolated from the soy sauce mash optionally in process of fermentation period, and they were identified as 7 genera and 18 species: 10 strains of Saccharomyces rouxii, 1 strain of Saccharomyces marxianus, 3 strains of Saccharomyces rosei, 1 strain of Saccharomyces fermentati, 6 strains of Saccharomyces mellis, 1 strain of Saccharomyces acidifaciens, 1 strain of Saccharomyces pastori, 3 strains of Pichia polymorpha, 2 strains of Hansenula anomala, 1 strain of Hansenula saturnus, 2 strains of Hansenula suaveolens, 5 strains of Nadsonia fulvescens, 8 strains of Debaryomyces hasenii, 1 strain of Debaryomyces nicotianae, 1 strain of Debaryomyces kloeckeri, 2 strains of Torulopsis sake, 1 strain of Torulopsis holmii and 1 strain of Candida pelliculasa. c) Distribution of yeasts according to the fermentation period was as follows: i) Saccharomyces rouxii, Saccharomyces marxianus, Saccharoymces rosei, Pichia polymorpha, Debaryomyces hansenii, Torulopsis sake, Candida pelliculosa, Debaryomyces nicotianae, Nadsonia fulvescens, Hansenula suaveolens and Hansenula saturnus were found in the early stages of fermentation. ii) Saccharomyces rouxii, Saccharomyces rosei, Saccharomyces fermentati, Saccharomyces mellis, Saccharomyces pastori, Hansenula anomala, Saccharomyces acidifaciens and Debaryomyces hansenii appeared in the mature stages. iii) Saccharomyces rouxii, Saccharomyces mellis, Nadsonia fulvescenes, Dedaryomyces hansenii, Debaryomyces kloeckeri, Torulopsis sake and Torulopsis holmii were distributed in the aging stages. d) TTC white yeasts were found in abundance in the early stages of fermentation and TTC red yeasts appeared more than 50 per cent in the mature and aging stages. e) The yeasts belonging to Saccharomyces mellis and Saccharomyces pastori were classified as TTC red yeasts, Saccharomyces acidifaciens were reel pink, Hansenula saturnus Debaryomyces kloeckeri, and Torulopsis holmii were pink, Saccharomyces marxianus and Nadsonia fulvescens were white and the others were the same as the description in the previous report. Saccharomyces rouxii ware classified for the most part as TTC red yeasts, and while some of them were red pink. f) Species of yeasts in the soy sauce mash were similar to those in the soy sauce koji, but the latter were not osmophilic and in the former case, the osmophilic yeasts were increased in process of fermentation period.

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The Characteristics of Microbial Population Community Structure by an Addition of External Carbon Source in BNR Process for Low C/N Ratio Sewage Treatment (낮은 C/N비 하수의 외부 탄소원 주입에 따른 생물학적 질소제거에서 미생물 군집 구조특성)

  • Yoon, Cho-Hee
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.30 no.8
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    • pp.831-838
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    • 2008
  • This study investigated the characteristics of nitrogen removal and microbial community in a lab-scale A$_2$O activated sludge process filled with the fluidized media at an aerebic basin. The change of microbial community was monitored based on quinone profiles of activated sludge according to feeding sewage with/without external carbon source. Low C/N ratio(COD$_{Cr}$/T-N of 1.24) sewage was fed. The obtained results from this study were as follows; Ubiquinone(UQ) in the influent was in the descending order of UQ-8, UQ-10 and UQ-9. Menaquinone(MK) was simpler and much less than UQ. The ratio of UQ/MK was less than 0.41 and the dissimilarity was below 0.26. Without an external carbon source, MK-8 was the dominant species and there were 3 kinds of quinone species and low DQ and EQ values in an anaerobic basin. The ratio of UQ/MK increased to 2.3 in an anoxic basin. In an oxic basin, UQ-7 and UQ-8 were the dominant species. UQ-7 was dominating in suspended microorganisms, while UQ-8 was in attached microorganisms. With an external carbon source addition, MK-8 decreased but UQ-8 increased in an anaerobic basin. So did quinone species, DQ and EQ values. There was also a change in an anoxic basin with the improvement of denitrification. UQ-8 decreased instead, MK-7 and MK-8 increased. UQ/MK ratio decreased 2.3 to 1.4. It means that the dominant species change from Pseudomonas sp. to Bacillus and Micrococcus species. etc. In an oxic basin, UQ-8 replaced UQ-7 in suspended microorganisms and UQ-10 replaced UQ-8 in attached microbials. This seemed related with the growth of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobactor species.