• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 2010

Purpose: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional problems, despite a recent improvement of nutritional status of infants and children. We assessed the risk factors for IDA in infants and vitamin D deficiency and IDA by nutrition analysis. Methods: We analyzed blood tests and evaluated 103 children with IDA and 123 children without IDA, 6-36 months of age, who were cared for in our hospital between March 2006 and July 2010. Nutritional analysis using Canpro was performed among breastfed infants 6~12 months of age who had been diagnosed with IDA and had detailed diet histories. Results: Breastfed infants accounted for 87.4% and 40.7% of the IDA and comparison groups, respectively. The IDA and comparison groups began weaning food at 6.4${\pm}$1.8 and 5.9${\pm}$1.3 months, respectively. In the IDA and comparison groups, 46.4% and 53.5% began to adapt to weaning food within 4 weeks, respectively. The most common reason for hospital care of the IDA group was respiratory symptoms constituting 36.2%. Only 18.6% visited the hospital for palloror anemia. The Canpro analysis, performed on 11 infants with IDA, showed that iron and vitamin D were <40% and 30% of recommended intakes, respectively. Conclusion: Weaning food should be started 4~6 months of age in breastfed infants. In infants at high risk for IDA and vitamin D deficiency, screening tests should be recommended. The high-risk infants may require iron, vitamin D fortified formula, or oral supplements.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2008

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of food-specific IgE antibody tests in detecting triggering antigens in food protein-induced proctocolitis (FPIPC). Methods: Between February 2006 and May 2007, data from 16 consecutive FPIPC patients that underwent MAST and Uni-CAP tests on initial visits, were reviewed. The endoscopic criterion used for establishing a diagnosis of FPIPC was an increase in the number of eosinophils in the lamina propria (${\geq}60$ per 10 high power fields). Offending foods were suspected clinically based on elimination and challenge testing to mother or patient diets with the following five highly allergenic foods: dairy products, eggs, nuts and soybean, fish and shellfish, and wheat and buckwheat. We compared the results of initial MAST or Uni-CAP tests with clinically suspected offending foods. Results: For the 16 FPIPC patients, MAST tests showed positive results in 2 patients (12.5%), and Uni-CAP tests showed positive results in 3 patients (18.8%). Through clinical elimination and challenge, the 33 offending foods were identified: 7 fish and shellfish (21.2%), 6 eggs (18.2%), 6 wheat and buckwheat (18.2%), 4 dairy products (12.1%), 3 soybean (9.1%), 3 pork (9.1%), 2 nuts (6.1%), 1 beef (3.0%), and 1 mushroom (3.0%). Clinically suspected offending foods and MAST and Uni-CAP test results were found to be correlated in 1 patient (6.7%) each. Conclusion: Food specific IgE antibody tests are inappropriate for predicting offending foods in FPIPC. Clinical food elimination and challenge testing provide useful means of detecting offending foods.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 1999

Objectives: To evaluate the protective effects of glutathione (GSH) on the cytotoxicity of mercurial compounds$(CM_3HgCl,\;HgCl_2)$ or cadmium chloride$(CdCl_2)$ in EMT-6 cells. Methods: The compounds investigated were $CH_3HgCl,\;HgCl_2,\;CdCl_2$, GSH, buthionine Sulfoximine(BSO), L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid(OTC). Cytotoxicity analysis consist of nitric oxide(NO) production, ATP production and cell viability. Results: Mercurial compounds and cadmium chloride significantly decreased cell viability and the synthesis of NO and cellular ATP in EMT-6 cells. GSH was not toxic at concentrations of 0-1.6 mM. In the presence of GSH, mercurial compounds and cadmium did not decrease the production of ATP and nitrite in EMT-6 cells. The protective effects of GSH against the cytotoxicity of mercurial compounds and cadmium depended on the concentration of added GSH to the culture medium for EMT-6 cells. We evaluated the effects of intracellular GSH level on mercury- or cadmium-induced cytotoxicity by the pretreatment experiments. Pretreatment of GSH was not changed ${NO_2}^-$ and ATP production, and pretreatment of BSO was decreased in dose and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment of OTC was increased ${NO_2}^-$ and ATP production in dose- and tine-dependent manner. Because intracellular GSH level was increased by OTC pretreatment, the protective effect on mercury- and cadmium-induced cytotoxicity was increased. Conclusions: These results indicated that sulfhydryl compounds had the protective effects against mercury-induced cytotoxicity by the intracellular GSH levels.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.196-205
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• 2001

