• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2006

Sexual maturation and reproductive cycle of the bat star Asterina pectinifera were investigated by histological method. Specimens were collected monthly in Donghwari, Gosunggun, Korea from January 2004 to February 2005. The bat star was dioecious. The gonads are composed of a number of gametogenic follicles. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female and male were reached the maximum in July (5.72, 4.54) and the minimum in December (0.89) and January, February (0.51), and the gonad index (GI) of female and male were reached the maximum in July (3.53, 3.91) and the minimum in August (0.95) and October to December (1.0), respectively. The main spawning was from August to September. The reproductive cycle of the bat star could be divided into five stages: in the female, inactive (November-February), early active (January February), late active (March-June), ripe (July), spent and degenerative (August-November) and in the male, inactive (November-February), early active (January-March), late active (April-June), ripe (July), spent and degenerative (August-October), respectively.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.127-145
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• 2011

European Union unilaterally included the emissions from aviation activities into EU ETS on 19 November 2008 by amending Directive 2003/87/EC. According to the Directive all the emissions(mainly against the CO2) from aviation activities shall be subject to the regulation of EU ETS from 2012. For the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012, the total quantity of allowances to be allocated to aircraft operators shall be equivalent to 97% of the historical aviation emission s. From 1 January 2013, the allowances will be reduced to 95%. The allocation of allowances which may be applied by each operator with free of charge will be reduced from 85% to 82% from 1 January 2012 to 1 January 2013. Since the Directive will affect every country's airline industry more or less, the nations and international organizations respond variously. The controversial focus is that whether EU has the right to unilaterally include the emissions from international aviation activities into EU ETS. This article firstly analyzes the effect caused by EU ETS to China's airline industry, and then studies the legality of the action of EU subject to current positive international law, and finally draws the conclusion that EU enjoys no such right to unilaterally include the emissions from international aviation activities.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.32-41
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• 2016

Particle-phase concentrations were measured at 10, 80, and 200 m from the roadside of a national highway near Seoul in January and May 2008. The highway has two lanes each way, with an average hourly traffic volume of 1,070 vehicles. In January 2008, $PM_{10}$ concentrations decreased from 10 to 80 m but increased at 200 m. Black carbon (BC) decreased only slightly with distance due to the influence of biomass burning and open burning from the surrounding areas. In May 2008, the effect of secondary formation on both $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was significant due to high temperatures compared with January. Because on-road emissions had little effect on secondary formation for a short time, variations in $PM_{10}$ concentrations became smaller, and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations increased with distance. The effects of fugitive dust on PM concentrations were greater in May than in January when the mean temperature was below freezing. In the composition variations, the amounts of primary ions, organic carbon (OC), and BC were larger in January, while those of secondary ions and others were larger in $PM_{10}$, as well as $PM_{2.5}$ in May.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.449-458
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• 2013

This study investigated purplish Washington clam, Saxidomus purpuratus on its gonadal development, reproductive cycle and shell length (age) at 50% female group maturity from January to December 2011 in Jinhae Bay, Korea. This species is dioecious. The gonad index (GI) began to increase in January, reached the maximum value in May and to decrease in June, reached the minimum value in September then to increase slowly in October again. The reproductive cycle of the clams can be divided into five successive stages: the early active stage (Ea, from February to March), the late active stage (La, from January to March and October to December), the ripe stage (R, from January to May), the spawning stage (S, from June to December) and the degenerative and inactive stage (Ia, from January to February and November to December). The spawning periods were from June to December and the main spawning periods were from July to October. The shell length at 50% female group maturity (SL50) was estimated to be 63.6 mm, which can be converted as sexual maturity age of 2.2 year.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.460-472
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 가나증권거래소 종합지수를 바탕으로 가나 증권 시장에서 주말 효과 및 1월 효과가 나타나고 있는지를 분석하고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 가나 증권시장에 상장된 기업을 대상으로 2005년 1월 4 일부터 2013년 12월 31일까지 9년간의 일별종가와 종합지수를 나타내는 ASI 및 CI를 토대로 회귀분석을 이용하여 두 효과를 검증하였다. 회귀분석 결과에 따르면 가나 증권 시장에서는 주말효과가 나타나지 않아 선행 연구 결과와 다르게 나타났으며 이는 연구기간과 연구 자료가 다르기 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 월간효과의 회귀 분석 결과, ASI가 사용된 2005년부터 2010년까지 6년의 기간 전체를 대상으로 분석한 결과 4월 효과가 나타났으며, ASI가 사용된 기간을 3년을 기준으로 두 개의 기간으로 구분하여 분석한 결과 2005년부터 2007년까지의 기간은 4월 효과가 보이지 않지만 2008년부터 2010년까지 기간의 경우에는 4월 효과가 나타났다. CI가 사용된 2011년부터 2013년까지 기간의 경우에는 1월 효과가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.169-183
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• 2013

