• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.487-493
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• 2007

This study was carried out to evaluate soil property between campsites located at Joongsanri, Daewonsa old, Daewonsa new, Baekmudong and their adjoining forest areas in the eastern area of Jirisan National Park. The survey results showed that there existed a significant difference(p<0.05) between the two areas in soil property, such as soil bulk density, soil hardness, soil pH, water infiltration and soil respiration rates. However, there was no difference in soil property by depth between surface soil($0{\sim}15cm$) and subsurface soil($15{\sim}30cm$) for the two areas(p>0.05). In case of soil bulk density, its values in campsites were significantly higher ($1.29{\sim}1.44g/cm^3$) than in forest areas($0.95g/cm^3$), while soil hardness was significantly lower(p<0.05) in forest areas($1.44kg/cm^2$) than in campsites($2.9{\sim}4.0kg/cm^2$). Soil pore space was significantly lower in campsites($45.7{\sim}51.4%$) than in forest areas(64.3%), and soil pH in forest areas indicated pH 5.46 and that of the campsites was distributed at the range from pH 6.49 to pH 6.38. In addition, water infiltration was significantly lower in campsites($0.79{\sim}2.06cc/sec$) than in forest areas(18.7cc/sec), while soil respiration rates were significantly higher in forest areas($0.58gCO_2/m^2/h$) than in campsites($0.13{\sim}0.34gCO_2/m^2/h$).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.471-480
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of breeding bird community in relation to altitude and vegetation in Jirisan National Park. The survey was carried over 4 study sites by point counts method to figure out habitat environment and breeding bird community from March to August in 2006. The study results are summarized as follows: Total 32 species were recorded, and 27 species and density of 37.31 ea/ha in low altitude mixed forest, 23 species and 34.99 ea/ha in low altitude deciduous forest, 18 species and 23.95 ea/ha in high altitude mixed forest, 19 species and 20.21 ea/ha in high altitude deciduous forest, respectively. Eleven species were observed only in the low altitude sites, 4 species were observed only in the high altitude sites. Number of species and density were high in the low altitude sites, and they were high in the mixed forests. In nesting guild analysis, the low altitude sites are similarly found species number of three types but canopy nesting species in the high altitude sites are advent less. In foraging guild analysis, the species number of canopy foraging appeared most highly in all study sites. In the difference analysis of each species density. Four species which are showed the difference in the low altitude sites, owing to vegetation. Long-tailed Tit(Aegithalos caudatus) and Great tit(Parus major) are difference because of difference in volume of canopy layer, and Coal Tit(Parus ater) was difference because of coniferous forest preference quality. Four species(Hazel Grouse, Winter Wren, Pale Thrush, Yellow-throated Bunting) which are showed the difference of the density in the high altitude sites because of thick growth of the bush layer. Ten species which are showed the difference in study sites, owing to altitude. Oriental Cuckoo(Cuculus saturatus), Winter Wren(Troglodytes troglodytes), Siberian Blue Robin(Luscinia cyane), Arctic Warbler(Phylloscopus borealis), Coal Tit(Parus ater), and Yellow-throated Bunting(Emberiza elegans) appeared highly in the high altitude sites, Pale Thrush(Turdus pallidus), Long-taild Tit(Aegithalos caudatus), Varied Tit(Parus varius), and Eurasian Nuthatch(Sitta europaea) appeared highly in the low altitude sites. It seems that bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer total coverage volume do influences on the breeding bird community, because the bush layer was thick growth, and canopy layer coverage volume was difference. It would be needed the management and maintenance of bush layer coverage volume and canopy layer with multi-layer structure to increase foliage height diversity and total coverage volume for the protection and management of bird community in Jirisan National Park.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.130-141
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• 2020

National parks in Korea are subject to a survey of natural resources every five years, according to the Natural Parks Act. This study analyzed the insect diversity in each of the 21 national parks conducted as part of the Third Nature Resource Survey of National Parks (2010~2018). It compared insect diversity in each national park national biodiversity with insect diversity in all national parks and analyzed the uncollected sub-taxonomic groups of each taxonomic group and the legally protected species. The Third Nature Resource Survey identified 5,584 species in 456 families in 21 orders in all national parks, and they accounted for 31.3% of 17,848 species in the national insect diversity. By taxonomic group, Lepidoptera was the most frequently found with 2,195 species, followed by beetles (1,495 species), fellings (712 species), and stink bugs (515 species). By national park, Odaesan national park showed the highest insect diversity with 1,963 species, followed by Sobeaksan national park (1,511), Hanryeohaesang national park (1,321), Gayasan national park (1,282), Juwangsan national park (1,265), Dadohaehaesang national park (1,264), Woraksan national park (1,251), and Jirisan national park (1,240). The legally protected species included 3 species of endangered species rank I, 11 species of endangered species rank II, 12 climate change indicator species, 139 endemic species, and 532 species requiring approval for cross-border transfer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.27-38
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• 2013

