• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.255-265
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• 1999

This study deals with forest soil characteristics and their effects on the trafficability of logging vehicles. The study area is the national experimental forest located in Kwangnung. This site has 20m length and is equally divided by 5 surveying ranges with 4m width, on which a tractor(FIATAGRI) attached with logging boogie can drive in 4 driving types, namely 1time-return unload, 1time-return with load of 780-790kg weight of 3 logs, 5 and 10times-return with same load. After one driving type on all surveying ranges, the soil hardness is surveyed 5 times with 3 several type tools, SHM-1 type, lang penetrometer(L-PNTM), and clegg impact soil tester(CIST). A disturbed degree of cover vegetation and sliding conditions of vehicle are also observed. As results, the soil type of the test site was SC by USCS and dry brown forest soil. The cover vegetation is gotten trambled under driving after 3-5 times-return, shrubs leaves are fully fallen and their bark are peeled, and after 10 times-return the cover vegetations were nearly disappeared. The test vehicle has neither slided nor was overthrown. The wheel tracks in the 1-3 ranges, of which unit weight(gd, gt) is high and soil moisture content(MC) is low, were only 1-2cm deep, but those in the 4-5 ranges, of which the gd, gt is low and the MC is high, were 5-7cm deep. In the soil hardness test, which was established in 5 test ranges by types of driving, the more driving times, the higher the hardness. The soil hardness surveyed by L-PNTM has changed slowly and that surveyed by SHM-1 type has risen sharply. In the ranges with higher specific gravity(Gs), higher unit weight, lower MC and higher liquid limit(LL) and plasticity index(PI) was the soil hardness high and the trafficability was good. In the ranges with opposite conditions, also in the ranges of the lower soil hardness, the trafficability must be not good, because the wheel track may be deep. The results from CIST attached with 4kg hammer was not better than expected. So it is recommended to use CIST with 2.5kg or 0.5kg hammer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1320-1328
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the ME value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of fish meal, and the effects of single cell protein (Prosin and Protide) replacing fish meal in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows with initial BW of $30.8{\times}2.6kg$ were allotted to one of four dietary treatments. Diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 20% of the corn in diet 1 with one of the three protein feeds (fish meal, Prosin and Protide), and the DE and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $25.6{\pm}3.2kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the protein feeds as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, one hundred and eighty piglets (initial BW of $7.95{\pm}1.59kg$) weaned at $28{\times}2d$ were blocked by weight and assigned to one of five treatments for a 28-d growth performance study, each treatment was fed to six pens with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. The five treatments consisted of the control group (CON), which was a corn-soybean meal diet containing 5% fish meal, and the other four treatments, which replaced a set amount of fish meal with either Prosin (2.5% or 5%) or Protide (2.5% or 5%). The diets were formulated to provide same nutrient levels. The results showed that on a DM basis, both of the DE and ME contents were lower in Prosin and Protide than that of fish meal (p<0.05). The SID of CP and all essential AA were greater in fish meal than in Prosin and Protide (p<0.05). The pigs fed CON diet had greater weight gain and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). The digestibility of CP was greater in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). Villus height in jejunum and ileum, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum were higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets compared with the 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets. Pigs fed CON diet had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). In conclusion, although Prosin and Protide contained lower ME content and SID of AA than fish meal, Prosin and Protide replacing 50% of fish meal in diet with identical nutrient levels could obtain similar performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.155-165
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to verify the structural correlations among trust, satisfaction, commitment, relation-continuing intention for internet fashion shopping mall. The statistical significance of questionnaire survey data for 360 customers was verified by using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 statistical programs with significance levels of the ${\alpha}=0.05$. First of all, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was also assessed to verify the reliability of the measuring tool, and the fitness of the model were also verified to investigate the fitness of this research model. Finally, structural equation model analysis was performed to verify the structural correlations among the structural correlations among trust, satisfaction, commitment, relation-continuing intention for internet fashion shopping mall. On the basis of the empirical analysis, the following key results were drawn. First, trust for internet fashion shopping mall has the positively significant effects on satisfaction. Second, trust for internet fashion shopping mall has the positively significant effects on commitment. Third, trust for internet fashion shopping mall has the positively significant effects on relation-continuing intention. Fourth, satisfaction for internet fashion shopping mall has the positively significant effects on relation-continuing intention. Fifth, commitment for internet fashion shopping mall has the positively significant effects on relation-continuing intention. Sixth, the path of trust${\rightarrow}$satisfaction${\rightarrow}$relation-continuing intention for internet fashion shopping mall has the significant indirect effects, therefore the mediation effect of satisfaction was significant. Seventh, the path of trust${\rightarrow}$commitment${\rightarrow}$relation-continuing intention for internet fashion shopping mall has the significant indirect effects, therefore the mediation effect of commitment was significant.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.126-149
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• 2020

