• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.170-179
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• 2011

In coculturing with strains of Trichoderma and oyster mushroom, we could detect the difference in the resistance of oyster mushroom against Trichoderma with the phenomena of barrage reaction, overgrowth and lysis. We selected the isolates ASI 2183, ASI2504 and ASI 2477 as varieties that showed the resistance. The isolates ASI 2240, ASI 2479 and ASI 2181 were the best in their resistance against Trichoderma in the method using culture filtrate. In common, the isolates ASI 2479 and ASI 2240 were selected in both methods. In post-inoculation method, the isolates ASI 2479, ASI 2333 and ASI 2181 were selected and ASI 2302 was susceptible. For the same isolate of Trichoderma, the resistance varied depending on the isolates of oyster mushroom used in the experiments. Because we could detect the interactions between Trichoderma and oyster mushroom, it is possible to detect the level of the resistance that differs in the varieties. However, there were the cases of detecting the level of the resistance in repetitions with the same isolate, which may be caused by the vitality of isolates of Trichoderma and oyster mushroom. It is efficient to test the resistance with the resistant isolate of Pleurotus salmoneostramine and the susceptible isolate of ASI 2302.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1134-1146
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between Juvenile alcohol use and their criminal patterns. The data were collected through questionnaire surveys. Subjects serving for this study were 971 delinquent adolescents in Korea, sampled from 6 juvenile corrective institutions and 2 classification judging institutions, using a census method. Their age range was between 12 and 21. Data were analysed by IBM PC using SAS program. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square and frequency analysis. 1. Of 877 respondents, the number of adolescents committed criminal behaviors while the intoxicated were 230(26.2%), and 647(73.8%) were in a non-intoxicated state. 2. Adolescent under intoxication showed a higher rate of aggressive crimes and assault crimes, whereas adolescents under the non-influence of liquor tended to commit property climes and violations of criminal special law Drunken state adolescents during committing criminal behaviors used knifes, stones or fist-kicking as criminal tools, whereas drug use or without weapons in non drunken state. Most crimes have happened without any tools in both group. 3. In comparison of the alcohol user and the non-user, most alcohol-related crimes among adolescents were committed at AM 0:00 to AM 4:00 during the weekend in the dark, cloudy, and stormy-rainy day, while non-alcohol related crimes were at afternoon of weekday in the clear day. The places that the criminal activities occurred were streets, amusement places such as disco-theque, fields and their own house among alcohol users, whereas victim's house, another person's house and restaurant were chosen among non-alcohol users. 4. The victims assaulted by Juvenile offenders in both drunken and non-drunken state were mostly passer-by(65.4%), followed by their friends(25.1%). And the conditions of victims showed a significant differences between the drunken adolescents and the non-drunken adolescents. The victim's conditions assaulted by intoxicated delinquent adolescents were in quarreling or drunken state, whereas non-alcohol related crimes were directed against victims in a sleeping or irresistible state. 5. Almost over the half of delinquent adolescents perceived their delinquency as wrong behaviors. and alcohol non-user tended to more significantly perceive their criminal acts as wrong conducts. About the half of respondents answered that they committed their criminal acts in spite of having a very good Judgement while doing crimes, the author did not found a significant difference between the two groups. The reasons given for crimes were manifested as follows: it can be seen that ‘to get money for amusements’(30.4 % of all motives) were most common, followed by ‘to commit accidentally the offences’(23.8%), ‘curiosity or heroism’(18.9%). alcohol related crimes tended to be accidental and impulsively without any clear planning, while non-alcohol related crimes tended to be purposeful, directed to make money motivated by curiosity or a desire to live heroically. In Conclusions. the correlation between alcohol use and Juvenile criminal behaviors has been examined in this study. Generally, alcohol use had been found to be highly correlated with aggressive assault crimes including robbery, burglary and rape etc.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.256-260
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• 1992

This study was conducted to calculate and predict the shelf-life of meat sausage through physicochemical and biological analysis. Judging from physico-chemical components, it can be found out the most effective indicator in meat sausage. And also, the materials used for packaging is cellulose #23 in inner-packaging and CN/HDPE laminating film in outer-packaging. The changes of the most effective indicator were discussed through the method of kinetic analysis. Judging from physico-chemical components, VBN was the most available component in quality judgement of meat sausage and their upper limiting contents were 20 mg%. It is possible to calculate and predict the shelf-life of meat sausage through the regression equation and $Q_{10}$ value. As a result, the shelf-life prediction was $58{\sim}63$ days at $10^{\circ}C$, $47{\sim}51$ days at $20^{\circ}C$ and 26 days at $40^{\circ}C$, respectively, but the difference between two methods showed about $4{\sim}5$ days. $Q_{10}$ value on the changes contents was 1.35 at acceralated temperature $40^{\circ}C$. The reaction rate of VBN contents could be interpreted as a first order reaction that divided into 2 periods with different reaction rate constants. The corresponding Arrhenius activation energies were 2.959 Kcal/mole and 3.632 Kcal/mole, respectively.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.317-325
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• 2010

