• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.183-189
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• 2008

In this study, tests were conducted to investigate the effects of three dietary growth hormones, administered in various amounts, on the growth performance and lysozyme activity in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Three dietary growth hormones, recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH), recombinant bovine somatotropin A (rBST A) and recombinant bovine somatotropin B (rBST B) were tested at three different supplemental levels (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight per week) by a $3{\times}3$ factorial design and a complete randomized design in comparison to a control group. Fish were fed one of the ten experimental diets (control, $rHGH_{10}$, $rHGH_{20}$, $rHGH_{40}$, rBST $A_{10}$, rBST $A_{20}$, rBST $A_{40}$, rBST $B_{10}$, rBST $B_{20}$ and rBST $B_{40}$) for 6 weeks and afterward were analyzed for growth performance by measuring weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Based on the factorial design analysis, fish fed rHGH diets demonstrated significantly higher growth performance than fish fed rBST A or rBST B diets. However there were no significant differences in WG, FE, SGR and PER between fish fed rBST A and rBST B diets. Neither hormone level nor the interaction between the different hormones and their various levels had a significant effect on WG, FE, SGR, PER, lysozyme activity or whole-body proximate composition. A complete randomized design analysis confirmed fish fed $rHGH_{10}$, $rHGH_{20}$, $rHGH_{40}$, rBST $A_{10}$, rBST $A_{20}$, rBST $A_{40}$, rBST $B_{20}$ and rBST $B_{40}$ diets for 6 weeks showed higher WG than fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). A higher FE was observed in fish fed $rHGH_{10}$, $rHGH_{20}$, $rHGH_{40}$, rBST $A_{20}$ and rBST $A_{40}$ diets in comparison to fish fed the control diet. Fish fed all graded rHGH, rBST A and rBST B supplemented diets showed a higher SGR than fish fed the control diet. Regarding PER, fish fed $rHGH_{10}$, $rHGH_{20}$, $rHGH_{40}$, rBST $A_{10}$, rBST $A_{20}$, rBST $A_{40}$ and rBST $B_{20}$ diets were higher than fish fed the control diet. Furthermore, the lysozyme activity of fish fed a diet of $rHGH_{20}$ was significantly higher than that of fish fed any other diet. The results measuring the growth and development of the fish clearly suggest the biopotency of dietary rHGH could be higher than those of both dietary rBST A and rBST B. Further implied is the probability that within the range of 10 to 40 mg/kg BW/week the dietary growth hormones could accelerate growth performance, and that 20 mg rHGH/kg BW/week could possibly enhance lysozyme activity in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of extrusion pressure and particle size of feed ingredients on the growth performance and plasma hormone activity in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Experimental diets were prepared with extrusion pressure manipulated by screw speed [low pressure (LP), 885 rpm/min; high pressure (HP), 708 rpm/min] and different dietary particle sizes [specific surface area: small (SS), $169.9m^2/kg$; large (LS), $67.4m^2/kg$] in a two-level factorial design. Four experimental diets (LP+SS, LP+LS, HP+SS, and HP+LS) were randomly assigned to 12 tanks (3 replicates) stocked with 20 fish (initial weight, 57 g) per tank. After a 4-week feeding trial, the observable trends of the main effects of extrusion pressure and particle size on growth performance showed that LP and SS enhanced fish weight gain. The plasma insulin-like growth factor-I level was significantly higher in fish fed the LP+SS diet than in fish fed the HP+SS diet. These results indicate that manipulation of the physical qualities of feed through adjustment of extrusion pressure and feed ingredient particle size may influence the growth performance of juvenile olive flounder, which should be considered in feed manufacture.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 2004

