• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 2005

Temporomandibular joint arthritides is divided into osteoarthritis, osteoarthrosis and polyarthritis. Because the signs, symptoms and radiographical features of osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis are similar without arthralgia, diffenential diagnosis is difficult. Also non-radiographically change in early Osteoarthritis leads to misdiagnose. Planar bone scan and SPECT are useful to detect bone change early. This study was carried out in order to make diagnostic criteria of planar bone scan and SPECT. Three hundred and four temporomandibular joints were examined with clinical examination, computerized tomograph, planar bone scan, and SPECT. The obtained results were as follows. 1. If temporomandibular joint simple uptake ratio of patient in twenties is over 1.397%, it's condition may be osteoarthritis. And simple uptake ratio over in thirties-fourties may mean osteoarthritis. 2. It may mean osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint that the number of coronal and transverse SPECT frame with hot spot is over four. 3. Destructive stage may goes on, if simple uptake ratio is over 1.370% in tweenties and over 1.104% in thirties-fourties. 4. If the number of coronal SPECT frame with hot spot is over four, temporomandibular joint may be on destructive stage in tweenties, thirties-fourties. And if the number of transverse SPECT frame with hot spot is over three, it may be on destructive stage in all ages. 5. When patient complains subjective arthralgia and palpation arthralgia, bone change may be more active than each arthralgia. 6. Osteoarthritis may progress gradually worse in 4.5 anamnesis. And then it may be stable gradually and turn to osteoarthrosis.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.33-62
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• 2005

This study aims to explain the current upheaval in marriage that many young Korean men and women postpone or deny their marriage. In order to explain the delayed marriage, we need to understand the taste by which men and women choose their partners, the opportunity by which they find their ideational half in reality, and the context in which these values and opportunities of marriages intersect. This study examines the way in which the value and opportunities of marriage among Korean men and women have intersected differently in the changing economic conditions. Using KLIPS(Korea Labor Income Panel Survey, 1998-2002), differential effects of education and occupational status on marital time according to marriage cohort and gender are analyzed. Results find that the opportunity of marriage among men turns out to have been stratified significantly according to their educational achievement and labor status since the 1990s. For women, education and economic activities are likely to influence marriage decision in a discordant way; during the period of 1990-997, highly educated women are more likely than their counterparts to be married earlier while there is no significant difference according to economic activities. This implies that status homogamy has been intensified since the 1990s and many women with high motivation for social status are able to achieve a vicarious social status through marriage in a prosperous economy. For women married after 1998, however, the educational effect is insignificant but economic activity contributes to delaying marriage. This suggests that under the economic restructuring since the late 1990s, the constraint of opportunities finding decent jobs particularly for men results in the contingent change in women's perception about family roles and economic activities by reducing their expectation to achieve a vicarious status through marriage, but increasing their motive for their own economic activities.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2007

Background: Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is a group of musculoskeletal conditions characterized by pain in the pre-auricular area, limitation of jaw movement and palpable muscle tenderness. Thermography is a nonionizing, noninvasive diagnostic alternative for the evaluation of TMD. This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of thermography in the assessment of TMD. Methods: Thermography was conducted on the 61 patients who had been diagnosed with TMD, and on the 34 normal symptom-free volunteers. The temperature differences between opposite sides of the temporomandibular joint (${\Delta}T_{TMJ}$) and the masseter muscle (${\Delta}T_{MST}$) were calculated. The sensitivity and specificity of thermography was calculated at the cut off values of 0.2, 0.3, and $0.4^{\circ}C$. Results: In the patient group, the ${\Delta}T_{TMJ}$ was $0.42{\pm}0.38^{\circ}C$ and the ${\Delta}T_{MST}$ was $0.38{\pm}0.33^{\circ}C$, whereas in the control group the ${\Delta}T_{TMJ}$ was $0.10{\pm}0.07^{\circ}C$ and the ${\Delta}T_{MST}\;0.15{\pm}0.10^{\circ}C$. In addition, the patient group demonstrated a significantly lower level of thermal symmetry than the control group (P < 0.001) in both the temporomandibular joints and the masseter muscles. The sensitivity of thermography at the cut off values of 0.2, 0.3 and $0.4^{\circ}C$ was 67.2, 49.2, and 42.6% in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and 60.7, 49.2 and 37.7% in the masseter muscle, respectively. The specificity of thermography at the cut off values of 0.2, 0.3 and $0.4^{\circ}C$ was 88.2, 100, and 100% in the TMJ and 61.8, 91.2 and 100% in the masseter muscles, respectively. The accuracy of thermography at the cut off values of 0.2, 0.3 and $0.4^{\circ}C$ was 74.7, 67.4, and 63.2% in TMJ and 61.1, 64.2 and 60.0% in the masseter muscles, respectively. Conclusions: Temperature differences exist between the opposite sides of the TMD and masseter muscles in patients with TMD. Although the sensitivity of thermography in the diagnosis of TMD is low, it has high specificity in the evaluation of TMD, and is therefore applicable to patients with TMD.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.71-74
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• 2002

