• 제목/요약/키워드: Japanese medical history

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발해의학(渤海醫學)에 대(對)한 연구(硏究) (A Study on the Medical Science of Balhae(渤海))

  • 이정록;김홍균;유원준
    • 한국의사학회지
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    • 제19권1호
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    • pp.111-133
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    • 2006
  • This study was examined to reveal the medical Science of Balhae which was not well displayed until now. For this, the category of the medical science of Balhae(渤海) was decided in diachronic and synchronic perspective and the concrete contents of the medical science of Balhae(渤海) was presumed. Balhae(渤海) succeeded to the medical science of Koguryo(高句麗) and its orthodoxy. Through the interchange between Balhae(渤海) and the country as Dang(唐) and Shilla(新羅), Balhae(渤海) accepted new medical knowledge. Balhae(渤海) had a customs to eat a cake made of rice flour and artemisia paste on the Tano Festival(端午) to overcome its constitutional character. And medicines as Gon-po(昆布), Doo-shi were treated valuable. and they used Ondol(溫突). Balhae(渤海) advanced suigeneris abscess medicine(治腫醫學), and they valued much of Hyangyak(鄕藥). And they took the serious view on the scripture in the education and on the simplic in the clinic. It shows Balhae(渤海) had the unique medical tradition of our nation. The medical institution and medical educational system of Balhae(渤海) was fundamental to that of Koguryo(高句麗), and it was established in the reference of the system of Dang(唐) and Shilla(新羅). It influenced the establishment of medical system and medical education of Corea(高麗) later on. And the medical doctor of the Balhae(渤海) who was dispatched to Japan imparted the advanced medicine of Balhae(渤海) and it was fundamental to the Japanese medical development. Balhae(渤海) produced superior acupuncture on the basis of superior materials which are represented as metalwork technology and Corea-copper(高麗銅) which are handed down from the Old-Chosun(古朝鮮) and Koguryo(高句麗). And we can suppose the level of Balhae(渤海) through the fact that the acupunctual technique of Koguryo(高句麗) was spread out to the nearby country. By the tradition of acupuncture and moxibustion, the theory of Bi-bo(裨補) that cure a disease on the theory of acupuncture and moxibustion appeared in the north and south branch period(南北國時代). And we can prusure the level of acupuncture of Balhae(渤海) through this fact. Balhae(渤海) educated herbal medicine with priority given to Shin-nong-bon-cho-kyong(神農本草經) stand on the serious view on the scripture. They produced a various herbs on the basis of broad territory and suigeneris herbal medicine. It is famous herb of Balhae(渤海), that To-sa-ja, Gon-po(昆布), Doo-shi, Ginseng(人蔘), Woo-hwang(牛黃), Song-ja(松子), Hwang-myung-kyo (黃明膠), Baek-bu-ja(白附子), Sa-hyang(麝香), Honey(蜜).

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『외대비요방(外臺秘要方)』, 『천금방(千金方)』, 『의심방(醫心方)』의 서지학적 연구 -『산번방(刪繁方)』 산재문헌의 서지사항- (A bibliography about 『OedaeBiyo-bang(外臺秘要方)』, 『Cheongeum-bang(千金方)』, and 『Uisim-bang(醫心方)』 -Documents which directly quoted 『Sanbeon-bang』-)

