• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.25-53
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• 2013

This study analyzes the effect of Computer Aided Innovation (CAI) to improve R&D Capabilities empirically. Survey was distributed by e-mail and Google Docs, targeting CTO of 235 SMEs. 142 surveys were returned back (rate of return 60.4%) from companies. Survey results from 119 companies (83.8%) which are effective samples except no-response, insincere response, estimated value, etc. were used for statistics analysis. Companies with less than 50billion KRW sales of entire researched companies occupy 76.5% in terms of sample traits. Companies with less than 300 employees occupy 83.2%. In terms of the type of company business Partners (called 'partners with big companies' hereunder) who work with big companies for business occupy 68.1%. SMEs based on their own business (called 'independent small companies') appear to occupy 31.9%. The present status of holding IT system according to traits of company business was classified into partners with big companies versus independent SMEs. The present status of ERP is 18.5% to 34.5%. QMS is 11.8% to 9.2%. And PLM (Product Life-cycle Management) is 6.7% to 2.5%. The holding of 3D CAD is 47.1% to 21%. IT system-holding and its application of independent SMEs seemed very vulnerable, compared with partner companies of big companies. This study is comprised of IT infra and IT Utilization as CAI capacity factors which are independent variables. factors of R&D capabilities which are independent variables are organization capability, process capability, HR capability, technology-accumulating capability, and internal/external collaboration capability. The highest average value of variables was 4.24 in organization capability 2. The lowest average value was 3.01 in IT infra which makes users access to data and information in other areas and use them with ease when required during new product development. It seems that the inferior environment of IT infra of general SMEs is reflected in CAI itself. In order to review the validity used to measure variables, Factors have been analyzed. 7 factors which have over 1.0 pure value of their dependent and independent variables were extracted. These factors appear to explain 71.167% in total of total variances. From the result of factor analysis about measurable variables in this study, reliability of each item was checked by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. All measurable factors at least over 0.611 seemed to acquire reliability. Next, correlation has been done to explain certain phenomenon by correlation analysis between variables. As R&D capabilities factors which are arranged as dependent variables, organization capability, process capability, HR capability, technology-accumulating capability, and internal/external collaboration capability turned out that they acquire significant correlation at 99% reliability level in all variables of IT infra and IT Utilization which are independent variables. In addition, correlation coefficient between each factor is less than 0.8, which proves that the validity of this study judgement has been acquired. The pair with the highest coefficient had 0.628 for IT utilization and technology-accumulating capability. Regression model which can estimate independent variables was used in this study under the hypothesis that there is linear relation between independent variables and dependent variables so as to identify CAI capability's impact factors on R&D. The total explanations of IT infra among CAI capability for independent variables such as organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability are 10.3%, 7%, 11.9%, 30.9%, and 10.5% respectively. IT Utilization exposes comprehensively low explanatory capability with 12.4%, 5.9%, 11.1%, 38.9%, and 13.4% for organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability respectively. However, both factors of independent variables expose very high explanatory capability relatively for technology-accumulating capability among independent variable. Regression formula which is comprised of independent variables and dependent variables are all significant (P<0.005). The suitability of regression model seems high. When the results of test for dependent variables and independent variables are estimated, the hypothesis of 10 different factors appeared all significant in regression analysis model coefficient (P<0.01) which is estimated to affect in the hypothesis. As a result of liner regression analysis between two independent variables drawn by influence factor analysis for R&D capability and R&D capability. IT infra and IT Utilization which are CAI capability factors has positive correlation to organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability with inside and outside which are dependent variables, R&D capability factors. It was identified as a significant factor which affects R&D capability. However, considering adjustable variables, a big gap is found, compared to entire company. First of all, in case of partner companies with big companies, in IT infra as CAI capability, organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, and technology capability out of R&D capacities seems to have positive correlation. However, collaboration capability appeared insignificance. IT utilization which is a CAI capability factor seemed to have positive relation to organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, and internal/external collaboration capability just as those of entire companies. Next, by analyzing independent types of SMEs as an adjustable variable, very different results were found from those of entire companies or partner companies with big companies. First of all, all factors in IT infra except technology-accumulating capability were rejected. IT utilization was rejected except technology-accumulating capability and collaboration capability. Comprehending the above adjustable variables, the following results were drawn in this study. First, in case of big companies or partner companies with big companies, IT infra and IT utilization affect improving R&D Capabilities positively. It was because most of big companies encourage innovation by using IT utilization and IT infra building over certain level to their partner companies. Second, in all companies, IT infra and IT utilization as CAI capability affect improving technology-accumulating capability positively at least as R&D capability factor. The most of factor explanation is low at around 10%. However, technology-accumulating capability is rather high around 25.6% to 38.4%. It was found that CAI capability contributes to technology-accumulating capability highly. Companies shouldn't consider IT infra and IT utilization as a simple product developing tool in R&D section. However, they have to consider to use them as a management innovating strategy tool which proceeds entire-company management innovation centered in new product development. Not only the improvement of technology-accumulating capability in department of R&D. Centered in new product development, it has to be used as original management innovative strategy which proceeds entire company management innovation. It suggests that it can be a method to improve technology-accumulating capability in R&D section and Dynamic capability to acquire sustainable competitive advantage.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.25-51
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• 2011