Purpose : To evaluate the clinical and radiological characteristics of osteochondral ridges of talus and ankle. Materials and Methods : We have analyzed their clinical symptoms and signs, radiologic and CT findings and post-operative results in 17 ankle joints of 14 patients (bilateral in 3), followed them for average 13 months after surgical excision. Results : No definite trauma, but mostly in male after middle age. Their chief complaints are pain on ankle, especially in dorsiflexion or squatting position, and symptom durations are very long, more than average 15 months. Definite diagnosis was made by lateral radiograms of ankle joint. Osteochondral ridges are common in talar neck (10 cases), tibia (4 cases) and both side (3 cases). After excision of osteophytes, all patients gained normal ankle without pain and any limited motion. Conclusions : Anterior impingement syndromes are common in middle aged male, but no definite correlation with sports. Plantar and dorsiflexed lateral radiographs are helpful in definite diagnosis for impingement, and surgical excision is best for treatment.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2012

In anteroposterior projection for cervical vertebra, it is general that the incidence angle of X-ray is $15^{\circ}$ to $20^{\circ}$ degrees to head in order to prevent overlap of mandible and occipital bone and to observe array of cervical interbody and shapes of joints. However, the angle is appropriate for foreigners that was determined by foreign literature review long ago, and there have been few researches of incidence angle for Koreans' body type. The purpose of in this study are to identify the incidence angle appropriate for Koreans and to present methodology. In order to measure the incidence angle, 1,044 patients who visited S Hospital located in Seosan were selected and measured of average length of cervical vertebra, OID, axis angle, and FID. The incidence angle was calculated from the applied formula by measuring average values per age groups and sex (see Formula 1 and 2). The average length of cervical vertebra was 6cm: the length was increased from teenagers to twenties but was decreased since thirties. The difference between males and females was around 1cm (p<.01). The OID was almost the same regardless of age groups and sex. As for axis angle, the slope was increased in teenagers and twenties, but was decreased since thirties. The difference between males and females was around 2 degrees (p<.01). The FID measurements were almost the same regardless of age groups and sex, and when the incidence angle was measured from these values, the teenagers were $15.9^{\circ}$, the twenties were $16.9^{\circ}$, the thirties were $16.6^{\circ}$, the forties were $16.2^{\circ}$, the fifties were $15.9^{\circ}$, and the sixties were $14.5^{\circ}$, indicating that the angle was increased from teenagers to the twenties but decreased since the thirties. While the angles of males and females were measured to be the same in the teenagers, the angle was different between males and females by $2^{\circ}$. When the incidence angle statistically analyzed with measurement of average length of cervical vertebra, OID, axis angle, and FID, all of them were shown to have correlations with the incidence angle (p<.01). Conclusively, it was shown that the incidence angle was measured differently from average length of cervical vertebra, OID, FID, and axis slope, as well as from age and sex. Therefore, it can be suggested that the anteroposterior radiation test for cervical vertebra should be conducted by different incidence angles based on age and sex. The data of this study may be used as reference in determining the incidence angle of cervical vertebra tests for the future.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

