• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2018

This study examined the construction method shown in literatures and materials discovered in rampart, barbican and guard platform for Cheongdo-Eupseong castle which was constructed immediately before Japanese Invasions of Korea (1592-98). According to the result of the examination, the construction method used in the coastal areas and inland areas of Gyeongsang province in the early Joseon period was applied to the rampart, barbican and guard platform in the east and north castle walls, which was constructed earlier than other parts of Cheongdo-Eupseong castle. However, from the western end of the northern castle wall, which was later constructed, to the western castle wall was rebuilt using a construction method different from the method applied to the parts that were constructed earlier after Japanese Invasions of Korea. Cheongdo-Eupseong castle was constructed on a flatland on a large scale and at a low height under unreasonable pressures to construct the castle in a short period of time for military defense as well as civil agitation in the imminent situation just before the outbreak of Japanese Invasions of Korea. In addition, various methods of constructing Eupseong castle utilized at that time were used together, and barbican and guard platform were built generally focusing on rapid completion and convenience, using other methods than the one mainly used at that time. This is the reason why there was a difference in the characteristics of the method and period of castle construction between Cheongdo-Eupseong castle and other Eupseong castles in the coastal areas and inland areas of Gyeongsang province.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.31-49
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• 2009

Periodically, the Japanese Castle was created in the domestic of Japan and then 2 Invasions into Chosun was started. The Japanese Castle in the domestic of Japan was repaired several times by the building boom of castle before & after 2 invasions and so the initially-built type of castles was changed. Accordingly, there are much difficulties to understand the original shape of Japanese Castle. Through the Japanese Castle within Korea called as the fossil of Japanese Castle, I would like to examine & consider its building period and characteristics. The terminology called as [Two Side Stone's Wall] is that of castle which is not acknowledged in the Japanese Academic Circles. However, it means the two-fold wall of Japanese Castle which was widely applied to the fortification way in the Age of Japan Edo. The terminology of [Sori] says the stonework curve in the corner of Japanese Castle which is indicated best in the Japanese Castle. It calls the curve as like the fan frame. [Curb Stone's Wall] says the type of castle wall constructed with over 1 face in wall body of Japanese Castle. (1) About classifying the construction period of Japanese Castle, the curb stone's wall and the castle having no two side stone's wall must consider the building period as that of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. If there was [Sori], the two-side stone's wall was used and the place which supported the documentary data, in particular, the place having the record of contraction is considered to be confirmed as the castle constructed in the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. (2) The two-side-type stone's wall shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle is difficultly considered to be generated from the Japanese Castle at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and in 1597. (3) The beautiful [Sori] shown in the Modern Japanese Stone Castle was started from the Japanese Castle of Korea at the period of Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1597. It is difficultly considered which its indication was firstly generated by the Chaesung-Folded Segment Structure.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2015

최근 검색엔진을 통한 정보검색 과정에서 특정 시구간 상황에 대응하는 문서를 검색하고자 하는 경우가 있다. 예를 들면, 임진왜란 이전의 시대적 상황과 관련된 문서를 검색하기 위해, 키워드 '임진왜란'으로 검색하면 시간에 관계없이 임진왜란 당시나 전후의 모든 문서가 검색되어 추가적인 작업이 요구된다. 또한, 역사관련 문서의 경우는 문서내용에 대응하는 시간 정보가 문서 생성시간과 일치하지 않는 경우가 대부분이다. 만약 웹 문서의 내용에 대응하는 시간 정보를 추출 할 수 있다면 효과적인 정보검색은 물론 다양한 응용에 적용 가능할 것이다. 따라서 본 논문은 문서 내용에 대응하는 시간정보 추출을 목적으로, 조선시대를 대상으로 한 역사문헌을 활용하여 조선시대 역사관련 문서의 시간추출에 대한 연구를 진행한다. 역사 문헌과 웹으로부터 수집된 역사관련 문서를 바탕으로 역사객체를 정의하고, 이를 기반으로 다양한 기계학습 기법을 활용하여 웹 문서의 시간정보 추출에 대한 가능성을 확인한다. 또한 기계학습 과정에 있어서 객체의 유사도에 기반 한 여과과정을 제안하고 이를 적용한 효율적인 시간정보 추출 및 정확도 향상에 대한 결과를 비교 분석한다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제57호
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• pp.103-136
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• 2014