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus(BmNPV) ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase gene (egt) promoter fragments of different lengths were amplified from BmNPV ZJ-8 genomic DNA by PCR. Reporter plasmids pBmegt542-luc, pBmegt309-luc and pBmegtl59-luc with luciferase (lue) driven by egt promoters were constructed. Both in vitro and in vivo expressions showed that BmNPV egt promoter activity requires the transactivation of viral factor(s), and expression of luc was detected earliest at 24 hrs post infection (pi). BmNPV ZJ-8 homologous region 3 (hr3) increased the expression of luc by over 1,600-fold. Molting hormone of 1.0 - 2.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ can dramatically down regulate expression of luc. Juvenile hormone analogue of 0.5-2.0 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$ increased expression of luc by 145.8% to 75.7%. Deletion assay revealed that the promoter fragment of 159 bp contains the basal promoter structure; Promoter fragments of 309 bp and 542 bp showed similar but much higher transcriptional activities than that of 159 bp, suggesting that nucleotide from -159 to -309 nt upstream the translation initiation site harbors the main cis-acting elements.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-41
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• 1973

Ultrastructural changes in the cells of the corpora allata of the pine moth, Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler, were studied by electron microscope to know the structural correlates of hormone production by the gland during the larval-pupal-adult transformations. Mitochondria are in active phases from the overwintered to the last instar larvae and from the pupae just after pupation to the 20-day old pupae, while they are in inactive phases from the making cocoon stage to the prepupae just before pupation. The peripheral allatum cells have electron dense granules in the intracellular vacuoles of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the larval life, particularly in the overwintered larvae and in the early adults but the swollen smooth-surfaced intracytoplasmic vacuoles made by expansion of an end of the tubular rough endoplasmic reticulum, some of which contain fibrous proteins, are observed in addition to the vacuoles in the intercellular spaces in which the vacuoles grow by fusing each other from the mature larvae to the prepupae, both of them disappearing during just before pupation. After pupation the cytolasmic vacuoles develop again in the allatum cells so that they seem to begin the secretory activity. The fact that the neurosecretory granules stored within the axons terminated in the corpus allatum are visible only from the 20-day old pupa about two days before abult emergence to the 5-day old adult means that the secretion from the allatum cells is under the control of the brain from the late pupal stage, while the secretion during from the larval to the early pupal life has no relation with the brain, because such granules are not observed within the axons. It is, therefore, suggested that at least two kinds of hormone are released with the ages as far as concerned with the production and secretion mechanisms of the allatum hormone: juvenile hormone is released until the last instar larvae without any direct stimlation of the brain and gonadotropic hormone is secreted from the late pupa to the adult by getting brain's stimulation and that the secretory phases observed from the mature larvae to prepupae are presumably concerned with the biosynthesis of protein owing to the ecdysone and those from the early pupal stage in uncontrolled condition of the brain with the prothoracotropic activity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.123-126
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• 2002

Pollutants that are persistent, bioaccurnulative, and toxic have been linked to numerous adverse effects in human and animals, PBTs include heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in addition to pesticides. This study focuses on toxic effects of the PBTs except pesticides on insects. Eight PBTs were selected from subgroups: three heavy metals (Pb, Hg, and Cd), two PCB mixtures (Aroclor mixtures 1 and 2), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, two monophenols (4-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol), and tetrabutyltin, Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, was used as test target insect species. Three physiological markers (metamorphosis, immune reaction, and follicle patency) were assessed in each exposure to different doses of the PCBs. Heat-shock proteins as molecular markers were also analyzed in response to the PCBs. All tested PBTs were toxic to metamorphosis from larvae to pupae when they were applied with diet. Two PCB mixtures were the most toxic compounds in this assay by giving significant toxicity at 0.005 ppm, while others had from 10 to 1000 ppm. Dioxin (0.1 ppb), tetrabutyltin (0.1 ppb), Pb (10 ppb), and Hg (0,01 ppb) were potent to inhibit immune reactions analyzed by inducing phenoloxidase activity and blocked phospholipase $A_2$ enzyme, Tetrabutyltin and dioxin significantly induced follicle cell patency, but their effects were lower than that of endogenous juvenile hormone, Dioxin, Pb, Hg, and Cd could induce the expression of heat shock proteins that were detected by immunoblotting against human HSP70 monoclonal antibody. HSP78 and HSP80 were upregulated in response to the PBTs. This expression was detected from the fat body and epidermis at as fast as 4h after injection. All these results clearly suggest that PBTs give significant ecotoxicity to insects that are valuable organisms in our environment.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2007