  • 김도훈;정창현
    • 한국의사학회지
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.31-55
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    • 2004
  • For the sake of the Restoration(to the original state) of "Sanbeon-bang(刪繁方)", in this study observed carefully the bibliographical results of "Oedaebiyo-bang", "Cheongeumyo-bang", "Cheongeumik-bang" and "Uisim-bang", which directly quoted "Sanbeon-bang". "Sanbeon-bang" is mostly remained in "Oedaebiyo-bang", and the other provisions of "Sanbeon-bang" mostly lie scattered in "Cheongeumyo-bang" and "Cheongeumik-bang", established 100years before "Oedaebiyo-bang" and "Uisim-bang", established 200years after "Oedaebiyo-bang". And there are few other documents which quoted the "Sanbeon-bang". "Cheongeumyo-bang", a synthetic medical work was compiled in 652, and which refered large quantity of medical documents before Dang-dynasty(唐代) by Son Sa-mak(孫思邈). And he linked the technical opinion of himself. The comments of medicine, as well as the prescriptions are refleting the outcome before Dang-dynasty systematically. For the most part of the medical arguments in "Sanbeon-bang" lie scattered in "Cheongeumyo-bang". "Cheongeumik-bang", also a synthetic medical work which is for the sake of supplement of "Cheongeumyo-bang" was complied in 682 by Son Sa-mak. As well as "CheongeumYo-bang" it doesn't make clear the sources of quotation from "Sanbeon-bang". So it used as the data for confirmation. "Oedaebiyo-bang" was compiled in 752 of Dang-Dynasty by Wang Do(王燾) the a governor-general of Eop-gun. Wang Do was descended from a noble family, and usually visited the palace and dealed with large number of books in Hongmunguan(弘文館), the national library. He programmed the book on the base of wide scopic collection of medical documents. And he took charge of gverment post at the same time as Wang Bing(王氷) who compiled "Chaju-Hwangje-Naegyeong-Somun(次注黃帝內經素問)" in 762. So we can guess they might have seen the same documents and holded the medical knowledge in common. The 40 volume "Oedaebiyo-bang" was a great medical complete book in those days. In particular, it became the model of medical complete books of after ages. The description of the book is mostly the qutation of medical documents of before ages. The character is recording of quotation documents and the order of volume. On the base of the recording, we can reconstruct the table of contents of Sanbeon-bang. By way of the contens, we can understand the purpose of "Sanbeon-bang". Besides, I can see a lot of qouotations of "Sanbeon-bang" in "Cheongeum-bang" and "Uisim-bang" are repeatedly quotated in "Oedaebiyo-bang". For that reason, I observed the bibliographical results of "Oedaebiyo-bang" in detail. "Uisim-bang" was compiled in 982 by the Japanese Niwayasyori(丹波綱賴). It followed the example of the structure of "Oedaebiyo-bang", refered to the contents of "Cheongeumyo-bang", collected chinese medical classic books spreaded in Japan. It contains medical documents of before Su-Dang(隋唐)-era, indicated the source of quotation. The importance of the book is summarization and preservation of large quantity of chinese medicine before 10th century. In this study, a lot of the quotation in "Uisim-bang" from "Sanbeon-bang" were not in "Oedaebiyo-bang".

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"의방류취(醫方類聚)"에 대한 판본(版本) 연구 (A study on the xylographica of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$)