이 논문은 임진왜란의 체험을 다룬 여헌(旅軒) 장현광(張顯光)의 "피란록(避亂錄)"을 주대상으로 하여 작품에 나타난 서술시각과 글쓰기 방식을 분석함으로써 "피란록(避亂錄)"이 조선시대 일기문학사에서 지닌 의의를 밝히고자 하였다. "피란록"의 독특한 특질과 성격을 밝히기 위해 이 논문에서는 서술시각과 글쓰기 방식에 초점을 맞추었다. "피란록"에 나타난 서술시각은 크게 보아 두 가지로 나뉜다. 하나는 혼란한 시대 현실에 관한 비판적 성찰의 시각이며, 다른 하나는 자기존재 및 상황에 대한 반성적 시각이다. 여헌의 "피란록"은 의론성이 대폭 강화된 점이 글쓰기 방식의 두드러진 특징이다. 피란 생활에서 겪는 개인의 일상을 매개로 하여 여헌은 개인의 출처(出處) 문제, 의병(義兵)의 동향과 전망, 축성(築城)의 이해 득실, 인륜 도덕의 회복, 전란의 원인과 책임 등 다방면에 걸쳐 자신의 의견과 주장을 선명하게 펼쳐내었다. 사회비평적 성격과 철학 담론적 성격을 효과적으로 작품속에서 구현하기 위해 여헌의 "피란록"은 임진왜란을 다룬 여타 일기와 달리 의론성의 비중을 크게 높였으며, 인물간 대화와 자문자답의 기법, 피란 고통의 생생한 묘사 등을 적절하게 활용하였다. 그리고 여헌 장현광의 "피란록(避亂錄)"이 지닌 문학사적 위상을 파악하기 위해 여헌의 문인이었던 유진(柳袗)의 "임진록" 및 도세순(都世純)의 "용사일기"와 비교하는 작업을 진행했다. 유진과 도세순의 일기는 청년의 눈으로 비쳐 본 전쟁의 참상과 혼란을 다루고 있으며, 개인의 생생한 체험을 최대한 충실하게 복원하는 데에 서술의 초점이 놓여 있었다. 따라서 개인 서사의 부분이 큰 비중을 차지하며, 여헌의 "피란록"에서 두드러지는 의론성 부분은 상대적으로 미약하다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제35권
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• pp.215-235
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper look at the basis of the cultural differences of Korean and Japan by comparing the craftsmanship. Korean craftsmanship and master craftsman making traditional handcrafts and artwork would die out at a critical moment. The craftsmanship and system could not be established because of discrimination in the traditional four classes of society( scholars, farmers, artisans and tradesmen), invasions of other countries and discontinuity of tradition from modernization. On the contrast, in Japan, it was possible to establish traditional handcrafts and artworks, technique and craftsmanship with apprentice system and various social privilege and treatment even in the same traditional four classes of society ( scholars, farmers, artisans and tradesmen). It was common to pass down the family business for a hundreds of years with self respect between Japanese master craftsmen and lots of people succeed the family business will now. Japanese craftsmanship is originated from 'worship to god' Medieval Japanese believed that the thing changes human mind, artistic talent, masterpieces and faith were connected to sacred power. Therefore, master craftsmen and their works were also made by the power of god. In this context, craftsmen were protected and treated in socially and nationally. It is that the social treatments and supports in national level and their own pride and continuous training of techniques and abilities as the main driving force to maintain the craftsmanship in Japan. Korea has the sale level of competitive tradition and technique in comparison any other countries. Japanese craftsmanship study will be a critical data in the protection and maintenance of Korean traditional and technique.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.855-866
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• 2016