R&D 지출은 지속적이어야 하며, 일시적으로 감소할 경우 이후 상당한 조정비용을 부담하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 기업이 재정적으로 어려움에 처한 경우 R&D 조정비용을 회피하기 위해서 기업이 보유한 현금성 자산을 이용하여 R&D 자금을 조달하는지를 분석하였다. 기업의 재정상태를 알아보기 위해 선행연구에서 이용한 기업 연수 뿐 아니라 기업 규모, Altman Z-score 및 K-Score에 따라 기업의 재정상태를 구분하였고, Brown and Petersen(2010)의 동적 R&D모형을 이용하여 실증 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 재정적으로 어려움에 처한 기업을 분석한 모든 결과에서 R&D지출과 기업이 보유한 현금성 자산과 유의한 음(-)의 관계가 도출되었다. 즉, 중소기업, 부도확률이 중간이상인 기업, 기업 연수가 짧은 기업일수록 그렇지 않은 기업에 비해 지속적인 R&D지출을 위해 기업이 보유한 현금성 자산을 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. Altman의 Z-Score와 K-Score를 사용하여 분류한 결과는 새로운 시사점을 제공하고 있었는데, 부도확률이 매우 높은 기업들은 R&D 지출을 유지하고 있지 못하지만, 다만 판단유보 상태에 있는 중간 기업들이 재정적인 어려움에 처했을 때에도 막대한 R&D 조정비용을 예방하기 위하여 현금성 자산으로 재원을 조달하고 있었다. 이러한 결과는 본 논문에서 설정한 가설과 일치되는 것으로 재정적으로 어려움에 처한 기업은 현금성 자산을 이용해 R&D 자금을 조달하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.113-126
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• 1994

This study was designed and undertaken to find out the influence of aerobic dancing on women's body image and self-concept, and to determine that body image is directly related to their self-concept. The data were collected from August 1st to September 30th, 1993. The subjects in this study were 150 women registered at aerobic center in Taejon city over for 4weeks(aerobic dancing group) and 132 women who visited at 3 beauty shop located in Taejon city and did not participate in any sports program over for 4 weeks (genernal group). Data were analysed for mean, $X^2-test$, T-test, ANOVA and Pearson-correlation coefficients using the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Hypothesis I : 'There will be a difference in body image between aerobic dancing group and general group', was rejected (t=1.46, p>0.05) 2. Hypothesis II : 'There will be a difference in self-concept between aerobic dancing group and general group', was supported (t=2.38, p<0.05) . 3. Hypothesis III : 'The more positive body image will be, the higher self-concept will be', was supported(r=0.3393, p<0.01). 4. In the relationships between the body image and the general characteristics of the subjects, occupation(aerobic dancing group and total group), religion(general group), and marriage status(total group) were statistically significant results. 5. In the ralationships between the self-concept and the general characteristics of the subjects, the relationship between evaluational self-concept and occupation was statistically significant result in the total group, between the cognitive self-concept and occupation was in the general group and total group, and between evaluational self-concept and education was in the aerobic dancing group.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.372-383
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• 2017