  • 신순식;최환수
    • 한국한의학연구원논문집
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 1997
  • ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$(1445) is a book compiled the medical achievements of China and Choseon in those times and it's our source of pride to have it In this country. It also deserves careful investigation since this book can provide some clues of features of missing books in China and Korea. The extent of accuracy of xylographica of old books determines the possiblity of in depth further study. So authors attempted to investigate the xylographica of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ one of the 3 main books in Korea. Previous investigation done by Miki Sakae and Kim Doo Jong are noticeable. On the basis of their respective works, we analyzed 'Annals of the Choseon Dynasty' to find records related with ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ and estimated the situation of its publication. We tried figure the situation of those times of China, Japan and Korea(including North Korea) and tried to estimate the book's original xylographica as much as we could. By King Sejong's command, the first draft of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ consisted of 365 books was made by collaboration of civil officials and medical officers during the period from 1443 to 1445. And then from 1451(first year of Moonjong's reign) to 1464(l0th year of Sejo's reign) lots of manpowers were employed and through the process of countless erasure, proofreading, arrangement and rearrangement revised version of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ which is called by Sejo text was completed. After 3 years of wood engraving work, the first printed form of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ (alternately called Seongjong text) in folding case consisted of 266 chapters, 264 volumes came into the world in 1477.(8th year of Seongjong's reign). This was 32 years after the initial completion of the edition. So ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ exists in three forms as Sejong text, Sejo text and Seongjong text respectively. Since those texts were plundered during the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, none of the original copy remains within korea. The texts were constantly moved to kadeungcheongieong, to Kongdeungpyeongio, Jesookoan of Edo, to East University of department of classic books, to Cheoncho archives, to the Imperial Museum and finally is kept in the royal palace at present. (Doseoryo text Eulhae printing type) Reduced-size republication books of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ in wooden type were imported at the time of 'Byeongja Korea-Japan Treaty in 1876' and of those 2 books, one copy was treasured in the Royal Household of the Yi Dynasty and than was lost during the Korean War circa 1950. The other remaining copy has been kept succesively by Kojong's imperial grant, Royal doctor Hong Cheol Bo, Hong Taek Joo, Hong Ik Pyo the book agent, and now is kept In Yonsei University Library and this is the only existing copy in Korea at present. In 1965, Dongyang Medical college published the transcription version of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ consisting of 11 books and then in 1981 after edition and arrangement by Choonghoa(中華) publishing company, photoprint copy of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ was published in Keumgang(金剛) publishing company In 1991, October Yeokang(驛江) publishing company producd photocopies of ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ which were previously translated into Korean by North Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine and then issued by medical publishing company. In China, two institutes, Zhejiang Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Huzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital cooperated to publish a revised and marked text consiting of 11 books by adding marking points to japanse Edohakhoondang text which were used as a reference. Both the korean and chinese texts issued were grounded by the ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ kept in the royal palace. Any further study concerning ${\ulcorner}$Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions${\lrcorner}$ can acquire its accuracy and objectivity when the japanese text kept in the royal palace is taken as an original copy.

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Successful Outcome of Elderly Patients with Advanced Malignant Melanoma by Standardized Allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua Stokes Extract and Bojungikki-tang: Two Cases

  • Jung, Hyunsik;Lee, Sanghun
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.98-103
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    • 2014
  • Objectives: Advanced malignant melanoma (MM) has a poor prognosis, with an expected 2-year survival rate of 10 to 20%. It has long been recognized as an immunogenic tumor, and is worse for elderly patients. Many studies have suggested that herbal treatments improve immune functions, but few clinical studies have reported on this topic. Patients and History: We present two cases of female patients (72 and 77 years old, respectively) with advanced MM. The 72-year-old female patient was, at first, diagnosed with MM with multiple bone metastases. She received resection of the primary lesion, but refused further chemotherapy. The 77-year-old female patient was diagnosed with cutaneous MM of the left heel, with suspicion of sentinel node lymphadenopathy; however, she also refused any conventional treatment due to old age. Course of Therapy and Results: Both patients were exclusively treated with standardized allergen-removed Rhus verniciflua stokes (aRVS) extract combined with Bojungikki-tang (BT, Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in Chinese or Hochu-ekki-to in Japanese). Both patients are still alive and doing well (Feb. 2014), demonstrating that the 72-year-old patient has lived for 27 months and the 77-year-old patient has lived for 31 months without disease progression since the aRVS and BT administration. Conclusion: We suggest that the combination of aRVS extract and BT could be a candidate for overcoming the cancer's immunoediting process especially for elderly MM patients intolerant of conventional treatment.

Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Mortality in Japan: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study