This study explored the concept and use of two kinds of textiles goods (Cheongpo [blue textile] and Samseung) sold by Cheongpo-jeon merchants in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. Research was conducted based on an analysis of relevant documents published during the Joseon Dynasty. The Cheongpo-jeon was a merchant group that predated 1637. They sold various imported goods such as Cheongpo, Samseung, cotton textiles, felts, hats, incense, and needles. Cheongpo and Samseung were the main products among these imported goods. Cheongpo was a blue cotton textile imported from China that was sold by Chengpo-jeon merchants. The Samseung sold by merchants was a kind of imported textile whose surface provided a feeling like cotton flannel. The concept of the two textiles were different from existing ideas. Generally, the Cheongpo was believed to be a hemp fabric dyed in blue and the Samseung was a textile with a density of three seung (a traditional density unit of textiles). Cheongpo was used as a currency for war supplies during the two Japanese invasions of Korea (1592 to 1598). In addition, it was also used to make military uniforms, tents, and flags after the Japanese invasion. Samseung was used in the combat uniforms of Chinese soldiers from Ming China during the Japanese invasion of Korea. In addition, it was continuously used to make quilted gambeson amour and some of military uniforms until the $19^{th}$ century.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.106-119
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• 2014

국보 제76호 지정문화재는 난중일기(임진일기, 계사일기, 갑오일기, 병신일기, 정유일기, 속정유일기, 무술일기) 7책과 서간첩 및 임진장초 등 총 9책으로 구성되어 있으며, 현충사 소장 유물로서 임진왜란 당시 이순신장군이 직접 기록하였다는 역사성과 학술연구자료로서의 가치를 인정받아 UNESCO가 지정한 세계기록유산에 등재(2013년 6월)된 우리의 문화유산이다. 이 중 임진장초는 충무공이 임진왜란 중 선조 25년(1592) 4월 1일 전라좌도수군절도사 재임시로부터 동왕 27년(1594) 정월 10일 삼도수군 통제사를 겸직할 당시까지 정황(情況)을 비롯하여 출전경과(出戰經過), 군사상의 건의사항, 진중의 경비 및 준비상황들을 정확하고 상세하게 장계(狀啓)한 내용을 다른 사람이 등초(謄草)한 책이다. 또한 조정의 임금님께 올린 보고서(장계, 狀啓)의 초본으로 1책(?), 반엽(半葉), 오침안정법, 선장본의 형태를 갖추고 있다. 본 논고에서는 임진장초에 대한 손상유형과 보존상태 및 보존처리 내용에 대하여 기술하였으며, 이를 통하여 조선시대 고문헌이며 국가지정 중요 지류문화재의 보존처리방법을 제시하고자 한다.

• Strategy21
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• 통권31호
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• pp.190-219
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• 2013

Since Korea and Japan established diplomatic relationship, Relationship between Korea and Japan has not been easygoing. There are two most explosive, and noticeable ones among topics which have affected the relationship ; Dokdo and Historical Distortion. Without these issues, relationship between two countries will take a turn for the better. However, unfortunately, it seems that it is almost never going to happen. There is the Japanese conservative right-wing who has an influence on those two issues. The right-wing takes regard getting negative view or finding out dark past as an action from Self-torture view of history, and tries to dilute the Japanese sense of guilt on past invasions to neighbor countries. Moreover, to become a "normal country", they are trying to revise Constitution of the Japan so that Japan can possess the military and re-arm, dispatch troops abroad, and get the right to break the war. In other words, they expect Japan to become a powerful nation with great influence on Asia and world, as the period in which Japan conquered Korean peninsula, China, and South-Eastern nations. Japan still harbours secret romanticism for bygone days of imperialist glory. That is why neighbors want to never make the painful history happen again. In order to deal with this effort, most of all, it is required to assert better argument with a careful, thorough analysis on Japanese opinion about Dokdo. There might be a hidden card which can be accepted in the international society considering Japanese persistent effort to make Dokdo disputed area, and that is why we have to know that it is. In addition, it is needed to secure a high-quality professional manpower because the issues of Dokdo and Historical Distortion are primarily the matter of logic and references. The professional manpower should have open-minded to break down walls of their own majors. We have to introduce our achievements and stances to the international society vigorously. As a definite way to solve these problems, we have to develop national power. We have to possess naval forces and coast guard to protect our territory and Koreans overseas. There are not many options Korea can do to Japan, except protesting denunciation, and pressing a joint efforts. Most of the suggestions stated before are what have to be conducted domestically. It is a miserable condition, because two problems are Japanese domestic issues, but they become international issues and we have to seek a solution for ourselves.