This study aims to deduct the extensive improvement types of leisure activities of private security agents using PPA technique and to examine the influence of leisure constraint on the index of participation. Through this process, this study consequently will draw the priority list of investment on the policy for improving the welfare status of private security agents. In this study, judgement sampling was applied to 6 security agencies located in Seoul, 2010, and 267 cases were used in the final analysis. Collected data went through factor analysis, reliability analysis, paired t test, PPA analysis, and regression analysis by using SPSSWIN 17.0. The conclusions were drawn as follows. In regard to the reliability, Cronbach's $\alpha$ was over .768. First, there was a difference between the preference rate and the participation rate which are the participation index of the private security agents' leisure activities. concentrate here in leisure types turned out to be fitness activities, walking/jogging, tourism, a day-long travel, and keep up the cood work in leisure types are movies, domestic tourist attractions, dating, eating out, personal relationship, watching sports, reading, karaoke, TV video watching, drinking etc. low priority in leisure types are water sports, hiking, biking, soccer, photography, ball games, sky sports, playing go/janggi, inline skates, and cooking. Second, the leisure constraint affects the participation index of leisure activities. As the personal constraint, and surrounding conscious constraint which are the subordinate factors of the leisure constraint get bigger, the participation index of favored leisure activities become lower. In contrast, when the difficulties such as structural constraint, time and economical constraint are overcome, participation index of leisure activities go on the rise.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.57-63
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• 2014

This study aims to find out the standardized test criteria regarding patients with the anterior cruciate ligament damage by identifying the degree of the flexion gap of femur and tibia upon bending of the anterior cruciate ligament in order to carry out the accurate test of such impairment. On the standardized test method and judgement criteria upon the anterior cruciate ligament test using Telos, it has been shown that there was no significant difference in the results according to the position of a fixed roller in the anterior cruciate ligament test for normal patients. However, in a test for patients who had undergone the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, it has been shown that the measured values of the anterior cruciate ligament tended to be pushed when the position of a fixed roller was less than 1cm in the test according to the position of a fixed roller of Telos (less than 1cm, more than 3cm), and this was statistically significant. The anterior cruciate ligament test (knee stress test) is a limited method used in orthopedics and rehabilitation medicine, and there have been no standardized test guidelines available yet although numerous ligament measurement tests have been performed. In addition, since the measured values are often different depending on testers even on the test that is expected to give the same result, the reproducibility of the test is still low. Accordingly, it is considered that the criteria for the anterior cruciate ligament test need to be established, and this would contribute to the accuracy of the diagnosis through the accurate test and standardized measurements.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.483-488
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• 1993

This study was conducted to obtain the basic information for easily judgement to level of salinity stress of the reclaimed land. Rice varieties used were Nakdongbyeo and Chilsungbyeo. In seedling stage, 13 day-old seedlings were subjected to salt solution (0, 30, 60, 90mM) for 8 days. In reproductive stage, 30 day-old seedlings were transplanted 3 hills(3 seedlings /hill) per plastic pot (diameter 28${\times}$depth 30cm). Salinity stress was given by immersing pot in the salt solution(sea water) with 4 concentrations(0, 30, 60, 90mM)for 8 days at booting stage. The stomatal resistance was increased with salinity concentrations. Salinity stress appeared to be more sensitive in seedling stage than in reproductive stage in each concentrations. The photosynthesis was decreased in salinity treatment. Salt-treated periods influenced unfavorably stomatal resistance in each stages. The leaf chlorophyll content was remarkably decreased by increasing salt concentrations. The absorption of Na+ and Cl￣ were increased as salt concentration in the culturing medium became higher, but there was no appearent difference in the absorption of K+, Mg++, and Ca++. The plant height and root length were decreased in salinity treatment. The inhibitory effect of salinity stress on root growth was more severe than in shoot growth. The stomatal resistance could have been used as bio-information.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.47-54
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• 2019