Precocious metamorphosis was induced in two popular bivoltine breeds i.e. YB and $NB_4D_2$ by an imidazole compound having anti-juvenile hormone activity. The chemical was administered by feeding treatment with mulberry leaf to freshly moulted (0-6 hrs) IV instar larvae. The dose of the chemical was found to be breed specific being 650 ppm for YB and 500 ppm for $NB_4D_2$. The chemical caused complete skipping up of the fifth instar larvae which is most susceptible to diseases. But IV instar was somewhat prolonged. As a result the total larval period was reduced by 4-5 days. However, some of the rearing and reeling parameters like cocoon yield, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell %, filament length and fecundity were reduced for that particular generation only. The effective rate of rearing (ERR %) was significantly increased in trimoulters during the most unfavourable August - September seed crop season. Number of cocoons / kg and number of male moth were significantly higher in trimoulters. These may be useful for preparation of $multi{\times}bi$ hybrid seed. Fine denier was also found in trimoulter cocoon which is the cause of getting fine silk filament from trimoulter cocoons. Normal mating behaviour and emergence pattern was recorded in trimoulters. Bivoltine trimoulter males also showed competence for mating with multivoltine females. These results suggest the possibility of getting trimoulter males during hot and humid seasons when rearing of bivoltine is almost impossible particularly in Eastern and North Eastern India.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.186-195
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• 1994

Fibromatosis is benign fibroblastic proliferative lesion with abundant collagenous neo-formation located principally in the abdominal wall and in the upper and lower extremities (Masson & Soule, 1966). Wilkins and Waldron, in 1975, suggested that the title aggressive fibromatosis was a more appropriate term, reflecting the invasive characteristics of the disease. Synonyms listed were extra-abdominal desmoid, juvenile fibromatosis, aggressive infantile fibromatosis and congenital fibrosarcoma. A total of 12% of all fibromatosis arise in head and neck. Fibromatosis of the oral cavity is uncommon and is even more rare when in involve the mandibule. It is a locally aggressive fibrous tissue tumor, generally does not metastasize, but may cause considerable morbility and even death due to local infiltration. The degree of microscopic cellularity is variable, not only from tumor to tumor but also from area to area in the same tumor. Some tumors present with proliferation of mature fibroblasts and a dominating collagenous component : others may show a lack of the tumor in both types. The common histologic denominator appears to be cellular interlacing bundles of elongated fibroblasts, showing little or no mitotic activity and no pleomorphism. Mitosis are not a consistent index of malignancy when found in younger age groups. Fibromatosis still posses difficult problems of diagnosis and treatment. It is frequently recurrent and infliltrates neighbouring tissues. These lesion infliltrate widely and replace muscle, fat, and even bone with fibrous tissue of varying cellularity. Lesion representing fibromatosis in the oral cavity must be carefully evaulated by both surgeon and pathologists to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment planning. When these lesions involve bone, surgeon must be aware of the lesion's potential to perforate the cortex and expand while remaining hidden from the surgeon's view. Careful and precise clinical correlation with histologic appearance is essential to preclude misdiagnosis of fibrosarcoma yet provide surgical treatment plan that provides adequate local excision and long-term follow up. As regards cause, little is known. It is attributed to trauma or alteration in the sex hormone(Carlos, et al, 1986). Clinially, the lesion is reported to be not painful in most cases, but capable of rapid growth. The treatment is essentially surgical excision with wide margin of adjacent uninvolved tissue. Radiotherapy, hormone treatment or chemotherapy are of no use (WIkins et al, 1975 ; Majumudar and Winiarkl, 1978). We report a case of aggressive fibromatosis of 15-year-old with a lesion in the soft tissue of the parotid area that invaded the underlying bone of the mandibular body.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2001

