• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.113-128
• /
• 2020

Right before the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1937-1954), the Great Eastern Broadcasting Station (GEBS) was established in Shanghai under the aegis of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA). Prior to the launching of the GEBS, Japan had not owned similar radio stations in China for years. As a result, the Embassy of Japan in China held rounds of discussions on the plan and Japanese governments, ranging from the MOFA, the Navy, the Army, the Ministry of Communications (MOC), and NHK-Japan Broadcasting Corporation (Nihon Hoso Kyoku) provided financial, technological, and equipment support. In the mid-1930s when the Sino-Japanese relations became intensified, the GEBS assumed the primary role of disseminating government policies to over 30,000 Japanese expatriates in Shanghai to make sure that they could remain settled while supporting military endeavors of the Japanese army once the war between China and Japanese broke out. After 1937, the GEBS became an essential propaganda tool to advance imperial policies of Japan. Although the station differed from the Army-controlled Greater Shanghai Broadcasting Station (Dai Shanhai Hoso Kyoku) in many aspects, it was in line with the latter in terms of advancing wartime ideology of the Japanese empire. As the Japanese-occupied areas were enlarged, target audience of the GEBS also expanded to Chinese people and foreign nationals when Japanese, English, Russian, and Shanghai-dialect news was broadcast by the station. Suffice it to say that the GEBS was closely related to wartime propaganda of the Japanese imperial expansion.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.152-157
• /
• 2018

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Among those of the Northeast Asia three countries, school physical education and military-style gymnastics of Chosun can be regarded as having been the most nationalistic. The adoption of modern physical education in public schools was from the proclamation of 'the Order on Building the Country through Education by King Gojong in February 1895. This paper intends to examine the process of adopting military-style gymnastics education which played the central role in school physical education in the late Chosun period. But, unlike the common guess that military-style gymnastics in public schools in late Chosun would have been full of patriotism and nationalism, the textbooks and teaching contents of Chosun Military Officers' School were very similar to those of Japan, which is an unexpected fact. Therefore, Chosun decided to accept the Japanese-type military-style gymnastics and military training to improve physical strength of youngsters and military power. The fact that, with the advent of modern education, physical education was emphasized above all else has a very important meaning to the history of Korean physical education. Physical activity education emerged as a major education course which had been unthinkable in previous ages. The second characteristics is that the process of adopting military-style gymnastics and its contents were influenced by Japan Third, even if military-style gymnastics was imported from Japan as part of school physical education course in late Chosun period, its aim was to train military man powers for the independence movement against Japan, rather than to develop harmonious body.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
• /
• no.70
• /
• pp.257-301
• /
• 2018

The purpose of the study is to examine righteous army activity and combat in Hapcheon during the Imjin invasion period. The resulting conclusions are as follows. First, Chung In-hong raised a righteous army in Hapcheon and Kim Myeon raised an army in Goryeong. Chung In-hong commanded the army and fought against Japanese army with a leadership of knowing the enemy and himself, and Kim Myeon commanded the army and fought against Japanese military with a leadership of harmony. Second, battles of Chung In-hong's righteous army are the first Mugye battle, the ambush battle in Sawon-dong, the Chogye Majin battle, the Aneon battle, and the third Seongju Castle battle. Battles of Kim Myeon's righteous army are the Yeongang battle, the Gaesanpo battle, the second Mugye battle, the Ucheok-hyeon battle, the Jirye battle, and the Sarangam battle. Battles that Chung In-hong and Kim Myeon united and fought are the first and second Seongju Castle battles. In Jeongyu Jaeran, Chung In-hong played a role of Jodosa who takes charge of provisions in the right area of Gyeongsang. In addition, Hapcheon was the access road and transport route where Japanese army entered Jeolla-do. Third, participation and role of Ming troops are part of restraint device against Japanese army with military tactics of ii chei(using foreigners to control foreigners) to remove Japanese army from Joseon and defend Yodong. After a victory of Li Rusong in Pyeongyang Castle in January, 1593(the 26th year of Seongjo), Ming troops pursued practical interest through peace talks rather than active battles. When there was practically Siege of Jinju, Yujeong troops of Ming entered with hand-to-hand martial arts of Sacheon soldiers in late June, 1593, but did not participate because they should wait for orders of Gyeongnyak Song Eung-chang and Admiral Li Rusong. Fourth, in the Imjin invasion period, Joseon suffered terrible damage such as ruin of the whole country by invasion of Japanese army and in need of aid of military rice from Ming troops, but righteous armies and the royal forces in each area cooperated so defeated Japanese army. It is understood through a case of Hapcheon in the right area of Gyeongsang. Especially, Joseon did not succumb to pressure of Ming troops that used full powers to two aspects such as settlement and battle with Japan during the war, and did not lose national confidence and pride by showing a fighting will to fight against Japanese army to the end with independence. Such a spiritual culture originated from homeland protection and loyalty to the king, and is national spirit of resistance that sublimates the united mind and spirit of community to protect a country against foreign invasion.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 2012