This study was conducted to analyze the correlation between vegetation, environmental factors, and soil characteristic of an endangered species, Eleutherococcus senticosus. Eighteen quadrats in population zones of Seoraksan, Odaesan, Chiaksna, Duckhangsan, Sobaeksan, Juwangsan, and, Jirisan were set up and ordination was analyzed. In the study sites, soil pH, available phosphorous, organic matter and nitrogen were ranged from 5.06~5.43, 24.63~57.77mg/kg, 14.01~18.37%, and 0.63~0.75%, respectively. Eleutherococcus senticosus is classified into Morus bombycis dominant population, Cornus controversa dominant population, and Eleutherococcus senticosus typical population. The importance value of Acer pictum subsp. mono, Morus bombycis, Magnolia sieboldii, Cornus controversa, Tilia taquetii, and Ulmus laciniata in Eleutherococcus senticosus population were 23.76%, 23.61%, 18.06%, 17.82, 15.31%, and 13.57%, respectively. The correlation between vegetation and environmental factors of Eleutherococcus senticosus vegetation distribution were shown to be affected by altitude, slope, and direction.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to assess the recovery rate of vegetation structure after restoration works at the damaged Nogodan area in Jirisan National Park. Fourteen monitoring plots were set up at restoring work area and twelve control plots were set up at natural forest near monitoring plots. Flora, Relative Importance Percentage and Similarity Index were analyzed. Mean Similarity Index between monitering plot and control plot near helliport area showed thirty five point two percent and height of shrub layer recovered up to twenty percent, approxomately durindg twenty three years after experimental restoration works. Mean Similarity Index between monitering plot and control plot around Nogodan peak area showed seventeen point six percent but height of shrub layer recovered up to twenty percent, approxomately during ninteen years after restoration works. Mean similarity index between monitering plot and control plot on transfered millitary area showed thirty four point three percent but coverage of shrub layer showed twenty percent,approxomately during seven years after restoration works. Long term monitering shall be necessary for developing assessment criteria of ecologial restoration and ecological restoration technology.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.449-456
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• 2003

The valley forests at Baraebong area, Jirisan National Park were studied to investigate forest structure of tree, subtree and shrub layers in relation to aspect and altitude of the slope. Density and basal area of the tree layer in the north-facing slope were greater than those in the south-facing slope. As elevation increased, basal area of the tree layer decreased in north-facing slope. The impotance percentage of Quercus mongolica increased with increasing elevation while those of Quercus serrata and Pinus densiflora decreased. Species diversity of the north-facing slope was 1.307 and that of the south-facing slope was 1.114. There was a tendency that number of species, species diversity and evenness decreased with increasing elevation. The result of cluster analysis for the tree and subtree layer indicated that the studied forests were classified into Quercus senrraa-broad-leaved tree species community at the low and middle elevation belts of the south-facing slope, Quercus mongolika-broad-leaved tree species community at the high elevation belt of the south-facing slope, the middle and high elevation belts of the north-facing slope and top area, and Pinus densiflora-Quercus mangolica community at the low elevation belt of the north-facing slope. There were significantly positive correlations in the importance percentages among Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata, Styrax obassica and Linden obtuiloba, and among Castanea crenata, Rhodndendron schippen-bachii and Vibntnum erosum.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2022

Data from an investigation of vulnerable conifer species in the subalpine zone in Korea obtained by the Korea Forest Service in 2017-2018 and monitoring research conducted by the National Institute of Forest Science since 2014 were used to analyze the status of distribution and growing condition of three major conifer species (Abies nephrolepis, Abies koreana, and Picea jezoensis) in the subalpine zone in the Baekdudaegan protected area. The distribution area of the studied species in the Baekdudaegan protected area was ca. 74% (8,035 ha) of the total distribution area in Korea, indicating that Baekdudaegan is a core area for conservation and restoration of subalpine conifer species. From decline index [A. nephrolepis in Mt. Taebaeksan and Mt. Deogyusan increased by 77.3% and 29.6%, respectively; A. koreana in Mt. Jirisan (Chunwangbong Peak) increased by 45.2% in four years; and P. jezoensis in Mt. Jirisan (Chunwangbong Peak) increased by 47.8% in two years] and seedling frequency (lower frequency of newly recruited seedlings than dead seedlings) results, the studied species are expected to face difficulties in sustainability. In contrast, at Mt. Seseoksan and Chunwangbong Peak in Mt. Jirisan, the health of trees and seedling frequency showed a partial tendency to recover and increase. In addition, we identified the relationship between the decline index and seedling frequency. These results will support the implementation of conservation strategies for vulnerable conifer species in the subalpine zone.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1405-1415
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• 2015