Black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli is one of scopaenid fish giving birth to yolk-sac larvae and distributed around the coast of Korea and Japan, and is one of main species which is cultured in Korea. The difffrentiation of thyroid gland and the changes of thyroid hormones (THs) concentrations in the whole body during early development of this species were examined and the relationship between thyroid gland and their growth will be presented. Total length (TL) and body weight (BW) of the larva at the parturition were 6.3${\pm}$0.1 mm and 3.6${\pm}$0.1 mg, respectively. The larvae transformed to juvenile after 30th day after parturition. According to Hoshiai(1977), they had gown into stage Fl (TL 13.2${\pm}$0.9 mm, BW 46.5${\pm}$1.5 mg) at 50th day. The thyroid gland of black rockfish was first observed histologically in hatching larvae in mother fish. The larvae just after parturition have 1${\sim}$3 of the thyroid follicles diffrentiated between basibranchial bone and ventral aorta, at the base of the first gill arch. In this time, thyroid follic1e number (TFN),thyroid follicle diameter (TFD) and thyroid cell height (TCH) were 1.6${\pm}$0.8 pieces/inds., 18.1${\pm}$0.6 ${\mu}$m and 4.1${\pm}$0.2 ${\mu}$m, respectively. TFN and TFD at 50th day were increased to 32.5${\pm}$6.9 pieces/inds. and 41.5${\pm}$1.7 ${\mu}$m, respectively. These results indicate that they are related to the growth of black rockfish during early development. However, TCH indicates that the activity of thyroid gland appearedat special day, eg. 5, 20 and 50th day, suggesting that TCH may have some role in the physiological activity. L-thyroxine (T$_4$)concentration decreased sharply to 10 days after parturition, and at 25th day (metamorphosis stage) increased markedly to 3.44${\pm}$0.93ng/g fish. After this time, T$_4$ concentration decreased at 35th day, but then increasedagain to the highest concentration, 5.63${\pm}$0.70ng/g fish. 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T$_3$) concentration declined sharply from just after pafurition (4.96${\pm}$1.90 ng/g fish) to 5th day (0.30${\pm}$0.07 ng/g fish). However T$_3$ concentration increased markedly to 0.95${\pm}$0.11 ng/g fish at 30th day and then did not significantly change until 45th day, increased also sharply to 1.67${\pm}$0.23 ng/g fish at 50th day.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1990

For fine-denier cocoon filament production, the precocious trimolting silkworms were induced by the treatments with both the imidazole compound "KK-42" hating anti-juvenile hormone activity and high temperature, and their growth, dietary efficiency, cocoon and cocoon filament qualities were compared with those of normal tetramolters as control. 1. The percentage of precocious trimolters was higher in the application of KK-42 than the treatment of high temperature. The effective concentration of KK-42 was 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/1arva. The high temperature treatment for 48 hour was more effective than 36 hour treatment, and silkworm larvae fed on mulberry leaves were more sensitive than artificial diet to induce trimolters. 2. The larval duration of the trimolters induced by KK-42 was 5.17 day shorter than that of normal tetramolters in mulberry leaves rearing, and the increasing pattern of body weight in the 4th inster larvae of trimotlers was similar to the 5th instar larvae of normal tetramolters. 3. The qualities such as cocoon weight, cocoon layer weight and cocoon layer ratio of precocious trimolter induced by KK-42 were much lower those of normal tetramolters: the cocoon weight and cocoon layer ratio were 0.78g, 14.2cg and 18.4% in mulberry leaves rearing, and 0.86 cg, 10.3cg and 12.3% in artificial diet rearing, respectively. 4. The size of cocoon and cocoon filament was smaller in the precocious trimolter, both KK-42 and high temperature, as compared with that of the normal tetramolters. 5. The efficiency of cocoon layer production of the precocious trimolters by the KK-42 was lower than that of the normal tetramolters: amount of the cocoon layer production per 1g of dry mulberry leaves ingested was 7.97cg in the precocious trimotors, while 9.20cg in the normal tetramolters.