We examined previous studies of the correlation analysis of heart rate variability as a method to reduce the stress caused by outside noise during driving, and we investigated whether there are electrocardiographic changes when drivers play music, which provides a stable sound source amid the noise. Because the number of cars increases every year, drivers and passengers show an increase in stress caused by outside noise. The stress from outside noise while a person is driving can cause several disorders, such as anxiety, immunosuppression, depression, and heart disease. Subjects in this study operated a vehicle simulator to reduce the stress from outside noise and were given different auditory stimuli, and we studied the drivers' responses to the stimuli. Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant differences between subjects exposed to different auditory stimuli (ρ < 0.05). Through post hoc analyses, we examined these differences. We found significant differences between factor 1 (stability) and factor 2 (simulation driving), between factor 1 (stability) and factor 3 (driving + police siren), and between factor 1 (stability) and factor 4 (driving + police siren + music). In addition, the factor that produced the highest level of sympathetic nervous system activity was factor 4 (driving + police siren + music), followed by factor 3 (driving + police siren), factor 2 (driving), and factor 1 (stability). In conclusion, even when a police siren was heard during driving, there were no significant differences on electrocardiograms (ECGs). In addition, even when the siren was heard over the music, there was no difference on the ECGs (ρ < 0.01). In future studies, investigators should determine which types of music help stabilize the heart rate during driving.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.255-275
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• 2013

The purpose of the study is to examine compliance criteria for documents of the Letter of Credit(L/C) by the Korean Supreme Court in practical use. The judgement criteria of the court in documents' examination is supported by the doctrine of strict compliance. And, in examination of documents by the Supreme Court, the difference between documents presented and the credit should be followed by the allowance of international standard banking practices. In this case, the Supreme Court makes a reference for ICC's opinion or decision proposed as the international standard banking practices, or otherwise admit by exploring the practices. However, when documents reviewing by the bankers' auditors, it is very difficult for them to judge in a short time due to the lack of high level of knowledges and insights. As shown the cases of this study, the doctrine of strict compliance of an L/C be relaxed, and most of the recent precedents be ruled by the exception of the doctrine. Because, therefore, it is difficult for to documents reviewers of bank to judge these consistencies, conducting arbitrary document review will be inevitable. As a result, it will be difficult for banks and applicants to ensure the strictness of the documents, and free use of L/Cs in international transactions will be avoided. Finally, the expanded usage of the electronic negotiation system that simplifies the highly difficult compliance criteria to ensure the strictness of documents will be needed, and not only be eradicated the acts of arbitrary documents examination practices, but also be promoted the freely usage of L/Cs.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

Traffic broadcasting is using a usual traffic information announcement when giving its information to users on the road and for the provision of information useful to drivers, a clear criteria of how to judge with information from informers needs to be established from the perspective of users. In this study, to give some available criteria for current announcement which often causes confusion, cognitive characteristics were investigated and analyzed based on judgment criteria which are commonly felt by correspondents, participants in traffic broadcasting and drivers. The result requires the provision of information that is relied on an average speed where drivers feel little cognitive difference and found a classification where a smooth traffic flow is more than 60km/h, going slow 40~60km/h and congested state less than 40km/h respectively. And from the study of 35 traffic information announcement for different traffic situations, 8 cases of smooth state and 9 cases of congested state were clearly classified but the rest 18 cases of comment were ambiguously perceived by drivers and which requires the necessity of a announcement that uses directly the word of 'smooth', 'slow', and 'congestion' in the actual expression of slow driving. The future study should be focused on the establishment of more definite criteria by representation of nearly real traffic flow, provision of traffic information announcement and the analysis of cognitive response through car dynamic simulators and the kinds.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 1981

The characteristic of rainfall intensity in short duration is very important to calculate short-term runoff in small watershed by Rational method. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to derive the most proper formula on the probable rainfall intensity in each return period in Daejeon area. And the results of this study could be utilized for the design of drainage-structures in small watershed, drainage system in urban area and flood control in small river basin. The result s of this study are summerized as follows. 1. Gumbel-Chow method which shows the mean value was chosen to calculate the probable rainfall in tensity in each return periods. 2. According to statistical judgement, probable rainfall intensity formula of Japanese type($I={\frac{a}{t+b}}$, see Table-6) shows the most proper one among other types of formula like Talbot type, Sherman type and Characteristic coefficient method. Probable rainfall in tensity value of Japanese type in Daejeon area shows well coincidence with the one obtained by applying prof. Park's n-coefficient to Monobe formula $I=({\frac{R_{24}}{24}})({\frac{T}{t}})^{0.5486}$. On the other hand, the value by Monobe formula with n-coefficient of 2/3 which is being used as a disign criterison by M. O. C. shows large difference from the fore-mentioned results (see Table-7). Consequently the value by Monobe formula might be judged that it is too much overestimated one as a design criterion. 3. Short-term runoff in small water shed could be calculated more reasonably in Daejeon area through this probable rainfall in tensity formula.