Considering significant words that stand for the history of Paleolithic in North Korea, these can be summarized for each decade since the 1960s. The 1960s ought to be when the earliest discovery of a Paleolithic site was made by Korean hands. The 1970s might be the earliest period for textbooks being published that were geared towards increasing general understanding of the Paleolithic era in the Korean peninsula. The 1980s can be summarized as a period of reissued Paleolithic articles from a newly introduced archaeological journal. The 1990s witnessed efforts to formulate nationalistic interpretations about the Paleolithic period in Korea. The 2000s then synthesized several of these aspects of Paleolithic studies. Gulpori, the Paleolithic site that was discovered in the 1960s, holds significance not just because of the discovery itself, but because of its prompt acceptance by North Korean academic authorities. The publications that covered general understanding of Paleolithic archaeology such as Joseon Gogohag Gaeyo, Joseon-ui Guseoggisidae, and Joseonjeonsa: Wonsipyeon in the 1970s hold immense significance themselves, as they demonstrate contemporary achievements. Reintroduction of the archaeological Journal, Joseongogoyeongu in 1986, is the beacon of alleviation of conspicuous effect to the academic sector. During the 1990s, a new emphasis on nationalism influenced Paleolithic studies. In the 2000s, the formally constructed elements of Paleolithic research such as Paleolithic chronology, social evolution, lithic assemblage, Quaternary studies, and human evolution were consistently refined. Metaphorically speaking, these parts are like a polygonal structure. As is the case with a polygonal structure, these research aspects are united and work together. Each part affects the others. Although the content of each research aspect has been altered by either academic growth or sociopolitical agenda, the fundamental part of the polygonal structure is not likely to be changed. The structure is solid enough to continue to serve the purposes of North Korean Paleolithic studies. North Korean Paleolithic archaeology seems to be a juxtaposition; some parts are easily changed while others are not. In order to ascertain these, not only the academic but also the sociopolitical context should be followed.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.45-62
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• 2011

The notion of information systems (IS) continuance has recently emerged as one of the most important research issues in the field of IS. A great deal of research has been conducted thus far on the basis of theories adapted from various disciplines including consumer behaviors and social psychology, in addition to theories regarding information technology (IT) acceptance. This previous body of knowledge provides a robust research framework that can already account for the determination of IS continuance; however, this research points to other, thus-far-unelucidated determinant factors such as habit, which were not included in traditional IT acceptance frameworks, and also re-emphasizes the importance of emotion-related constructs such as satisfaction in addition to conscious intention with rational beliefs such as usefulness. Experiences should also be considered one of the most important factors determining the characteristics of information system (IS) continuance and the features distinct from those determining IS acceptance, because more experienced users may have more opportunities for IS use, which would allow them more frequent use than would be available to less experienced or non-experienced users. Interestingly, experience has dual features that may contradictorily influence IS use. On one hand, attitudes predicated on direct experience have been shown to predict behavior better than attitudes from indirect experience or without experience; as more information is available, direct experience may render IS use a more salient behavior, and may also make IS use more accessible via memory. Therefore, experience may serve to intensify the relationship between IS use and conscious intention with evaluations, On the other hand, experience may culminate in the formation of habits: greater experience may also imply more frequent performance of the behavior, which may lead to the formation of habits, Hence, like experience, users' activation of an IS may be more dependent on habit-that is, unconscious automatic use without deliberation regarding the IS-and less dependent on conscious intentions, Furthermore, experiences can provide basic information necessary for satisfaction with the use of a specific IS, thus spurring the formation of both conscious intentions and unconscious habits, Whereas IT adoption Is a one-time decision, IS continuance may be a series of users' decisions and evaluations based on satisfaction with IS use. Moreover. habits also cannot be formed without satisfaction, even when a behavior is carried out repeatedly. Thus, experiences also play a critical role in satisfaction, as satisfaction is the consequence of direct experiences of actual behaviors. In particular, emotional experiences such as enjoyment can become as influential on IS use as are utilitarian experiences such as usefulness; this is especially true in light of the modern increase in membership-based hedonic systems - including online games, web-based social network services (SNS), blogs, and portals-all of which attempt to provide users with self-fulfilling value. Therefore, in order to understand more clearly the role of experiences in IS continuance, analysis must be conducted under a research framework that includes intentions, habits, and satisfaction, as experience may not only have duration-based moderating effects on the relationship between both intention and habit and the activation of IS use, but may also have content-based positive effects on satisfaction. This is consistent with the basic assumptions regarding the determining factors in IS continuance as suggested by Oritz de Guinea and Markus: consciousness, emotion, and habit. The principal objective of this study was to explore and assess the effects of experiences in IS continuance, with special consideration given to conscious intentions and unconscious habits, as well as satisfaction. IN service of this goal, along with a review of the relevant literature regarding the effects of experiences and habit on continuous IS use, this study suggested a research model that represents the roles of experience: its moderating role in the relationships of IS continuance with both conscious intention and unconscious habit, and its antecedent role in the development of satisfaction. For the validation of this research model. Korean university student users of 'Cyworld', one of the most influential social network services in South Korea, were surveyed, and the data were analyzed via partial least square (PLS) analysis to assess the implications of this study. In result most hypotheses in our research model were statistically supported with the exception of one. Although one hypothesis was not supported, the study's findings provide us with some important implications. First the role of experience in IS continuance differs from its role in IS acceptance. Second, the use of IS was explained by the dynamic balance between habit and intention. Third, the importance of satisfaction was confirmed from the perspective of IS continuance with experience.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.8
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• pp.101-111
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• 1967