Purpose : Membranous glomerulopathy is a glomerular disease characterized by the presence of subepithelial immune deposits with thickening of the capillary wall of the glomerulus without inflammatory change. The pathogenesis of membranous glomerulopathy is still unknown. Its incidence is higher in males, and it is rarely found in infants and adolescents. Among the clinical manifestations proteinuria is most common, while edema and hematuria are present. According to reports from other countries, among few patients diagnosed with membranous glomerulopathy by renal biopsy, show isolated microscopic hematuria without the clinical manifestations. Little research in this area has been performed in Korea, and so we conducted retrograde studies on membranous glomerulopathy associated with isolated microscopic hematuria. Materials and Methods : We analyzed retrogradely 109 cases of asymptomatic isolated microscopic hematuria that were diagnosed as membranous glomerulopathy by renal biopsy at Yonsei University Severance hospital from January, 1992 to July, 2001. Results : In 87 of the 109 cases patients were over 15 years old while in 22 cases patients were under 15 at the time of dignosis. Only three patients showed isolated microscopic hematuria without the clinical manifestations and abnormal laboratory findings and they were all male patients under 15 years old. Conclusion : Few cases of the membranous glomerulopathy show only asymptomatic isolated microscopic hematuria However, since membranous glomerulopathy can be found in patients who present with asymptomatic isolated microscopic hematuria only, if adequate indication for renal biopsy is present, we conclude that renal biopsy must be aggresively pursued in order to find the underlying disease. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2001 ; 5 : 196-205)

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2009

Purpose : Stem cell transplantation (SCT) has gained worldwide acceptance as a treatment for hematologic disorders. This study was performed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of the acute kidney injury after SCT in children. Methods : The records of 53 patients who were treated with SCT at the pediatric department of Yeungnam University Hospital between January, 1996 and April, 2009 were used as subjects. Their were divided into two groups ; 'Early renal insufficiency' (ERI, n=18) and 'Non-early renal insufficiency' (NERI, n=35). ERI had greater than 25% of drop in GFR after SCT. Results: Total 53 patients were analyzed. In cord blood SCT (n=11), ERI was 4 (36.4%) and NERI was 7 (63.6%). In bone marrow SCT (n=16), ERI was 8 (50.0%) and NERI was 8 (50.5%). In autologous peripheral blood SCT (n=26), ERI was 6 (23.1%) and NERI was 20 (76.9%). There is no difference in both groups according to kinds of SCT. GVHD was developed in 22 patients, and there is no difference in each group. Twenty two of 53 patients died. ERI was 12 (66.7%) and NERI was 10 (28.6%). Acute renal failure is most important cause of the deaths. Conclusion : Out of 53 pediatric patients who were treated with SCT, 18 patients had greater than 25% of drop in GFR. There is no difference in both groups according to kinds of SCT. GVHD was found in 22 patients and there is no relation between GVHD development and acute kideney injury.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1120-1125
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• 2012

To assess fertilizer value of an quasi-aerobically fermented liquid clipped-grass fertilizer, aerobic incubation experiment using two texturally contrasting loam (L) and sandy loam (SL) soils was conducted for 60 days to investigate temporal variations in N mineralization pattern of the liquid fertilizer applied. To do so, the quasi-aerobically fermented liquid clipped-grass fertilizer was prepared, applied to each soil at a rate of 200 kg-N $ha^{-1}$ and aerobically $25^{\circ}C$ in the dark. During incubation, soil water content was adjusted to field moisture capacity (-33 kPa of soil matric potential) by adding distilled water as necessary to maintain their initial weights. At desired time of incubation (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 days after incubation), soil was sampled and analyzed for inorganic nitrogen ($NH_4{^+}$-N and $NO_3{^-}$-N) concentrations, pH, EC, total carbon contents and total nitrogen contents. Concentrations of $NH_4{^+}$-N began to decrease right after incubation for L soils, and 10 days after incubation for SL soils, while those of $NO_3{^-}$-N began to increase onset of $NH_4{^+}$-N disappearance. The results of this study showed that quasi-aerobically fermented liquid clipped-grass fertilizer could serve as an alternative to chemical N fertilizer.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2012