  • Tan, Ce;Mori, Mitsuru;Adachi, Yasushi;Wakai, Kenji;Suzuki, Sadao;Suzuki, Koji;Hashimoto, Shuji;Watanabe, Yoshiyuki;Tamakoshi, Akiko
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권10호
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    • pp.4681-4688
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    • 2016
  • Objective: Our aim was to estimate whether diabetes mellitus (DM) may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality in Japan. Methods: The Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study is a nationwide prospective study, initiated in 1988, which involves 110,585 subjects (age range: from 40 to 79 years; 46,395 males and 64,190 females). Our present analysis population comprised 96,081 (40,510 men and 55,571 women) who provided details on DM history. The questionnaire also included age, sex, weight, height, family history of CRC, smoking, drinking and exercise habits, and education. Cox proportional-hazard regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR). We used SPSS 21 software to analyze all data. Results: Among the participants with DM, we followed up for 71,174 person-years and 640. deaths from CRC were confirmed; and, among the non-diabetic participants, 785 CRC deaths were identified during 1,499,324 person-years. After adjusting for multivariate confounding factors, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), family history of colorectal cancer, smoking habit, drinking habit, physical activity (sports and walking) and education, DM was associated with an increased risk of CRC death (HR 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-2.0). Diabetic women, but not diabetic men, experienced increased mortality from CRC (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.0). Conclusion: The risk of CRC mortality is significantly increased in both sexes and women with diabetes, but no significant increase was seen for diabetic men among Japanese.

한국응용곤충학회의 첫 50년 역사 (History of the Korean Society of Applied Entomology for its First Fifty Years)

  • 부경생
    • 한국응용곤충학회지
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    • 제51권2호
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    • pp.171-190
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    • 2012
  • The Korean Society of Applied Entomology (KSAE) celebrates its First 50 years history this year, 2011. It began in the year 1962, as the Korean Society of Plant Protection (KSPP) to discuss all aspects of plant protection including entomology and plant pathology. At that time it was one of the earliest scientific ones among agricultural societies in Korea. Before liberation from the Japanese colonial rule there were a few scientific societies for Japanese scientists only in the Korean Peninsula. It seemed that there was a single exception, in medical field, formed by and operated for Korean ethnics. Right after the liberation, Korean scientists rushed to form new scientific societies in the fields of mechanical engineering, architecture, textile, internal medicine, biology, etc. in 1945, mathematics, chemistry, metallurgy, etc. in 1946, and so on. But agricultural scientists had to wait for more time before setting up their own scientific society, Korean Agricultural Society(韓國農學會), comprising all agricultural subfields, in 1954. They had annual meetings and published their own journal every year until 1962. Then those working in the plant protection field established their own KSPP, right after their section meeting in 1962. At that time the total number of participants for KSPP were only around 50. KSPP scientists were interested in plant pathology, agricultural chemicals, weed science, or bioclimate, besides entomology. They had annual meetings once or twice a year until 1987 and published their own journal, Korean Journal of Plant Protection (KJPP), once a year at the earlier years but soon gradually increasing the frequency to four times a year later. Articles on entomology and plant pathology occupied about 40% each, but the number of oral or posters were a little bit higher on plant pathology than entomology, with the rest on nematology, agricultural chemicals, or soil microarthropods. There also had a number of symposia and special lectures. The presidentship lasted for two years and most of president served only one term, except for the first two. The current president should be $28^{th}$. In the year 1988, KSPP had to be transformed into the applied entomology society, Korean Society of Applied Entomology (KSAE), because most of plant pathologists participating left the society to set up their own one, Korean Society of Plant Pathology in 1984. Since that time the Society concentrates on entomology, basic and applied, with some notes on nematology, acarology, soil microarthropods, agricultural chemicals, etc. The Society has been hosting annual meetings at least twice a year with special lectures and symposia, from time to time, on various topics. It also hosted international symposia including binational scientific meetings twice with two different Japanese (applied entomology in 2003 and acarology in 2009) societies and the Asia-Pacific Congress of Entomology in 2005. The regular society meeting of this year, 2011, turns out to be the 43rd and this autumn non-regular meeting would be the 42nd. It has been publishing two different scientific journals, Korean Journal of Applied Entomology (KJAE) since 1988 and the Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology (JAPE) since 1998. Both journals are published 4 times a year, with articles written in Korean or English in the first, but those in English only in the latter with cooperation from the Taiwan Entomological Society and the Malaysian Plant Protection Society since 2008. It is now enlisted as one of those SCI(science citation index) extended. The highest number of topics discussed at their annual meetings was on ecology, behavior, and host resistance. But at the annual meetings jointly with the Korean Society of Entomology, members were more interested in basic aspects, instead of applied aspects, such as physiology and molecular biology fields. Among those societies related to entomology and plant protection, plant pathology, pesticide, and applied entomology societies are almost similar in membership, but entomology and plant pathology societies are publishing more number of articles than any others. The Society is running beautifully, but there are a few points to be made for further improvement. First, the articles or posters should be correctly categorized on the journals or proceedings. It may be a good idea to ask members to give their own version of correct category for their submissions, either oral or poster or written publication. The category should be classified detailed as much as possible (one kind of example would be systematics, morphology, evolution, ecology, behavior, host preference or resistance, physiology, anatomy, chemical ecology, molecular biology, pathology, chemical control, insecticides, insecticide resistance, biocontrol, biorational control, natural enemies, agricultural pest, forest pest, medical pest, etc.) and such scheme should be given to members beforehand. The members should give one or two, first and second, choices when submitting, if they want. Then the categories might be combined or grouped during editing for optimal arrangement for journals or proceedings. Secondly the journals should carry complete content of the particular year and author index at the last issue of that year. I would also like to have other information, such as awards and awardees in handy way. I could not find any document for listing awards. Such information or article categorization may be assigned to one of the vice presidents. I would rather strongly recommend that the society should give more time and energy on archive management to keep better and more correct history records.