This study is to survey the Japanese investigations for Korean sea during Meiji period. Meiji government was eager to develop new fishing ground to provide the marine products to their people, to offer the job for their people and to accumulate the starting capital. They found that the Korean sea was abundant in shark, sea cucumber and ear shell. These products were valuable for Chinese foods. From 1870's, Japan Navy investigated Korean sea for military purpose and subsequently for fishery. The first investigation for Korean maritime products was The Circumstances for Catching Fish in Korean Sea by Sekizawa Akikiyo in 1893. He was the most famous specialist in fishery and insisted that Japanese fishermen must go to Korean sea and catch fishes. Meiji government accepted his opinion and pushed the policy sending fishermen to Korean sea. Meiji government enlarged the investigations and backed up the activities of fisherman and the organization for fishery in Korean sea. Especially, the investigations by The Association for Korean Sea Fishery were repeated and detailed(1897~1900). The Association intervened the conflicts between Korean and Japanese fishermen. At the same time, The Association investigated the attitudes of Korean people to Japanese. The Guidelines for Fishery in Korean Sea by Kuzuu Syuzo was also very detail, especially in the kinds of fishes in Korean sea. These investigations were supported by Meiji government or organizations helped by government.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.81-86
• /
• 2000

From the ancient civilization, Japanese have maintained a homogeneous domestic culture while they have constantly received external ideas. They have received many conflicting and contradictory ideas and phenomena and surprisingly, they blend them successfully into their own culture. For them, the series of impacts from other civilizations have dissolved each equivalent individual elements for their successive culture. The introduction of Portuguese arquebus in the mid 16th century was a monumental event of Japanese technological development based on military initiatives. In terms of the Japanese import of western civilization from the time onward, the Meiji restoration could be explained the extension of the process modernization. Modern Japanese design is a unique case created through the close relationship between industry and cultural traditions. Such a role of traditional values and an alliance between political decision and economic program in post war years show two-fold implications

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.40
• /
• pp.226-269
• /
• 2000

The objective of this study is to investigate the process of development of social work and divide it historically during the Korean Modern Times. At first, I investigated this period's "societal" situation (political, economical, social situation) which is closely related to social work and made a historical division. And I wrote down the social welfare policy and social services concretely and I interpreted this period's historical meaning. At the end of the Cho-Sun dynasty, although a modern social work movement had come about naturally in the Korean peninsula, it was nearly destroyed by the Japanese aggression. However, it could have expanded consistently and come to maturity because of a national self-awakening and peoples' vigorous participation after the 3 1 national movement. But unfortunately, as the social work come to be exploited by the Japanese Imperialist powers, it lost its purity its essential purpose and was changed. After World War II, no one was made to take responsibility for those historical facts, and under the name of Social Welfare many ordinary citizens became scapegoats, and passed silently over to the period of American military occupation which was another time of transition in the Korean peninsula. There have been few studies undertaken concerning social welfare during the Japanese occupation. These studies will help to indicate what influence the Japanese had on the development of Korean social welfare after the Japanese occupation. I anticipate many studies on this subject will follow.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
• /
• s.1
• /
• pp.1-34
• /
• 2003

Clausewitz's On War is a very difficult classic. Because its manuscript was not completed by him, and the Korean translations are hard to understand. Seven Korean translations of the twelve, all of the Korean translations of On War, are the plagiarisms or very alike to the former translations. It remains only five translations, to that is worth reading. Even the five are composed of Korean, difficult to understand. Because they are full of japanese and chinese terms, the sentence structures too long and complex, and many of terms too 'military'. Now is the time to translate the book new, that is understandable with easy and simple terms and short sentences.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• no.spc
• /
• pp.247-270
• /
• 2007

