• Educational Technology International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.207-237
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• 2022

As technological changes continue to accelerate every day, meeting the needs of a shifting educational landscape requires leaving an exclusively "in-person" education behind. Gamified learning environments should be carefully designed in light of conflicting studies to suit students' needs. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to draw conclusive results regarding the application of the most commonly used game elements in education, i.e., badges and leaderboards, through a comprehensive analysis of their impact on academic performance in online learning. Review Manager (RevMan 5.4) was used to analyze eligible studies selected from Emerald, SAGE, ERIC, EBSCO, and ProQuest between January 2011 and January 2022. Analyzing 37 studies found that using leaderboards and badges in online education enhanced academic performance when compared to traditional learning without gamification (SMD = 0.39). The badge-only intervention showed a larger effect size (SMD = 0.33) than the leaderboard-only intervention (SMD = 0.27). Badges and leaderboards together exhibited a larger effect size (SMD = 0.48) than individual game elements (SMD = 0.40). The impact of the game elements on academic performance was greater in the humanities (SMD = 0.51) than in STEM fields (SMD = 0.32) and was greater for K-12 students (SMD = 0.63) than for college students (SMD = 0.31). This study contributes to a timely discussion of the use of badges and leaderboards in COVID-19 online learning trends and provides relevant data for designing integrations of online education and gamification models.

• Atmosphere
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.367-386
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• 2008

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was designed to identify the role of the Taebaek Mountains in the occurrence of heavy snowfall in Yeongdong area with a strong northeast wind on January 20-21, 2008. To this end, in addition to the control simulation with the realistic distribution of the Taebaek Mountains, a sensitivity experiment that removed the orography over the Taebaek Mountains was performed. The control simulation results showed that the resulting wind field and precipitation distribution were similar to what were observed. Results from the sensitivity experiment clearly demonstrates the presence of orographic lifting on the windward slope of the mountains. It is concluded that the altitude of the Taebaek Mountains is the main controlling factor in determining the distribution and amount of precipitation in the Yeongdong area for the case of heavy snowfall in January 2008.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.292-299
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether poor preoperative nutritional status in elderly patients exhibited a negative influence on postoperative clinical outcomes. Methods: The medical records of 645 elderly patients were examined retrospectively. The patients had undergone major surgery between January 2017 and January 2018. Their nutritional status was measured using the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002. The data were analyzed using the chi-squared test, the Mann-Whitney U test, logistic regression, linear regression, Cox proportional hazards regression, and the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: Preoperative malnutrition was found in 73 patients (11.3%). Poor preoperative nutritional status was significantly associated with pressure ulcers, length of hospitalization, discharge to patient care facilities rather than home, and mortality rate at three months. Conclusion: Preoperative malnutrition in elderly patients was associated with negative postoperative clinical outcomes. These results indicate that an effective nutritional program before surgery can lead to a more rapid postoperative recovery.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-133
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• 2005

The object of this study is to examine the informational effect of the rating change announcement on the capital market. For this study, daily stock prices from January 1993 to February 2001 and daily bond prices from July 2000 to February 2001, for the bond market are used. In the stock market, we could not observe any statistically significant stock price reaction to rate change announcements from July 2000 to February 2001. However, if rating agencies announce more than two degradation for the period of January 1993 to February 2001, statistically negative significant stock price reactions are observed. On the other hand, there is no statistically significant stock price reaction to any other rating change announcement. In the bond market, there is no statistically test on the bond price reaction, but the general directions of bond price movements are consistent with the effect we can expect from rating change announcements. Generally, when the rating agencies degraded more than two grades at once, a cumulative abnormal returns move negatively during the overall period. In this case, we can say that rating agencies' role is to confirm information or investor's expectations. However, for the other cases, we could not observe my significant movement before or on the event data.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2024