일반인의 AED 사용에 관한 한·일 비교 연구 (South Korean and Japanese intention to use automated external defibrillators in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest situations)

  • 임승환
    • 한국응급구조학회지
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.17-27
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    • 2014
  • 연구 목적 : 한국에서 일반인의 의한 AED의 사용 사례를 극히 드물다. 병원 전 심정지 상황에서 특히 제세동이 필요한 환자의 소생률을 높이기 위해서는 일반인에 의한 AED 사용이 요구된다. 본 연구의 목적은 AED사용에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하는 것이며, 한일 비교를 통해 사회적 특성이 있는지를 확인하는 것이다. 연구 방법 : 2013년 2월 25일부터 3월 4일까지 설문 조사를 실시했다. 한국에서 517명, 일본에서 520명의 데이터를 회수했다. 설문지를 통해 파악한 사회인구학적 요인과 AED에 관한 지식 요인이 AED사용의도에 영향을 미치는지를 알기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시했다. 연구 결과 : 한국의 517 명의 응답자 중 220명, 42.6%만이, 그리고 일본의 520명의 응답자 중 387 명, 74.4%가 AED를 사용해 환자를 도우려는 의사를 가지고 있었다. 한국과 일본 모두 성별은 유의한 요인이었다(한국 odd ratio[OR] = 0.419, 일본 OR = 0.582). 양국 모두에서 여성은 남성에 비해 AED를 사용해 환자를 도우려고 하지 않았다. AED에 관한 지식은 양국 모두에서 가장 큰 영향을 끼치는 요인이었다. 국가 간의 차가 있었던 요인은 우선 연령이었다. 연령 요인이 한국에서는 유의하지 않았지만 일본에서는 젊을수록 AED 사용의사가 높았다(OR = 0.968). 또한 일본에서는 심장병력이 유의한 요인(OR=2.099)이었다. 결 론: 본 연구는 AED사용의도에 가장 큰 영향을 끼치는 요인이 AED에 관한 지식임을 밝혔다. 따라서, 병원 전 심정지 상황에서 제세동을 장려하기 위해서는 AED 설치와 함께 사회적 요인을 반영한 교육 프로그램이 필요하다.