Space development and utilization must be conducted within a framework of "peaceful uses" principle under Space Treaty. Japan ratified the treaty in 1967, and interpreted "peaceful uses" as "non-military uses" then. A ghost of "peaceful uses" principle has been hung over Japan up to the moment. Japan's space development and utilization has been conducted with genuine academic interest, and therefore Japan did not introduce space infrastructures to national security policy and did not facilitate growth of space industry. When the Cold War ended, Northeast Asian security environment makes Japan difficult to maintain an interpretation as "non-military uses". Besides the change of external security environment, the domestic industry situation and a series of rocket launching failure needed reexamination of Japan's space policy. Japan is gradually changing its space policy, and introducing space infrastructure in a national security policy under a "generalization" theory that gave a broad interpretation of "peaceful uses" principle. Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) adopted a basic strategy of Japan's space policy in 2004. Since then, a long-term report of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), an investigation report of Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies (SJAC) and a proposal of Japan Business Federation (JSF) were followed. Japan will promote space development and utilization in national security policy with a "strictly defensive defense" strategy and "non-aggressive uses"principle for protection of life and property of Japanese people and stabilization of East Asian countries.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.151-162
• /
• 2013

This paper presents a comparison of Korean and Manchurian railway system during the Japanese colonial era of Korea. While both railways share the common characteristics of an imperial railway, they revealed several differences. Firstly, the Manchurian railway was likely a private company, although it was operated half privately and half by the government. The Manchurian railway operated like the East Indian Company in India during the English colonial era. On the other hand, the Korean railway was fully operated by the government at a ministry level. While the Korean railway solely concentrated on the railway, the Manchurian railway was involved in regional development and the coal-mining industry as well. Secondly, in contrast to the Korean railway, the Manchurian railway was more lucrative, and was relatively more predominant regarding carriage of freights. Thirdly, railway officers in Korea were elected government bureaucrats, while Manchurian railway officers came from diverse political parties and social strata. After the annexation by the Kwantung Army, the Manchurian railway was mainly influenced by the military. The common characteristic here was that both railways were utilized for military purposes as imperial railways. In partilcular, the Manchurian railway executed military orders directly. Hereafter, through a comparative study between the Japanese and Taiwanese railways, a clear and accurate understanding of the characteristics of the Korean railway during the Japanese era will be revealed.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.10 no.3 s.27
• /
• pp.7-23
• /
• 2001

We Koreans are very proud of this nation's cultural history over some five millenniums. But most of the relics found in the nation date back up to two thousand years. Under this circumstance, we are wondering the gap and missing of three thousand years. In our traditional literature of history, [Chiwoo] was a military god of supreme dignity and virtue. He was a symbol of brave and strong warriors and since the antiquity, he has been kept alive deeply in the mind of the Korean race. Considering findings through this study, the researcher could provide a conclusion as described below. 1) The name of Paekje's designed tiles was initially made by a Japanese scholar who had first found the antique relic. According to studies by a few of Korean researchers, the name is usually called despite its relation with a historical background of the excavated objects has not been fully studied. 2) After the patterned objects of the Korean antique Kingdom, Japanese researchers reported that [Chiwoo] was a military god as exorcist and probably represented something in the form of a ghost, although there were arguments that the military god was the very being to influence the image of the ghost. This report suggests that the Japanese community didn't downgrade the military god onto the level of a ghost. 3) One of our antique nations, Paekje at that time sought to determine the origin and culture of the Koreans by making multiple exchange relations with China, and probably accepting cultures of the Chinese Han nation and those of the Chinese South and North Dynasty period. Based on findings from a relevant literature, [Sulyigi], people of Paekje attempted to show express the image of Chiwoo in their own unique ways and then deliver the strong bravery of [Chiwoo] to us, or their descendents. This can explain that those findings as above mentioned are consistent with the designed tiles of Paekje, and that the tiles should not be named as the design of ghost. 4) The designed tiles involved elements of Taoism and Buddhism and substantially considered the spirit of four gods which was mobilized for the tomb construction and selection at that time. But this should never be a reason why all of the horned figures seen in tomb wall paintings are collectively treated as ghosts. 5) From the view of historic literature, we can no doubt say that the Heavenly Emperor [Chiwoo] was our ancestor. It is not better to say that the relic stuffs as excavated should be referred to the design of ghost image only in that they have yet to be associated historically with other relics. This claim would be newly changed as it becomes clear with historical remains that our antique ancestors kept doing positive activities along the coast of the antique kingdom, Balhae.