본 논문은 Holland 6각형 모형에서 내 외재적 직업가치를 가늠하는 축이 탐구형 진취형(IE)임을 검증하기 위해 직업카드분류150 검사에 참여한 19명 연구대상자의 Holland 6각형 모형과 내 외재적 직업가치를 분석하여 검증하였다. 분석 결과 첫째, 탐구형 진취형(IE) 축을 중심으로 Holland 6각형 모형이 예술형(A), 사회형(S) 쪽으로 치우쳐 있는 연구 집단은 내재적 직업가치를 나타내어 가설을 지지하였다. 둘째, 탐구형 진취형(IE) 축을 중심으로 6각형 모형이 현실형(R), 관습형(C) 쪽으로 치우쳐 있는 집단은 외재적 직업가치를 추구할 것이라고 한 가설은 기각되었다. 이는 유교문화권에서 정신문화적 가치를 추구하는 한국 특유의 문화적 맥락이 작용한 결과이며, Holland 6각형 모형이 정확하게 탐구형 진취형(IE) 축의 왼쪽에 분포되지 않은 면도 있다. 셋째, 양가적 직업가치의 집단은 탐구형 진취형(IE)축을 기준으로 Holland 6각형이 예술형(A), 사회형(S), 현실형(R), 관습형(C) 등에 걸쳐 나타낸다는 일부 가설을 지지하였다. 본 논문은 일부 가설이 기각되었음에도 불구하고 Holland 6각형 모형 중 탐구형 진취형(IE) 축이 가치를 구별하는 잣대라는 것을 처음 제시한 연구로서 Holland 6각형 모형이 직업선택 뿐만 아니라 직업가치를 예언할 수 있음을 제시하여 Holland 이론의 저변 확대를 꾀하였고, 직업학의 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 의의가 있다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.5-35
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• 1998

This study attempted to determine the relation between the maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers, and how it changed over time. A descriptive, longitudinal and comparative study design was conducted to collect and analyzed the data at three times(at 3-4days, at 4-6wks and at 3-month postpartum) regarding the change of maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers. The subjects were 133 first-time mothers who delivered vaginally at K university hospital in Deagu, Korea from Dec., 1994 to Oct., 1995. Among these 58 were employed and 75 were nonemployed first-time mothers. This instruments used to data collection in this study were by Hobbs(1968 : The Difficulty Index for First-time Parents), Staffensmeier(1982: Transition Difficulty Measure), Tayer(1976: Emotional Support from Husband), Lee, Hae Kyoung(1992 : Physical Support from Husband). The analysis of data was done with SAS/PC program which included percentage, $x^2$-test, Pearson correlation, Repeated Measure ANOVA, Time Contrast Analysis and t-test. The results were as follows : 1. There was a significant negative correlation only at 3-4days(r=-.19, P=.0265) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.18, P=.0392) between maternal role strain and husband's support of the first-time mothers. Thus, the more support from husband, the less maternal role strains the first-time mothers felt. Therefore, the 1st hypothesis that "the more husband's support the first-time mother felt at all the time of testing, the less maternal role strains they got" was partially supported at 3-days and 4-6 weeks postpartum. There was no correlation between maternal role strain and t husband's support of the employed first-time mothers at al testing times(at 3-4days postpartum : r=-.95, P=.9548, at 4-6wks postpartum : r=-.0960, P=.4733 and at 3-month postpartum : r=-.05, P=7306). On the contrary, the unemployed first-time mothers felt less maternal role strain when they received more support from their husband at 3-4 days postpartum(r=-.31, P=.0073) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.23, P=.0490). 2. There was no difference of maternal role strain between two groups with regards to employment status(F=.97, P=.3270). But the maternal role strains of two groups were changed differently each other over time(F=3.89, P=.00234). Therefore, the 2nd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the maternal role strains with regard to employment status and over time" was rejected. 3. There was no difference in husband's support between the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers(F=3.06, P=.0826). But there was a significant interaction between employment status and over time(F=3.64, P=.0267), so the support from husband of the employed and the unemployed first-time mothers was changed differently each other over time. The support from husband of the employed first-time mothers was lowered significantly and continuously at 4-6wks (F=5.20, P=.0263) and at 3-month postpartum(F=6.47, P=.0137) than at 3-4 days postpartum. On the contrary, there was no difference in change of husband's support of the employed first-time mothers between the 3-4 days and the 4-6wks postpartum(F=1.70, P=.1962) and between the 3-4 days and the 3-month postpartum(F=.21, P=.6513). Mean husband's support of the nonemployed first-time mothers was raised at 4-6wks postpartum than at 3-4 days postpartum but lowed at 3-month postpartum. The support form husband of both groups was tending downwards at 3-month postpartum than at 4-6wks postpartum, but the one between two groups was changed differently each other over time. The husband's support of the employed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=64. 26${\pm}$8.63) was higher than the one of the nonemployed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=59.16${\pm}$11.11) (t=-2.98, P=.0035), so the 3rd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the husband's support with regard to employment status and over time" was supported. On the basis of these conclusions, the following suggestion is proposed. This study examined the change and relationship between maternal role strain and husband's support in the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers. So the further study regarding the comparison between the employed and the nonemployed multiparas is necessary.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.179-196
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• 2015