Daily doses of phenylmercuric acetate arranged in $30{\gamma}\;(group\;I)$, 3{\gamma}\;(group\;II)$ and $0.3{\gamma}\;(group\;III)$ were administered respectively to rabbits for 90 days. The chief histopathological changes in the organs and the analytical data on mercury residues in the excretion and liver were as follows. 1. Kidney: In group I, severe degrees of vacuolization and cloudy swelling were occurred in the epithelial cells of proximal convoluted tubules and severe cloudy swelling and coagulative necrosis were observed in the proximal straight tubules. There were many hyaline casts in the collecting tubules. In group II, moderate degrees of vacuolization and cloudy swelling were observed in the epithelial cells of proximal convoluted tubules and moderate cloudy swelling and coagulative necrosis were encountered in the proximal straight tubules. A little numbers of hyaline casts were located in the lumen of collecting tubules. In group III, slight degree of cloudy swelling were observed in the epithelial cells of proximal convoluted and straight tubules. 2. Liver: In group I, cloudy swelling, fatty changes and coagulative necrosis were observed in the central zone of hepatic lobules. Dissociation of hepatic cell cords was encountered. Hyperplsia of hepatic cells were remarkable in group II. No Pathological changes were observed in group III. 3. Spleen: Deposition of hemosiderin pigment was prominant in group I and small amount of the pigment was observed in group II. There were no pathological changes in group III. 4. Adrenal, colon and heart: No pathological changes were detected in all 3 groups. 5. In an average about 76.5% of mercury was excreted from group I, 85.4% from group II and 79.8% from group III. 6. Mercury content in the liver was 0.0348 g in group I, 0.00378 g and 0.00066 g in group II and group III respectively. 7. In general, as to increased mercury doses the concentration of mercury accumulation in the liver became higher, how·ever, the accumulation quantity against a total amount of mercury doses showed an adverse trend. In other word, the quantity of mercury accumulation was not increased proportionately by higher dose of mercury.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.67-88
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• 2003

The consumption of poultry meat (chicken and turkey) grew the most during the past few decades due to several contributing factors such as low price. product research and development. favorable meat characteristics, responsive to consumer needs, vertical integration and industry consolidation, new processing equipments and technology, and aggressive marketing. The major processing technologies developed and used in chicken processing include forming/restructuring, tumbling, curing, smoking, massaging, injection, marination, emulsifying, breading, battering, shredding, dicing, and individual quick freezing. These processing technologies were applied to various parts of chicken including whole carcass. Product developments using breast, thigh, and mechanically separated chicken meat greatly increased the utilization of poultry meat. Chicken breast became the symbol of healthy food, which made chicken meat as the most frequent menu items in restaurants. However, the use of and product development for dark meat, which includes thigh, drum, and chicken wings were rather limited due to comparatively high fat content in dark meat. Majority of chicken are currently sold as further processed ready-to-cook or ready-to-eat forms. Major quality issues in chicken meat include pink color problems in uncured cooked breast, lipid oxidation and off-flavor, tenderness PSE breast, and food safety. Research and development to ensure the safety and quality of raw and cooked chicken meat using new processing technologies will be the major issues in the future as they are now. Especially, the application of irradiation in raw and cooked chicken meat products will be increased dramatically within next 5 years. The market share of ready-to-eat cooked meat products will be increased. More portion controlled finished products, dark meat products, and organic and ethnic products with various packaging approaches will also be introduced.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.145-160
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• 1979

