• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1098-1102
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• 2018

Objective: Temperament can be defined as a type of behavioral tendency that appears in a relatively stable manner in responses to various external stimuli over time. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the records of temperament testing that are used to improve the temperament of Jeju crossbred (Jeju${\times}$Thoroughbred) horses. Methods: This study was conducted using 205 horses (101 females and 104 males) produced between 2010 and 2015. The experimental animals were imprinted and tamed according to the Manual for Horse Taming and Evaluation for Therapeutic Riding Horses and evaluated according to the categories for temperament testing (gentleness, patience, aggressiveness, sensitivity, and friendliness) between 15 months and 18 months of age. Each category was scored on a five-point linear scale. Genetic parameters for the test categories were analyzed using a multi-trait mixed model with repeated records. The ASReml program was used to analyze the data. Results: The heritability of gentleness, patience, aggressiveness, sensitivity and friendliness ranged from 0.08 to 0.53. The standard errors of estimated heritability ranged from 0.13 to 0.17. The test categories showed high genetic correlations with each other, ranging from 0.96 to 0.99 and high repeatability, ranging from 0.70 to 0.73. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the test categories had moderate heritability and high genetic correlations, but additional studies may be necessary to use the results for the improvement programs of the temperament of Jeju crossbred horses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2012

The changes in physiologic parameters by swim exercise duration were examined in five female well-trained Jeju crossbred riding horses that had riding experience of more than three years without swim training experience. The horses were performed with swim exercise for 10 min (60.0 m/min) once a day for 14 days. Physiologic characteristics and haematic parameters were measured before swimming, immediately after swimming, and after a 10 min rest at first day ($D_0$), 7 days ($D_7$), and 14 days ($D_{14}$) of training. After 14 days of swim training, heart rate (p<0.05), blood glucose (p<0.05), lactate concentration (p<0.001), packed cell volume (p<0.01), and hemoglobin (p<0.01) measured immediately after swim and after 10 min rest showed significant lower values than those of $D_0$. The results illustrate the benefits of swim training for riding horses and the need for the establishment of swimming routines of appropriate duration and intensity to maximize the advantages of swim training.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.449-452
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• 2013

본 연구는 제주산마의 hill test 및 운동 강도별 심폐지구력 측정으로 승용능력 평가를 위한 기초 자료로 활용하기 위해 수행하였다. 분석에 이용된 제주산마 9두는 경사도 30도 내외의 경사로 800 m를 주행하는 hill test를 실시하였으며, 이 중 6 두는 운동 강도별(moderate, heavy, very heavy) 심폐지구력을 측정하였다. Hill test 주행시간은 평균 205 초였으며, 개체간 편차는 큰 것으로 확인 되었고, moderate exercise와 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 운동 강도별 평균 심박수는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 개체간 평균 심박수는 차이가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 회복 심박수는 heavy exercise와 very heavy exercise에서 높은 상관관계를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 실험결과, 운동 강도별 평균 심박수 차이는 확인 할 수 없었으나, 개체간의 차이는 큰 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2016

본 연구는 Jeju crossbred(제주마${\times}$더러브렛) 12개월령 체형 형질에 대한 말의 3번 염색체 단일염기변이 효과를 분석하기 위해 수행하였다. 본 연구의 공시축은 국립축산과학원 난지축산연구소에서 육성 중인 Jeju crossbred 육성마 199 두를 이용하였다. 12개월령 육성마 체형은 체중, 체고, 체장, 흉폭 등 13종을 측정하였다. 말의 3번 염색체 105.1Mbp~110Mbp 영역에 위치한 BIEC2-808466, BIEC2-808543, BIEC2-808967, BIEC2-809370 단일염기변이 유전자형을 분석하였다. 단일염기변이 유전자형과 12개월령 체형과의 연관관계 분석을 위해 공분산분석을 수행하였으며, 출생년도, 출생월, 성별, 산차를 공분산 성분으로 분석에 이용하였다. 12개월령 육성마의 평균 체중은 $193.7{\pm}24.5kg$이었으며, 체고는 $124.5{\pm}4.0cm$였다. 분석에 이용된 4종의 단일염기변이의 miner 대립유전인자 빈도는 0.01~0.291로 확인되어 유전적 다형성이 낮았다. 공변량 중 성별과 산차는 출생연도와 출생월보다 체형 측정치에서 영향이 낮은 것으로 확인됐다. 12개월령 체형 13종에 대한 4종의 단일염기변이의 효과를 분석한 결과 BIEC2-808967 단일염기변이는 체장에서 연관관계를 확인할 수 있었으며(P<0.05), BIEC2-809370 단일염기변이에서는 체고, 배고, 고고에서 연관관계를 확인할 수 있었다(P<0.05). 본 연구결과 Jeju crossbred에서 3번 염색체 단일염기변이는 12개월령 체형에 대해 연관관계가 있는 것으로 사료되며 성장단계에 따른 추가의 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2017