본 연구는 경영자의 회계성과에 근거한 보상의 크기에 따른 유형자산 및 연구개발 투자와 이익조정 사이의 관계에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구해 보고자 한다. 구체적인 연구 목적은 투자(유형자산 및 연구개발 투자)와 이익조정 사이의 관계에 회계성과에 근거하여 지급되는 경영자 보상의 크기가 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 나아가 기업 특성별(첨단산업, 경영자보유지분율, 부채비율)에 따른 투자와 이익조정 사이의 관계에 회계성과에 근거한 경영자 보상의 크기가 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 있다. 본 연구의 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기업 특성별로 연구개발 투자와 이익조정 사이의 관계에 경영자 보상이 미치는 영향이 강화되는지를 분석한 결과 첨단산업 소속여부의 경우에는 연구개발 투자와 이익조정 사이의 관계에 경영자 보상이 미치는 영향이 강화되지 않는 것으로 나타났으나, 경영자 보유 지분율, 부채비율의 경우 연구개발투자와 이익조조정 사이의 관계에 경영자 보상의 영향이 더욱 강력해지는 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 기업 특성별로 유형자산 투자와 이익조정 사이의 관계에 경영자 보상이 미치는 영향이 강화되는지를 분석한 결과 유형자산 투자와 이익조정 사이의 관계에 경영자 보상이 미치는 영향이 첨단산업 소속여부에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 경영자 보유지분율과 부채비율이 높을 경우 유형자산 투자와 이익조정 사이의 관계에 경영자 보상의 영향이 더욱 강력해지는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구를 통해 산출된 분석결과는 연구개발 및 유형자산 투자를 해야 하는 기업들에 대해 우리나라 실정에 맞는 경영자 보상 설계가 필요하다는 점에서 이론적 혹은 실무적으로 다양한 함의를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2000

The interactions between methylated $\beta$-cyclodextrin (CD) and hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble associative polymers (HASE) were examined by a rheological technique. The effect of "capping" of hydrophobes by methylated $\beta$-cyclodextrin on the viscosity and modulus was evaluated. Model HASE polymers with $C_1$to $C_{20}$ alkyl hydrophobic groups ethoxylated with~10 moles of ethylene-oxide (EO 10) and at concentrations up to 3 wt% were examined. With the addition of methylated $\beta$-CD, the steady shear viscosity profiles shift from a Newtonian profile to one that display a shear-thinning characteristic. Significant "capping" of the hydrophobes occurs for HASE polymers with $C_{l2}$, $C_{16}$ and $C_{20}$ hydrophobes as reflected by the large reduction in the viscosity. However, the steady shear viscosity remains constant when the concentration of $\beta$-CD exceeds 1 wt%, suggesting that $\beta$-CD is not able to fully encapsulate the hydrophobes of the HASE polymer. The temperature variation plots indicate that the activation energy of the HASE-EO10-$C_{20}$ system and $\beta$-CD is dependent on the magnitude of the applied shear stress. These results further reinforce the hypothesis that $\beta$-CD is not able to completely remove all the hydrophobic associations.phobic associations.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.624-632
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• 2006