Egypt has gone through a major metamorphosis following the Egyptian Revolution that began on 25 January 2011. The aim of this article is to analyze the influence of the aforementioned metamorphoses on the Egyptian Arbitration Law and Practice and to shed light on the recent developments of the latter. Whilst positive legislative amendments have been recently achieved with regards to enforcement of arbitral awards, it is crystal clear that the January 2011 Revolution has negatively impacted the jurisprudence of the Administrative Court of the Conseil d'Etat which has annulled several arbitration clauses enshrined in contracts related to privatization. However, save for disputes arising from administrative contracts, Egypt has been and shall remain a friendly seat of Arbitration as it possesses an arbitration-friendly legislation, its Ordinary Judicial Courts are familiarized with international arbitration practice and it has a prominent and famous arbitration Centre.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.501-512
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• 2014

Stylized facts on asset return are fat-tail, asymmetry, volatility clustering and structure changes. This paper simultaneously captures these characteristics by introducing a multi-regime models: Finite mixture distribution and regime switching GARCH model. Analyzing the daily KOSPI return from $4^{th}$ January 2000 to $30^{th}$ June 2014, we find that a two-component mixture of t distribution is a good candidate to describe the shape of the KOSPI return from unconditional and conditional perspectives. Empirical results suggest that the equality assumption on the shape parameter of t distribution yields better discrimination of heterogeneity component in return data. We report the strong regime-dependent characteristics in volatility dynamics with high persistence and asymmetry by employing a regime switching GJR-GARCH model with t innovation model. Compared to two sub-samples, Pre-Crisis (January 2003 ~ December 2007) and Post-Crisis (January 2010 ~ June 2014), we find that the degree of persistence in the Pre-Crisis is higher than in the Post-Crisis along with a strong asymmetry in the low-volatility (high-volatility) regime during the Pre-Crisis (Post-Crisis).

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.155-169
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• 1994

The minimum temperatures are important element in the daily human life, the climatic classification, and so on. In this study, the authors aim to make an analysis the distribution characteristics of minimum temperatures of 95 weather stations in Korea by using the Climatological Standard Normals of Korea VolumeI, VolumeII, and the Climatological Standard Normals of North Korea. The important results are as follows 1) The daily, fifthly, and tenthly minimum temperatures show the highest rate of occurrance on 14th of January( Occurrance rate : 56.6% ), 16~20th of January( 37.6% ), and the middle ten days of January( 82.1% ) respectively. 2) In the regional distribution of minimum temperatures in winter, the values of northern part, inland area, and west coastal region are lower than those of southern, coastal, and east coastal regions respectively. And, bigger cities and industrial area( Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, etc. ) have larger values than the its vicinities. 3) When the daily minimum temperature is $0^{\circ}C$ and less, the days of northern part, inland area, and wests coastal region are higher than those of southern, coastal, and east coastal regions respectively.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.258-275
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• 2000

이 연구의 목적은 동해안 대설시 기상 요소들의 일변화의 특성을 알아보고자 하는데 있다. 1997년 1월 5${\sim}$7일 사이에 발생한 대설을 하나의 사례로 분석하여 보았다. 12시간 간격으로 분석한 지상 일기도와 850hPa 등압면 일기도로부터 기압 패턴을 알아보았다. 영동 동해안 ${\cdot}$ 태백산간 ${\cdot}$ 영서 ${\cdot}$ 경북 동해안 지방으로 세분화하여 강설량 분포와 바람, 운량, 지상 온도, 이슬점 온도, 상대습도, 해면기압 같은 기상 요소들의 일 변화를 분석하여 보았다. 1월 5일은 기압골, 6일은 저기압 후면 그리고 7일은 북동기류 유입으로 눈이 내렸다. 기상 요소들의 일변화의 특징은 영동 동해안 지방인 강릉, 속초 지방의 지상풍향은 남서풍, 북서풍이 유입될 때 대설이 내렸고 태백산간 지방은 북동풍이 유입될 때 지속적인 강설 현상을 나타내었다. 그리고 풍속이 약화됨에 따라 강설도 약화되었다. 지상 온도와 이슬점 온도의 일 변화에서, 포항은 강릉, 속초 지방과 같이 동해안에 위치하면서도 대설이 발생하지 않은 것은 변질되지 않은 시베리아 기단의 영향을 계속 받았기 때문이다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.347-360
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• 2001

This study examined the taxonomic composition of marine benthic algal flora from Maxwell Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, collected between January 1988 and January 1995. The rhodophyte specimens collected and examined included a total of 20 genera and 20 species of red algae. Of these, 2 species, Kallymenia antarctica Hariot and Pantoneura plocamioides Kylin, were recorded in Maxwell Bay for the first time. Taxonomic keys for the rhodophytes are also provided.