• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.28
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• pp.65-88
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• 2022

The characteristics and behavior of bullets are important because they are directly related to the firearm performance. However, research related to bullets have been small. In this paper, scientific analysis was conducted to find out the materials and manufacturing process of metal bullets during the Joseon Dynasty, owned by Korea Army Museum, and the types of firearms available were classified and organized according to the bullet diameter. As a result, bullets were classified into iron bullets, lead bullets, and lead-coated iron bullets. Most of the iron bullets and lead bullets were made from casting. Some iron bullets were made from forging. And the lead-coated iron bullet was made by pouring molten lead after putting the iron bullet into the mold. Finally, the bullets could be used for Hand Cannon, Matchlock Musket, Frankish Cannon, Hyeon-ja Cannon, Dae-Wiwon Cannon, Small Cannon, and Hong-Yi Cannon.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.40-41
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• 2003

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.22
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• pp.15-26
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• 2019

This study was focused on the three-dimensional convergence modeling that can multilaterally analyze internal and external shapes of the Sam-Chongtong Hand Canon by optical precision scanning optimized for acquiring the surface shape and X-ray CT scanning used for obtaining the internal shape. First, the scanning results were converted by compatible extension, after which three-dimensional deviation analysis was conducted to verify mutual conformities. Accordingly, most (56.98%) deviations between the two scanning models was found be ±0.1mm. This result did not influence registration and merging based on the ICP algorithm. The merged data exhibited the external surface color, detailed shapes, internal width, and structure of the hand canon. The three-dimensional model based on optical surface scanning and X-ray CT scanning can be used for traditional technique interpretation as well as digital documentation of cultural heritage. In the future, it will contribute to deliver accessible scientific information of exhibits for visitors.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.7
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• pp.25-31
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• 2006

We performed the conservation treatment for Bigyeokchinjeonnoe (A kind of time bomb in the Joseon Dynasty) excavated from Hwawangsanseong Fortress in Changnyeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do Province. Part of the Bigyeokchinjeonnoe has been lost; we did not restore the lost part so that one can observe the inside through it. The results of X-ray investigation and C. T (Computed Tomography) scan proved the generation of many blowholes around the molding line during the casting process; a hole in the casting mold to maintain inner mold during casting was identified on the surface and traces of fortifying this part with iron plate were also identified. The main ingredients of the blue corrosion on the surface were identified as O, Fe, P, Si and Al by SEM/EDS analysis. The result of XRD analysis identified the blue corrosion as vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O]. The metal structure clarified its material was gray cast iron.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.114-129
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• 2022

Securing a safe place to keep its collections in Busan, the interim capital during the Korean War, the National Museum of Korea could fulfill its mission to protect the national treasures. Right before Seoul was recaptured by the Communist forces, the museum managed to evacuate its collections to Busan in December of 1950. Until the armistice in 1953, a Korean government warehouse in Busan had to function as a temporary museum building. Protecting the national treasures in this small building, the National Museum of Korea had to maintain its role as a national museum and contribute in revitalizing cultural functions of Busan, the interim capital. The efforts led to hope for reconstructing the museum.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.24
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• pp.17-36
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• 2020

This paper describes the consevation treatment of eleven bigyeokjincheolloe bomb shells that were excavated from the Joseon-period local government office and fortress of Mujang-hyeon (present-day Mujang-myeon) in Gochang in 2018. It also provides information on the production method of the shells revealed through CT scanning, gamma-ray transmission imaging, and metallographic analysis. In preparation for the special exhibition "Bigyeokjincheolloe" at the Jinju National Museum in 2019 (July 16 to August 25), contaminants were removed from the shells and their surface was reinforced during the first phase of conservation treatment. Furthermore, the closures for the shells were identified for the first time. Regarding the production of the shells, the CT scanning and gamma-ray transmission imaging identified many blowholes in the interior of the body and the use of a chaplet on the side of one shell. The side of the body proved to be relatively thinner than the top and bottom. The traces of a hole for pouring molten metal into the center of the bottom indicates that molten metal was indeed emptied into the inverted body. In the metallographic analysis of two of the bodies and one lid, cementite and pearlite structures were identified on the body, indicating that it was made by casting. The presence of the ferrite structure with a partial distribution of the pearlite along with non-metallic inclusion in the lid suggested that the lid was made by forging.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.397-408
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• 2023

A total of 64 specimens of trace fossils were collected from the Jinju Formation of the construction site of Jinju Aviation Industrial Complex, and from the Haman Formation of Namhae Gain-ri fossil site. The fossils are continuously and regularly meandering sine-curve in shape. The fossil varies in morphology: width between 0.2 and 5.6 mm, wavelength between 1.5 and 28 mm, and amplitude between 0.9 and 7.9 mm; the Jinju specimens are commonly wider than the Haman ones. The ratio of wavelength to amplitude is more or less regular regardless of width of the specimen, and the linear correlation of the ratios shows that the Jinju specimens fit better than the Haman specimens. Taking all morphometric parameters, specimens in all size ranges are temporarily identified as ichnospecies Cochlichnus anguineus. In order to obtain more distinct and clearer images of Cochlichnus, we selected two specimens and applied a new imaging technology RTI. For photography of the trace fossils, 50 to 80 images were taken per set with photometric lighting close to the surface and horizontally. RTI technology clearly showed that the images of tiny fossils were improved: the surface contrast become sharper and messy and unnecessary information disappeared. Currently, RTI technology is used in many fields including preservation of cultural properties and archaeology. As a consequence, we hope to apply this technique to the field of paleontology, especially to the study of trace fossils of very small size.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.14
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• pp.23-28
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• 2013

This paper aimed to show the whole conservation process of the human shaped terra cotta mask that was excavated from one of construction sites at Jungcheon-ri, Geumsan-myeon, Jinju. This mask was X-rayed to get the correct making techniques and there are 4 holes on the top of the head and each diameter of the 3 holes is exact and the other hole is different from the three. The long and sharp shape of the nose is in trapezoid which was separately made with clay and put on (the face). It's found that there are round grooves each around upper and down lips. (upper in length: 10mm, down in length: 6 mm). All restoring materials and adhesives used for restoration to associate each piece are reversibility materials. According to a few points on buried bones of animals distributed around the sites, holes and grooves on the top of the head, ears and teeth to wear something, it academically presumes that this mask could be possibly used for the group ritual. Especially, the whole procedure from excavation to scientific conservation process resulted to have a special exhibition to give the public new eyes how the exhibition realizes to the public.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.7
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• pp.11-24
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• 2006

Plate armour is an important cultural property that reflects the ancient weaponry and the manufacturing technology of ironware as they are. Among the kinds of iron armour, horizontal plate armour has been very rarely excavated, and there are a few artifacts in their unimpaired shape like the plate armour excavated from Mangisanseong. This report reviews the manufacturing technology of ancient plate armour through its radiograph using appliable nondestructive irradiation and scientific conservation treatment. The seven-tiered plate armour excavated from Mangisanseong has ring hinge to open and shut the right side neck guard. The readout result of radiograph proved iron safety guard of Godaepan (a plate that links neck plate and horizontal plate) and leather safety guard of the right armpit with plate overlap and perforation interval; perforations that seem to have linked shoulder strap on wearing the armour are also observed. In particular, it is identified that the perforation and riveting technique avoided the connection of more than three plates with a rivet. This is an important material to illustrate the best use of function of plate armour overcoming its limit.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2023

In this study, Nematus tibialis Newman, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), is firstly reported in South Korea. The manuscript provides diagnostic illustrations, diagnosis, color variations, development stages and distribution of N. tibialis.