The lateral strength test of bending type was done to investigate the lateral capacity of the double bolt connection of domestic larix glulam according to bolt spacing. In the shear specimen, which is bolted connection in the inserted plate type, the hole of bolt was made, changing the diameter of bolt (12 mm and 16 mm), the number of bolt (single bolt : control and double bolt), the direction of bolt row (in parallel to grain : Type-A and in perpendicular to grain : Type-B) and the bolt spacing (Type-A : 4 d and 7 d and Type-B : 3 d and 5 d). Lateral capacity and failure mode of bolt connection were compared according to conditions. In prototype design (KBCS, 2000), the reduction factor of the allowable shear resistance that the bolt spacing is reduced was calculated. The results were as follows. 1) Bearing stress per bolt in the single and double bolt connection of Type-A was directly proportional to bolt diameter and bolt spacing. Bearing stress of Type-B decreased as bolt diameter was increased, and decreased by 2~10% when bolt diameter was increased. 2) In the single bolt connection and the double bolt connection of Type-A, the splitted failure was formed in the edge direction. When the bolt spacing was 3 d in Type-B, bolt was yielded more in the part of tension than in the part of compression, and the splitted failure started at the bolt in the part of tension. In the 5 d spacing specimen, the bolt in the part of tension was yielded similarly to bolt in the part of compression, and the splitted failure started in the part of compression. 3) In the prototype design, the reduction factor was calculated by non-dimensionizing the yielding load in the standard of bolt spacing (Type A : 7 d and Type B : 5 d). In 12 mm bolt connection, the reduction factor of bolt spacing 4 d (type-A) and single bolt connection was 0.87 and 0.55, respectively, and the reduction factor of bolt spacing 3 d (Type-B) and single bolt connection was 0.91 and 0.55, respectively. In 16 mm bolt connection, the reduction factor of bolt spacing 4 d (type-A) and single bolt connection was 0.96 and 0.76, respectively, and the reduction factor of bolt spacing 3 d (Type-B) and single bolt connection was 0.91 and 0.77, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.23-34
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• 2007

To find how much radiation was exposed the patients who visit emergency room, a measurement study was made for radiation amount toward 200 patients selected randomly among visitors to an emergency room in a university hospital from March 16 to 31st, 2006. The results are as follows ; 1. Among the subjects 50 person(25.0%) were transferred from other hospitals, 24 persons(8.3) come after traffic accident, 50 persons for other accident and 76 persons for general medical care. 2. The average frequency of X-ray taking was calculated as 6.4 time per person among transferred patients, 14.5 times per person among patients with traffic accident and 2.6 times per person among general medical care. 3. The radiation exposure amount by kind of X-ray showed 28.9mGyfor general X-ray diagnosis, 84.2mGy for CT scanning and 1.02mGy for other special radiation study. 4. Average radiation exposure amount was calculated as 24.6mGy by transferred patients, 55.2mGy by patients with traffic accident, 17.1mGy by patients with other accidents and 17.0mGy by general patients. 5. Through the comparison of radiation exposure amount among to subject with maximum allowance threshold by International Commission on X-ray Radium Protection, transferred patients exceeded 6 times than allowance in whole body except extremities and joints, blood forming organ, reproductive system, vitreous body of eye, bone, thyroid gland, skin and etc, Patient suffered from traffic accidents were exposed 10 times more than allowance. In conclusion, the radiation exposure amount during X-rat diagnosis re too much and exceeded allowance standard by International Commission on X-ray Radium Protection. So further study and preventive measure to decrease radiation exposure by patients who visit emergency room.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.154-163
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• 2015

Purpose: Osteoarticular infections in children and adolescents are important because it can cause functional compromise if appropriate treatment is delayed. Therefore, this study was designed to describe the clinical presentations and causative organisms of osteoarticular infections in children and adolescents in order to propose early diagnosis method and an appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy. Methods: Forty-two medical records were reviewed retrospectively, which were confirmed as osteomyelitis (OM) or septic arthritis (SA) at Department of Pediatrics or Orthopedic Surgery in patients under 18 years old of Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital from March 2008 to March 2015. Results: We identified 21 cases of OM, 13 cases of SA and 8 cases of OM with SA. There were 31 males and 11 females and mean age was 7.1 years old. The most common symptoms were pain and tenderness of involved site. Major involved bones were femur (10 cases, 34.5%), tibia (7 cases, 24.1%) and major involved joints were hip (9 cases, 42.9%), and knee (5 cases, 23.8%). Increased serum C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed in 37 cases (88.1%) respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 40 cases among 42 cases and was used to demonstrate osteoarticular infections and other adjacent infections. Nine cases (23.7%) among 38 cases and 20 cases (50.0%) among 40 cases were positive in blood culture and infected site culture respectively. The most common causative organism was Staphylococcus aureus, which was represented in 22 cases (75.9%), of which nine cases (40.9%) were resistant to methicillin. Conclusions: S. aureus was the most common causative organism of osteoarticular infections in children and adolescents and the proportion of MRSA was high in this study. Therefore, we recommend vancomycin as the first empiric antimicrobial therapy and suggest that further study is necessary to elucidate an appropriate guideline for treatment which takes into account MRSA proportion.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.52
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• pp.346.1-346.11
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• 2018