기존에 사용하고 있는 할로겐 광중합기는 여러 가지 장점에도 불구하고 중합시간이 오래 걸린다는 문제 때문에 시술시간이 길어지는 단점이 있는데, 최근에 개발된 플라즈마 광중합기는 매우 짧은 시간에 중합시킬 수 있다고 제조회사는 주장하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 임상에서 흔히 상용하고 있는 복합 레진을 광중합 할 때, 할로겐 광중합으로 얻을 수 있는 플라즈마 광중합기의 적절한 중합시간을 알아보고자 한다. 2mm 두께의 레진 샘플을 만들어 광중합 하고 24 시간 후 상, 하면의 미세경도를 측정하였다. point $4^{(R)}$에서는 플라즈마 광중합기로 6초간 중합했을 때 할로겐과 유사한 경도를 얻었지만, $Z250^{(R)}$에서는 $Flipo^{(R)}$만 9초간 중합시 할로겐과 유사한 광중합을 나타냈다. 이번 연구에서 사용한 플라즈마 광중합기는 적어도 6초 혹은 9초정도 광중합 했을 때 할로겐과 유사한 중합을 얻을 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was designed to figure out the necessity of continuing basic CPR education for the higher grade students of elementary school. The assessment contents were knowledge, practice ability, precision level of CPR skills and continuation of the educational efficiency. Methods : Twenty two students of 4th and 5th grade of elementary school in K city in Chungcheongnam-do were recruited for this study. The study method was a control group of non-synchronized design. A preliminary study was done on October 27 in 2006. The main study was performed from February 14 to May 11 in 2007. The researcher adopted the method of Kyung-hui, Kang (1998) such as awareness, attitude and knowledge in control group, emergency medical technician test protocol, Anne/SkillReporter$^{(R)}$ in case of the basic CPR knowledge. Four times of measures were done in shortly after practicing CPR, 4 weeks after the education, 8 weeks after the education, and 12 weeks after the education. By using SPSS/PC+ (version 12.0), the researcher analyzed the collected data based on frequency, percentage, repeated measurement, ANOVA (analysis of variance), and sidak (multiple comparison - sidak). Results : 1) The confidence of people in the control group in terms of practicing CPR showed a statistically meaningful difference (t = 10.230, p = .000) before/after CPR education. Therefore, hypothesis No.1-1 was accepted. 2) The educational necessity of people in the control group showed no statistically meaningful difference (t = -1.695, p = 0.105) before/after CPR education. Therefore, hypothesis No.1-2 was rejected. 3) The knowledge points of people in the control group showed a statistically meaningful difference (t = -7.731, p = .000) before/after CPR education. Therefore, hypothesis No.2 was accepted. 4) The confidence of people in the control group in terms of practicing CRP showed no meaningful difference (F = 2.789, p = 0.072) as time passed. Therefore, hypothesis No.3 was rejected. 5) The knowledge of people in the control group showed a meaningful difference (F = 9.090, p = .000) as time passed. Therefore, hypothesis No.4 was accepted. 6) The capability of people in the control group in terms of practicing CPR showed a statistically meaningful difference (F = 42.795, p = .000) as time passed. Therefore, hypothesis No.5 was accepted. 7) The precision level of CPR skill of people in the control group showed a statistically meaningful difference (F = 25.198, p = .000) as time passed. Therefore, hypothesis No.6-1 was accepted. 8) The precision level of chest compression skill of people in the control group showed a statistically meaningful difference (F = 5.188, p = .003). Therefore, hypothesis No.6-2 was accepted. Conclusion : In a nutshell, CPR education for the 4th and 5th graders of elementary schools had an influence on their confidence in practicing CPR and on their knowledge. This study showed that as time passed. the educational effect declined in terms of knowledge point, capability of practicing CPR, and the precision level of CRP skill. The results of the study could be postulated into the fact that re-education within 8 weeks after the first education was essential to retaining the educational effect. Therefore, we need to vitalize the CPR education for elementary school students repeatedly on a regular basis in order to continue the educational effect after they were grown-ups and to make them play their roles as a first aider.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제5권10호
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• pp.1814-1829
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• 2011

In this paper, we present a model-based video bit rate estimation scheme for reducing the bit rate while maintaining a given target quality in many video streaming services limited by network bandwidth, such as IPTV services. Each item of video content can be stored on a video streaming server and delivered with the estimated bit rate using the proposed scheme, which consists of the following two steps: 1) In the first step, the complexity of each intra-frame in a given item of video content is computed as a frame feature to extract a group of candidate frames with a lot of bits. 2) In the second step, the bit rate of the video content is determined by applying statistical analysis and hypothesis testing to that group. The experimental results show that our scheme can reduce the bit rate by up to 78% with negligible degradation of subjective quality, especially with the low-complexity videos commonly used in IPTV services.