This study is conducted to determine the damage, distinguish the types and identify the restoration by that type for 13 Korea national parks out of 21. There are 21 Korea national parks are in Korea covering 6.67% of the country or $6,656km^2$ ($3,902km^2$ on land and $2,754km^2$ in the sea) currently since the area around Jirisan ($440km^2$) was designated as the first Korea national parks in 1967. With the cancellation of entrance admission on Korea national parks since 2007, annual visitors to the Korea national parks have grown from 37 millions in 2008 to 46 millions by 2013 and continue to grow due to numerous leisure activities, alpine activities and social changes. As such, Korea national parks are natural resource with high value to be conserved and are attracting significant attention as recreational spaces for people at the same time. On the other hand, there have been issues of soil erosions or disturbed vegetation due to increased number of visitor to the national parks. Korea national parks area damage to its type and damage characteristics to analyse the 13 Korea national parks out of 21 on July 2012 March, Korea national parks over the subjects of the National Park from damaged area status Survey analysis by the Korea National Park Service. As a result, 203 million units in the 16 Korea national parks damaged land of the reform package during ecological trail (including non-regular hiking trails) 153 (77.66%), damaged valleys 20(9.14%) independent damaged area, 13 disconnected ecological axis(7.61%), closed trail(2.03%) (3.55%), and line type damage(like a non-regular hiking trails) appears to be a high ratio. Korea national parks damaged land of the results identified, by contrast ratio and the annual number of visitors Bukhansan national park(49.26%), Gyeongju national park(23.65%) damaged land rates, such as Seorasan national park(4.93%), Songnisan national park (4.43 %), Gyeryongsan national park(3.45%), and the annual number of visitors be similar result. The National Park Service has been reporting on damages and restorations but damages and their types have not been established yet. Damages have been generally studied and categorized on hiking trails due caused by heavy traffic on them but the reports were limited on hiking trails only. Since damage to the Korea national parks are not limited on the hiking trails, it is necessary to determine damages in various aspects. Thus, in this study, damage types, spatial characteristics, causes and restorations are analyzed based on the survey results of damages to national parks in order to provide a basis for the efficient management and operation of the Korea national parks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2013

The present study elucidated the growth properties of Sasa borealis communities distributed in the lower layer of deciduous broadleaf forests in temperate zones and analyzed the correlation between the growth properties of S. borealis and positional environmental factors. The higher the culm height of S. borealis was, the higher the values of the leaf number, leaf area, and foliage layer thickness became. This might be because as the culm height of S. borealis increased, the acquisition of light sources became easier so that the biomass of leaves increased simultaneously for smooth anabolism. S. borealis seem to change their growth mode for smooth acquisition of light resources. The culm density of S. borealis and the leaf number, leaf area and foliage layer thickness of S. borealis did not show any clear correlation. The values of the culm height, leaf number, leaf area, and foliage layer thickness of S. borealis as the above altitude of the location of S. borealis increased. It seems like that growth conditions such as temperatures and winds are deteriorated as the above altitude of the location of S. borealis increased so that S. borealis becomes smaller. No clear correlations were shown between the physiochemical properties of soil and S. borealis' growth properties. It seems like that the growth of S. borealis complexly intertwined with diverse environmental factors and that due to the physiological integration of S. borealis, certain physiochemical properties do not unilaterally affect S. borealis' growth properties.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2024

The term ecosystem services refers to natural ecosystems' benefits to humans. Various models have been developed and applied to quantify ecosystem services. Habitat quality assessment is a widely used leading InVEST ecosystem service model. In Korea, habitat quality assessment is conducted for national parks. For habitat quality assessment, the initial value of habitat quality must be used to assess the sensitivity to threats, which varies depending on the country and application field. Therefore, an expert survey (AHP) was conducted based on previous habitat quality assessments in national parks to adjust the sensitivity, the initial value for the habit quality assessment. As a result of the AHP, 18 items were adjusted, including 10 items, such as natural grassland and unarranged fields, upward and 8 items, such as rivers and ponds, downward. Based on the adjusted sensitivity results, the habitat quality of Bukhansan National Park and Gyeryongsan National Park (urban type), Gyeongju National Park (historic type), Hallyeohaesang National Park (ocean type), and Jirisan National Park and Seoraksan National Park (mountain type) were adjusted. The results of the analysis showed that the habitat quality of urban dry areas and water bodies distributed in the national parks was reflected in the habitat quality assessment. In the future, it will be possible to evaluate the habitat quality of natural parks using this standard.