On January 8, 2021, the Act on the Punishment of Severe Disasters passed the Legislation and Judiciary Committee and has been in effect in earnest since January 2022. However, safety accidents at construction sites are still continuing, and it is necessary to discuss ways to improve the safety awareness of construction workers. Therefore, in this study, data were collected through a survey of construction site workers, and the effect of the organizational climate of the workplace on the level of safety consciousness of workers was studied. As a result of the study, the factors of organizational structure, guaranteeing autonomy and consideration of supervisors among the organizational climate of the workplace had a positive effect on the improvement of workers' safety awareness. Based on this, this researcher suggested that workers should be delegated the authority to perform some tasks according to the situation and content of the work during the field work and that incentives should be compensated according to performance.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-35
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• 2010

This study explores the effects of technology innovation activity on a profitability and the default risk of firms. Sample for this study consists of manufacturing firms listed on the Korea Stock Exchange from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2007. We use of R&D ratio as a proxy of technology innovation activity. The default probability proxied for the default risk of firms is measured by the Merton's (1974) model where accounts for a market value of firms and a volatility of it. This study provides evidence that technology innovation activity has a positive effect on a profitability, but a negative effect on the default risk of firms. Our study also finds the significant mediation effect of profitability that the enhancement in profitability resulting from technology innovation activity lowers the default risk of firms.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.628-637
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the systematic review and meta analysis the effect of community based rehabilitation on elderly people with mild cognitive impairment by ICF factors. This study used PubMed MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL database from January 2009 to January 2019. As a result, a total of 5 studies were selected. The ICF factor effect size of the community based rehabilitation was 4.77 for physical function and structure, and 6.17 for activity and participation. The results of this study showed that the effect of community based rehabilitation of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment is effective on physical function, structure, activities and participation.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.667-694
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• 2018

We analyze the learning-by-doing effects of the allowance pricing system on the Korea's emission trading scheme. The price of allowance (Korean Allowance Unit) is influenced differently by internal market factors and economic conditions variables in the first (January 2015 to June 2016 ) and the second commitment year(January 2016 to June 2017). The prices and transaction volumes of complementary credits (KCU and KOC) as well as economic conditions variables (such as call rate, exchange rate, stock price) are statistically significant only for the second commitment year. Thus, the learning-by-doing effect makes the market participation decision on K-ETS market more efficient in the second commitment year, adopting the previous experience and knowledge in the K-ETS market. The factors estimated significantly in both commitment periods include the institutional binary variable for requiring the submission of the emissions verification reports issued both on February and March.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.344-347
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• 2007

Optimal date to cover plastic film tunnel for hastening the harvest and increasing the yield in asparagus was studied using 2-year-old 'Green tower' cultivar in Jeju. Plastic film tunnel was covered on January 10 and 21, and February 10 and 25 in 2004. The asparagus spear sprouted on March 3 in the control. They emerged earlier by about 2 to 3 weeks in the plots covered on January 10 and 25 than the control. First harvesting was hastened by 3 weeks in the plots covered on February 10 and two weeks in the plots covered on January 25 and February 10 compared to the control. Yield per plant was the highest in plastic film tunnel covered on January 10 and 25. Early harvesting in february in plastic film tunnel covered on January 10 and 25 were 325 and 333 kg/10a respectively with no significant difference between two treatments whereas yield was low significantly in plastic film tunnel covered on February 10 and 25.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.563-572
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating effect of hope and depression applied on the influence of social stigma on suicidal ideation of 108 HIV infected males. Methods: This study was a descriptive, crosssectional design that used a survey approach. Data collection was one-on-one interviews by a counseling nurse from July 2012 to January 2013. The survey included questions about social stigma, hope, depression, and suicidal ideation. Results: Fitness of the hypothetical model was appropriate ($x^2/df=1.97$, TLI=.97, CFI=.98, RMSEA=.07, SRMR=.04). Social stigma had no direct effect on suicidal ideation but had a significant indirect effect on suicidal ideation via hope and depression. Hope had a mediating effect the relationship between stigma and depression but no direct effect on the relationship between stigma and suicidal ideation. Hope had an indirect effect on suicidal ideation via depression. Stigma and hope accounted for 41% of depression was where as suicidal ideation was explained 56.3% by depression, hope, and stigma. Conclusion: In order to reduce depression and suicidal ideation of HIV infected people, stigma improving strategies are required. And hope intervention for HIV infected people may decrease their suicidal ideation and depression.