명당장부도(明堂臟腑圖)에서 기원한 간장도(肝臟圖) 29종의 비교 (Comparison of 29 Diagrams of Liver originated from Mingtangzangfutu(明堂臟腑圖))

  • 조학준
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.31-54
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    • 2016
  • Objectives : The goal of this paper is to research what affected diagrams of liver originated from Mingtangzangfutu while they were changed. Methods : Diagrams of liver in Traditional Chinese and Japanese medical books had been gathered as many as possible. After they were divided into ones which were originated from Mingtangzangfutu and the others, diagrams originated from Mingtangzangfutu, were again classified into 4 filiations according to Huang Longxiang(黃龍祥)'s standard. Apart from his classification, they were analysed by 4 form factors, e.g. shape, number, veins and petiole of leafs. Results : Reliability of this methods had been confirmed by the correspondence with Huang's 14 standard books, before 29 diagrams of liver were derived from 33 books including 13 books that Huang had already suggested. The lobes of liver in most of diagrams resembled 7 lanceolate or long oval leafs, or a maple leaf with 6 indentations, 4 left lobes and right 3 ones. In most of diagrams, veins of leafs were described variously, and petioles of leafs were drawn more shortly or longer. Analysing 29 diagrams by 4 form factors proved that Huang's classification had crossing features among 4 filiations. This phenomenon implied the painters or doctors drawing diagrams might not convince if the shape of liver was correct or not. Although veins and petiole of leafs in diagrams of liver could be compared with tissues in liver in modern human anatomy, diagrams were not been affected by dissection from Yuan(元) to middle Qing(淸) dynasty. Conclusions : Lingshu(靈樞), Nanjing(難經) and Wang Bing would had constantly acted on 29 diagrams of liver, since diagram of liver originated from Mingtangzangfutu, appeared first in Zhenjiujuying(鍼灸聚英). But they did not come from dissection during same periods.

"의림촬요(醫林撮要)"와 "의림촬요속집(醫林撮要續集)"이 "동의보감(東醫寶鑑)"의 형성에 끼친 영향 - 인후질환(咽喉疾患)을 중심으로 - (The Influence of Uirimchualyo & Its Sequel on Donguibogam - Focused on throat sickness -)

  • 김홍균
    • 한국한의학연구원논문집
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 2009
  • Some researchers who once studied Uirimchualyo have paid good attention to the connection between Donguibogam & Uirimchualyo because of their similarity. So, after reviewing the Sequel of Uirimchualyo, in terms of its editing purpose and the list of contents, especially focused on throat sickness, here I report on the conclusions I come to. Firstly, the Sequel of Uirimchualyo was a monumental edition in concert with the enthronement of Kwanghaegun, and printed at demand of new medical knowledge, which was required to add to the existing Uirimchualyo, written by best-noted doctor, Yang Yesoo, and in need of simpler medical textbook to help people's recovery from the damage of Japanese invasion in the year of Imjin & Jeongyoo. Secondly, all the contents read in the Sequel of Uirimchualyo, were quoted from Kogumuigam, compiled by Kong Shin, Manbyonghoichun, edited by Kong Jeonghyun, Dangaeshim bupbuyo, published by Bang Kwang, and Uihakipmun, edited by Lee Cheon. Thirdly, The reason of similarity between Uirimchualyo and Donguibogam is that the Sequel of Uirimchualyo was made by adding new medical knowledge to the existing Uirimchualyo, and that many of contents of the Sequel of Uirimchualyo were quoted in Donguibogam. Fourthly, regarding throat sickness, medical knowledge on acute fever was supplemented in the Sequel of Uirimchualyo, and the emergency medical treatment methodology like "blow-in-throat" was newly introduced. This treatment is worth being employed to treat acute suffocation with swollen throat in modern acute-infection sicknesses. Fifthly, the Sequel of Uirimchualyo made up for brief description of the existing Uirimchualyo, offered more convenience of users compared with too overscaled Hyangyakjipseongbang & Uibangryuchui, and was more complete than Kookupbang which was loose, incomplete, and sometimes risky. And it took firm hold before Donguibogam, and eventually made a great contribution toward Donguibogam.