Background: To evaluate the therapeutic benefits of the treat-to-target (T2T) strategy for Asian patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Korea. Methods: In a 1-year, multicenter, open-label strategy trial, 346 patients with early RA were recruited from 20 institutions across Korea and stratified into 2 groups, depending on whether they were recruited by rheumatologists who have adopted the T2T strategy (T2T group) or by rheumatologists who provided usual care (non-T2T group). Data regarding demographics, rheumatoid factor titer, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titer, disease activity score of 28 joints (DAS28), and Korean Health Assessment Questionnaire (KHAQ) score were obtained at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. In the T2T group, the prescription for disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs was tailored to the predefined treatment target in each patient, namely remission (DAS28 < 2.6) or low disease activity (LDA) ($2.6{\leq}DAS28$ < 3.2). Results: Data were available for 163 T2T patients and 162 non-T2T patients. At the end of the study period, clinical outcomes were better in the T2T group than in the non-T2T group (LDA or remission, 59.5% vs. 35.8%; P < 0.001; remission, 43.6% vs. 19.8%; P < 0.001). Compared with non-T2T, T2T was also associated with higher rate of good European League Against Rheumatism response (63.0% vs. 39.8%; P < 0.001), improved KHAQ scores (-0.38 vs. -0.13; P = 0.008), and higher frequency of follow-up visits (5.0 vs. 2.0 visits/year; P < 0.001). Conclusion: In Asian patients with early RA, T2T improves disease activity and physical function. Setting a pre-defined treatment target in terms of DAS28 is recommended.

• Trans-
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• v.8
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• pp.95-127
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• 2020

This research is based on using Bartenieff Fundamentals to analyze the fundamentals of Tai Chi Chuan's movements in order to develop the methods of relaxation from Tai Chi Chuan's principle movement movements It also shows that the two techniques have commonalities in many ways. First of all, taking a philosophical approach on the body movements of Tai Chi Chuan and Bartenieff, for both methods the ultimate goal is the integration of mind and body. In other words, there is a thread of connection between the East's body and mind monism and the west's Body Awareness. Secondly, looking at it from a Breath Support standpoint as used in the Bartenieff method, the two methods both use the breathing to naturally move the body and relax the body. In Tai Chi Chuan the Breath is the basis of life and the strength of the Body. So the breathing of Tai Chi chuan is what makes body and mind communicate, harmonize and integrate. In other words, Breathing in Tai Chi is realized through mental fusion and affects the movements. This is the same as the Breath Support of Bartenieff. It is said that in every aspect the Breath Support of Bartenieff influences the movement and changes both the inner and outer form of the body. Thirdly, looking at the Core Support used in the Bartenieff method, both methods emphasize core. At the same time of moving and being conscious of one's core, the usage of muscles can be deeper rather than superficial and this enables strong and flexible movement. In Tai Chi Chuan abdominal muscles used when one coughs are consciously engaged through abdominal breathing and so strength is collected in the core. When one exercises like that the core becomes more stable and breathing becomes more smooth. Fourthly, analyzing the Rotary Factor used in the Bartenieff Fundamentals, they both use rotary movement to reach the goal of physical relaxation. The rotation factor of Bartenieff allows movement to be easier and more free because of the characteristic of joint exercise where the center axis moved in three dimensions, this is the same in Tai Chi chuan. According to Tai Chi chuan's circle and Spiral Movements, it can achieve the relaxation through switching into a seamless flow and access space as much as possible. Finally, when looking at Developmental Patterning through Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen's Body-Mind Centering Work theory, presented from Bartenieff developmental model are similar with the developmental process of Tai Chi chuan Breath, Core-Distal Connectivity/Navel Radiation, Head-Tail Connectivity/Spinal Movement, Upper-Lower Connectivity/Homologous, Body-Half Connectivity/Homo-Lateral Connectivity, Cross-Lateral Connectivity/Contra-Lateral Connectivity. They are all similar. In other words, in Tai Chi Chuan energy is gathered in the core through breathing, upper and lower body are connected through the spine, not only homo-laterally but also cross-laterally. Through this study the expression of the dance movements can be more natural. Additionally based on the Body Awareness balance usage of the central axis, joints and body can develop the relax technique.