• 천문학논총
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.411-418
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• 2012

We study the correlation between distributions of astronomical records and historical events using historical meteor (shower) records. In Korean chronicles, planets and meteor (shower) records are the most abundant astronomical phenomena. And they represent a general tendency of the number distribution of whole astronomical observations. We examine the correlation for the number distribution between meteors (showers) and planets during A.D. 1200-1700 and find that both records have a similar distribution. We classify historical events into three grades according to the social impact, and investigate the correlation between distributions of meteor (shower) records with social events, such as, new king's accession to the throne, foreign invasions, and domestic turmoils. From the statistical analysis, we cannot find any correlation between the meteor (shower) records and the political events. Therefore, we conclude that Korean historical records have not been influenced by the political events. We also examine the correlation between Chinese and Japanese meteor (shower) records and political events for A.D. 1200-1700, respectively, but cannot find any correlations between them.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제36집
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• pp.227-266
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• 2020

본 논문의 목적은 광해군 대(代)의 불교정책과 이것의 영향을 받는 불교계의 양상을 검토하는 것이었다. 이것을 통해 조선불교를 "숭유억불"이라고 규정지음으로 인해 드러나지 않았던 광해군 대의 불교가 가진 나름의 영향력과 역동성을 드러내고자 했다. 성리학을 사상적 배경으로 삼았던 조선 시대에 불교는 성리학의 벽이단을 내세운 지배층에 의하여 배척되어야 했고, 이것은 광해군 대에도 마찬가지였다. 그러나 실제로는 지배층이 이중적 불교관을 가지고 있었다. 이러한 지배층의 이중적 불교관은 광해군 대의 불교계의 상황에 영향을 끼쳤다. 임진왜란에서의 전공으로 지배층은 불교의 존재를 인정할 수밖에 없었고, 그 결과 조선에서 불교의 위상이 일정부분 상승했다. 상승한 위상과 임진왜란 때의 경험을 바탕으로 불교계는 보사(報謝)와 구호 활동에 종사했다. 그 결과, 승려의 수는 증가했고, 사찰과 승려의 토지 소유가 허가됨으로써 경제적 상황도 좋아졌다. 이 과정에서 임진왜란은 광해군 대의 불교정책을 좌우하고 불교지형을 변동시킨 역사적 배경이 되었다. 광해군 대에 지배층은 불교를 이단으로 간주하면서도, 임진왜란에 공이 있는 승려들에게 시호를 하사했고, 승려에게 관직을 제수하는 등 일부 승려들을 우대하는 정책을 폈다. 또한, 승려들은 국방, 건축 등 조직력과 물리적 힘을 요구하는 역을 부담하기 시작했다. 그런데 광해군 대까지는 승려들이 부담하는 역에 대하여 일정 부분 보상해서, 승려가 역을 부담하는 것이 불교에 대한 탄압의 면보다는 불교에 대한 용인의 측면이 강했다. 불교정책에 대하여 불교계는 지배층과의 유착과 사찰의 창·재건, 그리고 불교 예술품 제작이라는 양상을 보인다. 지배층과의 유착을 통해 불교계는 광해군 대 불교정책에 적극 호응했고, 이것을 통해 교단을 유지할 수 있었다. 아울러 이러한 모습 속에서 부휴 선수(浮休 善修)와 제자인 벽암 각성(碧巖 覺性)의 부휴계가 불교계에서 주도권을 가지기 시작했음도 확인된다. 광해군 대의 불교정책은 지배층의 이중적 불교관과 좋아진 측면과 악화된 측면이 공존하는 불교계의 상황을 배경으로 시행되었다. 지배층은 불교의 조직력을 전후(戰後) 복구와 국방, 토목 공사에 적극적으로 활용하였고, 이에 따른 적절한 보상을 시행했다. 불교계 역시 지배층과의 교류를 바탕으로 불교정책에 호응하였고, 사찰과 예술품을 보수하고 제작하였다. 광해군 대의 불교정책과 대응을 살펴보면, 조선 불교에 대한 일반적 묘사인 "숭유억불"로 설명할 수 없는 불교의 조직력과 영향력이 확인된다.