본 연구는 암말의 계절에 따른 난소주기 변화를 분석하기 위해 수행하였다. 공시마는 국립축산과학원 난지축산연구소에서 사육 보유하고 있는 Jeju crossbred horses(더러브렛${\times}$제주마) 21두를 공시하였으며, 2016년 5월부터 2017년 6월까지 공시하였으며, 암말의 생식기 및 난소 초음파 검사는 주 1회 초음파 진단기를 이용하여 난소 내 난포 및 황체를 확인하였다. 공시마의 호르몬 분석을 위해 일주일에 2회 채혈하였으며 혈중 P4 농도를 분석하였다. 난소주기가 진행이 되면 배란된 날에 난소주기가 재개된 것으로 간주하였다. 총 21두의 공시마 중 13두(61.9%)만이 정상적인 난소주기를 보였으며, 공시마 8두(38.1%)는 난소주기가 지연되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 10월에 3두(16.7%), 11월에 5두(27.8%), 12월에 5두(27.8%)가 발정이 정지 되었으며, 나머지 5두(27.8%)에서는 겨울철에도 발정이 지속되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 발정이 정지된 개체는 이듬해 3월까지 발정이 정지되어 있었으며, 비번식계절에도 27.8%는 발정이 지속되었다. 18두 중 4월달에 11두(61.1%), 5월달에 2두(11.1%)가 발정이 재귀되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.651-661
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• 2021

This study aimed to investigate whether breed, sex, and age affected temperament differently (more or less neophobic) in mature horses during a novel object test. The study included Jeju crossbred (n = 12, age = 9.42 ± 4.57 y), Thoroughbred (n = 15, age = 10.73 ± 3.09 y), and Warmblood horses (n = 12, age = 13.08 ± 3.55 y) with the females (n = 22, age = 11.36 ± 4.24 y) and geldings (n = 17, age = 10.65 ± 3.66 y). Jeju crossbreds (Jeju horse × Thoroughbred) are valuable considering their popular usage in Korea, but limited studies have explored temperament of Jeju crossbred horses. A trained experimenter touched the left side of the neck with a white plastic bag (novel object). The test ended when the horse stopped escape response and heart rate (HR) dropped to baseline. Behavioral score and escape duration were measured as behavioral variables. Multiple variables related to HR and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured to reflect emotional state. These included basal HR (BHR), maximum HR (MHR), delay to reach maximum heart rate (Time to MHR), standard deviation of beat-to-beat intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and ratio of low to high frequency components of a continuous series of heartbeats (LF/HF). Statistics revealed that Thoroughbreds had significantly higher behavioral scores, and lower RMSSD than Jeju crossbreds (p < 0.05), suggesting greater excitement and fear to the novel object in Thoroughbreds. None of the behavioral or cardiac parameters exhibited sex differences (p < 0.05). Age was negatively correlated with SDNN and RMSSD (p < 0.05), indicating that older horses felt more anxiety to the novelty than younger horses. Thoroughbreds and females had distinct correlations between behavioral and HRV variables in comparison with other groups (p < 0.05), implying that escape duration might be a good indicator of stress, especially in these two groups. These results are expected to improve equine welfare, safety and utility, by providing insights into the temperament of particular horse groups, to better match reactivity levels with specific functions.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.995-1001
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• 2023

본 연구는 Jeju crossbred 6두를 대상으로 다양한 장르(Classic, New Age, Rock) 의 음악 활용을 통해 기간에 따른 스트레스 저감 정도를 비교 분석하였다. 말의 스트레스 상태를 평가하기 위해 신경전달물질(cortisol, β-endorphin, dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin) 과 효소(CPK, Aldolase) 의 농도 분석을 진행하였다. Plasma를 통해 분석된 신경전달물질 결과는 다음과 같다. cortisol은 Classic과 New Age에서 음악 제공 기간에 따라 유의적으로 감소하였고, Rock은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Dopamine은 New Age에서만 유의적으로 감소하였고, Classic은 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, Rock은 차이가 없었다. β-endorphin은 모든 장르에서 통계적 유의성은 없었으나, Classic과 New Ag에서 감소하고 Rock은 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. Serotonin은 모든 장르에서 통계적 유의성이 없었다. Oxytocin은 Classic과 Rock에서 감소하였고, New Age는 차이가 없었다. Serum에 의해 분석된 스트레스 관련 효소의 농도는 다음과 같다. CPK는 New Age에서 유의적 차이로 감소하였고 음악 종료 후에 다시 증가하였다. Classic과 Rock은 유의적 차이가 없었다. Aldolase는 Classic과 New Age에서 유의적으로 감소하였고 음악 종료 후에 다시 증가하였다. Rock은 통계적 유의성이 없었다. 본 연구를 통해 Jeju crossbred의 심리적 안정을 위한 최적의 음악 장르로 Classic과 New Age가 적합하며, 음악 장르에 따른 생리학적 특성 구명을 통해 말의 사육 여건 개선 및 동물 복지 증진에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.351-354
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• 2009