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고려시대(高麗時代) 의학사관(醫學史觀) 질정(叱正)(1) - 고려초기(高麗初期) 의학(醫學)에 관한 김두종(金斗鍾)의 역사인식에 대한 비판 - (Berating on the Historical view in Korea dynasty's Medicine (1))

  • 김홍균
    • 한국한의학연구원논문집
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.1-33
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    • 2003
  • From the study on Doo-Jong Kims view of history about the early Korea$(Korea\;herewith\;stands\;for\;Korea\;dynasty\;A.D.918{\sim}1392)s$ Medicine, I came to a conclusion as follows. 1. Doo-Jong Kim is stressing on the fact that Early Koreas Medicine inherited from Shilla dynasty and seemingly expressing the pride of national medical science. But actually he distorted the Koreas independent growth with flunkeyism and insisted that Koreas medicine only took over Shilla dynastys which based on Chinese Tang dynastys medical science. As a result, Koreas medicine was blurred and evaluated as nothing but Tangs medicine. But, the reasons of Doo-Jong Kims viewpoints were not based on the fact, but on his speculation. 2. About the medical system, Doo-Jong Kim viewed that Korea copied Chinese Soo & Tangs medical system, But the fact is that Korea only borrowed a part of Chinese medical systems name, for examples, Tae-I-Gam, Sang-Yak-Kook, Sang-Sik-Kook, etc., and its actual functions were different and grew in Koreas own way, As a result, the titles or roles in the system were very different from those of Chinas. Especially, Korea saw much development in Science of Acupuncture and Moxibustion that there was a specialist on Acupuncture, called I-Chim-Sa, and even had much influences on Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustions growth, exporting Hwang-Je-Ne-Kyong to Chinese Song dynasty. 3. About the education system of medicine, Doo-Jong Kim viewed that Koreas medicine was only a copy of Shilla dynastys which was based on Chinese Tang dynastys, taking the medical examination curriculum as an example. The fact is that Tangs medical curriculum was three, Bon-Cho, Kab-Ul, Maek-Kyong, Shilla had seven, Bon-Cho-Kyong, Kab-Ul-Kyong, So-Moon-Kyong, Chim-Kyong, Maek-Kyong, Myong-Dang-Kyong, Nan-Kyong, and Korea had ten, So-Moon-Kyong, Kab-Ul-Kyong, Bon-Cho-Kyong, Myong-Dang-Kyong, Maek-Kyong, Dae-Kyong-Chim-Kyong, Nan-Kyong, Ku-Kyong, Ryu-Yon-Ja-Bang, So-Kyong-Chang-Jeo-Ron. Simply considering this, it is so clear that Koreas medical curriculum was much more upgraded one than that of China. 4. About the examination system for civil service, Doo-Jong Kim expressed that Shilla dynasty did not have such system, and only expounded knowledge of Shilla medicine, In case of China, Tang danasty Hyang-Kong was only a qualification test for civil service, which the result was completely dependent on applicants social status, Song danasty examination system was composed of three steps of Hyang-Si, Sung-Si, Jeon-Si (See Note1), but it stuck to formality by having Jeon-Si of anti-fraudulence use. On the other hand, examination system for civil service in Korea dynasty started in 958 by an advice of Ssang-Ki, Chin-Si in 977 and K대-Ja-Si (See Note 1), a kind of Hyang-Si, in 1024., Three steps of examination system made employment for civil service strictly fair, Moreover, it was possible for offsprings of concubine to be an applicant. These easily explain that the examination system of Korea dynasty was more upgraded one than that of China, Tang & Song dynasty. Hyang-Si : Exam in local area Sung-Si : Exam in province for those who passed Hyang-Si Jeon-Si : Exam held with Koea Kings supervision for those who passed Hyang-Si Keo-Ja-Si : Selective exam in local area like Hyang-Si. From the reasons above, it is clear that Doo-Jong Kim was much biased by flunkeyism through Japanese colonialisam and expressed his view on Korea Medical History based on such theory of heteronomy and stasis. Moreover, without rigid historical evidence on records, he distored the fact by translating incorrectly on his purpose. Therefore, Doo-Jong Kims Korean Medical History must be reevaluated through rigid historical research and his mistranslation should be corrected.

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