The multi-function of 18 Bacillus subtilis isolates collected from agricultural extension centers of local government and National Academy of Agricultural Science was investigated by measuring their antifungal activities against five plant pathogens, such as Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum acutatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Magnaporthe oryzae and Phytophthora capsici, phosphorus solubilization ability, production of indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore, and nitrogen fixation. The B. subtilis isolates showed antifungal activity against several plant pathogens and nitrogen fixation activity, and produced siderophore and IAA. They could control pepper powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica), but there was no difference in control efficacy among the B. subtilis isolates. In fields, the control efficacy of B. subtilis R2-1 ($10^8$ cells/ml) was compared with two microbial fungicides, Q-pect and Topsid. In 2009, the control efficacy of B. subtilis R2-1 (37.7%) was lower than that of Topsid (47.6%), but higher than that of Q-pect (25.7%). In 2010, the control efficacy of B. subtilis R2-1 (83.3%) was higher than that of Topsid (67.9%). In order to elucidate mode of action of B. subtilis R2-1 for controlling pepper powdery mildew, spore germination rates of pepper powdery mildew pathogen collected on treated leaves was investigated when suspensions of B. subtilis R2-1 and two microbial fungicides (Q-pect and Topsid) were foliar-sprayed. They highly suppressed spore germination of the pathogen with inhibition values of 84.2% for B. subtilis R2-1, 97.9% for Q-pect and 94.7% for Topsid. Further study on the mass-culturing method and formulation is needed for development of a microbial fungicide.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.142-156
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze observation characteristics through eye movement according to cognitive style. For this, developed observation task that can be shown the difference between wholistic cognitive style group and analytic cognitive style group, measured eye movement of university students who has different cognitive style, as given observation task. It is confirmed the difference between two cognitive style groups by analysing gathered statistics and visualization data. The findings of this study were as follows; First, Compared observation sequence and pattern by cognitive style, analytic cognitive style group is concerned with spider first and moving on surrounding environment, whereas wholistic cognitive style group had not fixed pattern as observing spider itself and surrounding area of spider alternately or looking closely on particular part at first. When observing entire feature and partial feature, wholistic cognitive style group was moving on Fixation from outstanding factor without fixed pattern, analytic cognitive style had certain directivity and repetitive investigation. Second, compared the ratio of observation, analytic cognitive style group gave a large part to spider the very thing, wholistic cognitive style group gave weight to surrounding area of spider, and analytic group shown higher concentration on observing partial feature, wholistic cognitive style group shown higher concentration on observing wholistic feature. Wholistic cognitive style group gave importance to partial features in surrounding area, and wholistic feature of spider than analytic cognitive style group, analytic cognitive style group was focus on partial features of spider than wholistic cognitive style group. Through the result of this study, there are differences of observing time, frequency, object, area, sequence, pattern and ratio from cognitive styles. It is shown the reason why each student has varied outcome, from the difference of information following their cognitive style, and the result of this study help to figure out and give direction to what observation fulfillment is suitable for each student.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.980-984
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• 2010

Research regarding respiration rate, off-flavor related material and freshness maintenance effect of active MA mini-packaging on perilla leaves has been carried in this study. Respiration rate was highly maintained at high oxygen treatments ($CO_2:O_2:N_2$=0:30:70 and 0:50:50), higher than non-treatment and low oxygen treatments (6:2:92, 0:10:90) during the storage period, and ethylene production was relatively higher. However, off-flavor related materials, acetaldehyde and ethanol production was noticeably low. Weight losses of non-treatment and low-oxygen treatment were about 1.8 and 1.4%, respectively. At the fifth day of storage there was no weight loss. Ascorbic acid content was 13.3 mg/100 g F.W. at the first day of storage. At the third day of storage non-treatment showed the lowest value of ascorbic acid, 8.8 mg/100 g F.W. Ascorbic acid content of active MA treatment gradually decreased without a striking difference as the storage day extended. Chlorophyll content was the lowest at the fifth day of storage with non-treatment, 47.5 (SPAD-502 unit) while the active MA treatment maintained high level of chlorophyll content, 53.0. Sensory evaluation (vision) showed that marketability gradually decreased but was maintained in high oxygen treatments (0:30:70 and 0:50:50), even at the fifth day of storage. Occurrence of off-flavor in non-treatment at the fifth day of storage was extremely low, 2.6; whereas high in high oxygen treatment, 3.4. Active MA packaging maintained freshness two more days at room temperature (about $27^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.59-62
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• 1996

Chemical pleurodesis with doxycycline has been used during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) as an auxiliary method to enhance therapeutic goal in patients with pneumothorax. However, the therapeutic effect of doxycycline pleurodesis (DP) has not been clearly defined yet. To evaluate the effect of DP, we compared two groups of patients who were given VATS bullectomy from October 1993 to June 1995. Group I composed of 21 patients who received DP and group II composed of 20 patients who did not received DP Doxycycline 500mg with saline 200ml were instilled into the pleural cavity upon a completion of bullec omy, and retained there for 0.5-1 hour and then drained out. The age of group I was 30.9 $\pm$ 20.0 and that of group II was 24.3 $\pm$ 9.49 years. Male to female ratio was 20: I in group I and 20 : 0 in group II. The postoperative indwelling time of chest tube was 5.86 $\pm$ 4.69 days in group I and 3.80 $\pm$ 2.28 days in group II. Seven patients had more than 100m1/day of chest tube drainage on the postoperative third day in group I compared to one patient in group II. Five patients had postoperative indwelling time of chest tube greater than 7 days in group I compared to two in group II. The number of patients who had postoperative fever were 3 in both group, analgesic requirements were 2.19 $\pm$ 2.77 amples in group I and 2.30 $\pm$ 1.95 ambles in group II. Follow-up was done from 2 months to 16 months after surgery. During the follow up periods, four patients had recurrence 2 (9.5%) in group I and 2 (10%) in group II. We conclude that concomitant doxycycline pleurodesis with video-assisted thor coscopic bullectomy In patients with pneumothorax is not necessary.