Diaphragmatic hernias, whether congenital or acquired (traumatic), are rarely observed in the horse. Acquired diaphragmatic hernias typically occur secondary to trauma or an increase in intraabdominal pressure due to falling, heavy exercise, or parturition. Diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy is difficult to perform in adult horses and the horses with symptomatic diaphragmatic hernias usually die. A 10- year old, 340 kg, Jeju horse (crossbred) broodmare with sudden onset of gait disorder and a moderate emaciation was examined. Findings on physical examination included conjunctivitis, dehydration, shallow breathing, dyspnea, weaken heart beat, lack of auscultatable sounds from the gastrointestinal tract, and anorexia. Rectal temperature was $38.4^{\circ}C$ and respiratory rates were moderately increased. There were slight signs of acute colic. The broodmare died one day after non-specific treatment of fluids, nutriment, antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The cause of death was strangulation of the small intestine through a diaphragmatic hernia. The rent was about 2 cm in diameter and located in the central right part of diaphragm. Around 60 cm of small intestine was protruded into thoracic cavity through the rent. The cause of the hernia could not be ascertained. The broodmare had been pastured with many other horses, and the groom had not noticed any aggressive behavior among them. It was, however, speculated that trauma by stallion's attack may have been the cause of the diaphragmatic hernia, because the new horse may be the object of behaviors ranging from mild threats to seriously aggressive kicking, squealing, rearing, and biting.

• Genes and Genomics
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.1249-1258
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• 2018

The Jeju horse is an indigenous Korean horse breed that is currently registered with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. However, there is severe lack of genomic studies on Jeju horse. This study was conducted to investigate genetic characteristics of horses including Jeju horse, Thoroughbred and Jeju crossbred (Jeju${\times}$Thoroughbred) populations. We compared the genomes of three horse populations using the Equine SNP70 Beadchip array. Short-range Linkage disequilibrium was the highest in Thoroughbred, whereas $r^2$ values were lowest in Jeju horse. Expected heterozygosity was the highest in Jeju crossbred (0.351), followed by the Thoroughbred (0.337) and Jeju horse (0.311). The level of inbreeding was slightly higher in Thoroughbred (-0.009) than in Jeju crossbred (-0.035) and Jeju horse (-0.038). $F_{ST}$ value was the highest between Jeju horse and Thoroughbred (0.113), whereas Jeju crossbred and Thoroughbred showed the lowest value (0.031). The genetic relationship was further assessed by principal component analysis, suggesting that Jeju crossbred is more genetically similar to Thoroughbred than Jeju horse population. Additionally, we detected potential selection signatures, for example, in loci located on LCORL/NCAPG and PROP1 genes that are known to influence body. Genome-wide analyses of the three horse populations showed that all the breeds had somewhat a low level of inbreeding within each population. In the population structure analysis, we found that Jeju crossbred was genetically closer to Thoroughbred than Jeju horse. Furthermore, we identified several signatures of selection which might be associated with traits of interest. To our current knowledge, this study is the first genomic research, analyzing genetic relationships of Jeju horse, Thoroughbred and Jeju crossbred.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.486-493
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• 2017

The effects of slaughter age (28, 32, or 38 mon) on the proximate composition, collagen content, fatty acid composition, amino acid content, and mineral contents of horse leg bone (femur and tibia) extracts (HLBE) obtained from Jeju crossbred horses (n=14) in Korea. HLBE was extracted for 24 h with boiling water. At those ages, the respective proximate compositions of the HLBE were found as follows: 5.20-6.42% crude protein; fat 0.61-1.65% crude; and 0.10-0.22% crude ash. At 32 and 38 mon, the HLBE showed higher levels of both crude protein and collagen than at 28 mon. The major fatty acids of the horse leg bone extract powder (HLBP) were palmitic acid and oleic acid. Palmitoleic acid and the essential fatty acids were higher in the HLBP at 38 mon compared to that at 28 mon. Nearly all the amino acids were found at higher levels in the HLBP at 38 mon than at 28 mon, except histidine. The P, K, Zn, Se and Fe contents in the HLBP increased significantly with age. These results suggest that some nutrients in the HLBE increase with age, and that extracts from horses older than 32 mon would be more nutritious for human consumers.