The effects of organic material application on soil physical properties were reviewed in relation to soil productivity. The organic matter contents and soil physical properties of the cultivated land in Korea were summarized and the effects of organic matter were compared in terms of land uses and soil types. Soil physical properties related to crop yield potential, such as soil aggregation, permeability, water holding capacity, erodibility, and compactibility, were used in evaluating the effects of organic materials as a soil physical amendment. The benefical effects of organic matter addition on soil physical conditions include (1) better aeration and increased infiltration in silty and clayey soils, (2) increased water holding capacity and moisture availability in sandy soils, (3) decreased soil erodibility, and (4) increased resistance to compaction. It is, therefore, concluded that continuous application of organic materials could greatly improve the various soil physical properties and favor the growth and yield of crops. A high rate of organic matter addition could contribute to reducing not only the soil erosion on sloping land, but also the possible detrimental effect of farm mechanization. In general, the effects of organic matter on soil physical improvement were estimated to be much higher in upland than in paddy. Organic matter would have a more pronounced effect on low productive lands such as heavy clayey or sandy soils and newly reclaimed soil. The optimum level of soil organic matter content was estimated to be about 3.0 to 3.5% for the best soil physical condition. Since the organic matter contents of the cultivated lands in Korea are much lower than optimum level, it would be desiable to use more organic materials to soil for the increase of soil productivity, continuation of stabilized high productivity and soil erosion control.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.225-236
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the Cyber Home Learning contents of Earth science area in the basic course of the $10^{th}$ grade. For this purpose, we applied the 'Cyber Home Study Content Quality Control Tool' presented in Elementary Secondary Education e-Learning Quality Management Guidelines (Ver.2.0)' of Korea Education & Research Information Service(2008). The results of Cyber home learning contents analysis are as follow: First, it was presented that the study guide introduced the contents which should be studied for one class, properly. And it was not analyzed that the diagnosis assesment was not completed in the initiative study; Second, it was possible to study choosing the contents fitting the learner's level of learning in the main study, it was comprised of about 10 minutes. Third, it was performed without feedback for incorrect answers in the learning assessment, just the number of wrong questions. And the learning arrangement present the important contents learned in that class, summarizing and arranging again. The results of evaluating the contents in Cyber Home Learning are as follows: First, in evaluation section of instructional design, many text materials which were so difficult for learners to read were explained, being provided. Besides, the systematic structures leaves much to be desired, in view of learners' learning experience, contents, and environment. And in evaluation section of learning contents, the error of contents caused the learning contents not to appear, the amount of learning in each section was found too much. Second, in evaluation section of the strategy for Teaching and Learning, when we mention the strategy of Self Directed Learning, the environment to make learners search for information free and self-study possible was not possessed well. And in evaluation section of interaction, it was found that a simple click caused the learning to go on. Third, in evaluation section of evaluating, it was evaluated that there was wanting in consistency in learning aims, contents, evaluation contents.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1 s.110
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• pp.45-53
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• 2005

The environmental change of Yong-nup in Mt. Dae-Am, which is located at the northern part of Kangwon-Do, Korea, was assesed with peat sedimentary carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. The surface layer of the peat (0 ${\sim}$ 5 cm) was 190 year BP, and the middle layers (30 ${\sim}$ 35 cm and 50 ${\sim}$ 55 cm) were 870 year BP and 1900 year BP, respectively. Bulk sedimentation rate was estimated to be about 0.4 mm $year^{-1}$ for 0 cm to 30 cm and 0.15 mm $year^{-1}$ for 35 cm to 50 cm. The $^{14}C$ age of the bottom sediment (75 ${\sim}$ 80 cm) collected and measured in this study was about 1900 year BP, although it was measured that the $^{14}C$ of the lowest bottom sediment in Yong-nup was 4105 ${\pm}$ 175 year BP (GX-23200). Since the $^{14}C$ ages for 50 ${\sim}$ 55 cm and 75 ${\sim}$ 80 cm layers were almost the same as 1890 ${\pm}$ 80 fear BP (NUTA 5364) and 1850 ${\pm}$ 90 year BP (NUTA 5462), respectively, we have estimated that the deep layers (55 ${\sim}$ 80 cm) in the high moor were the original forest soil. The low organic C and N contents in the deeper layers supported the inference. The sediment of 50 ${\sim}$ 55 cm layer contains much sandy material and showed very low organic content, suggesting the erosion (flooding) from the surrounding area. In this context, the Yong-nup, high moor, of Mt. Dae-Am, might have developed to the sampling site at about 1900 year BP. The ${\delta}^{13}C$ values of organic carbon and the ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of total nitrogen in the peat sediments fluctuated with the depths. The profile of ${\delta}^{13}C$ may indicate that the Yong-nup of Mt. Dae-Am have experienced the dry-wet and cool-warm period cycles during the development of the high moor. The ${\delta}^{15}N$ may indicate that the nitrogen cycling in the Yong-nup have changed from the closed (regeneration depending) system to the open (rain $NO_3\;^-$ and $N_2$ fixation depending) system during the development of the high moor.