• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.443-452
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of concentration(0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%)of lactic, citric and acetic acid on chemical and sensory characteristics of fresh pork loins. The pork loins were sprayed with organic acid by a hand sprayer for 15 sec at 30$^{\circ}C$, packaged under air and stored for 14 days at 4$^{\circ}C$ and then during the storage time analyzed for VBN, TBARS, color and sensory property. All treated loins showed lower(p<0.05) VBN and TBARS values than the control's. Two percents of organic acid was the most efficient than the rest of treatments(p<0.05). All of pork loins that were sprayed with organic acids had higher CIE L*value(p<0.05) during storage. However, on 14th day, L* value of meat treated with lactic and acetic acid in 1.5 and 2% concentrations was not different from that of initial fresh loins(0 days). According to the results of sensory test, lactic acid, citric acid and acetic acid did not affected bloody and off-flavor of the meat for one day at 4$^{\circ}C$. While the acetic acid spraying resulted in the strong sour flavor of meat after one day.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Red clay(Hwangto) as feed additives with 26 Hanwoo steers at two regions for 540 days from six to 24 months of age on feed efficiency, meat quantity and meat quality. Feeding trial 1 was conducted with two treatment groups by five heads/treatment which were T1(Control) and T2(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at National Livestock Research Institute. Feeding trial 2 was conducted with four treatment groups by four heads/treatment which were T1(Control), T2(Control+2% Hwangto), T3(Control+5% Hwangto) and T4(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at a private Hanwoo breeding farm. In feeding trial 1, average daily gains by growing, fattening, finishing and over-all periods were 0.572, 0.866, 0.869 and 0.769kg in T1, and 0.537, 0.904, 0.857 and 0.766kg in T2, respectively. Average daily gain for growing and finishing period was high in T1 but in T2 for fattening period, which were not statistically significant. Also concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were not statistically significant by treatments. In carcass characteristic, dressed carcass and red meat percentage were high in T1 but in T2 for retailed cut percentage without significant difference. The yield index and shear force was 69 and 70, 4.4 and 6.1 kg/$cm^2$ in T1 and T2, respectively. In palatability traits, the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were 4.08 and 4.64, 3.42 and 3.96, 4.58 and 4.80 in T1 and T2, respectively. which showed a tendency to improvement in Hwangto feeding groups. In feeding trial 2, the range of average daily gains were 0.656(T6) to 0.772(T3), 0.937(T6) to 1.009(T5), 0.592(T3) to 0.675kg(T6) in growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively. Although it was high in T3, T5 and T6 at growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively, it was not significantly different by treatments. The ranges of concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were 8.71 to 9.50(average 9.05) and 7.52 to 7.64kg(average 7.55kg), they all were lower in Hwangto feeding groups than in control about 4.5 to 8.3% and 1.2 to 1.6%, respectively. In carcass characteristics, back-fat thickness, loin eye muscle area and yield index were not difference by treatments, but marbling scores were high in T5 and T6 than in percent. Summarizing above results, it may be concluded that the use of unprocessed Hwangto as feed additives for growing-fattening steers seems to improve meat quality but not red meat quantity and feed efficiency, and may be required to feed ad libitum during the finishing period.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.315-322
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to test the effect of catalase on penetration in vitro by spermatozoa preincubated with xanthine and/or xanthine oxidase. The penetration rates were, significantly (p<0.05) higher in spermatozoa preincubated without (66 and 38%) than with (40 and 15%) catalase for 0 and 30 min. When spermatozoa were preincubated and inseminated in medium with xanthine, the penetration rates were significantly higher (p<0.05) in medium with (68, 70 and 49% for 0, 30 and 60 min) than without (33, 41 and 19% for 0, 30 and 60 min) catalase. However, in oocytes were' inseminated with spermatozoa pre incubated with or without catalase in the presence of xanthine oxidase, no decrease in penetrations rates were observed for up to 60 min of preincubation. In another experiment, the penetration rates were significantly (p<0.00l) higher in medium with (75, 55 and 52%) than without (14, 4 and 8%) catalase when oocytes were inseminated with spermatozoa preincubated for 0, 30 and 60 min in the presence of xanthine plus xanthine oxidase. On the other hand, The rate of polyspermy in oocytes penetrated in medium without catalase in the presence of xanthine or xanthine plus xanthine oxidase decreased with time of spermatozoa preincubation. However, no differences were observed in polyspermy rates in the medium with xanthine oxidase alone despite presence of catalase. These results indicate the advantages of spermatozoa pre incubated with xanthine plus xanthine oxidase in the presence of catalase to increase penetration potential and with suppressed polyspermy in porcine.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.90-90
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• 2014

The Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrometer (IGRINS) is the first astronomical spectrograph that uses a silicon immersion grating as its dispersive element. IGRINS fully covers the H and K band atmospheric transmission windows in a single exposure. It is a compact high-resolution cross-dispersion spectrometer whose resolving power R is 40,000. An individual volume phase holographic grating serves as a secondary dispersing element for each of the H and K spectrograph arms. On the 2.7m Harlan J. Smith telescope at the McDonald Observatory, the slit size is $1^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\times}15^{{\prime}{\prime}}$. IGRINS has a plate scale of 0.27" pixel-1 on a $2048{\times}2048$ pixel Teledyne Scientific & Imaging HAWAII-2RG detector with a SIDECAR ASIC cryogenic controller. The instrument includes four subsystems; a calibration unit, an input relay optics module, a slit-viewing camera, and nearly identical H and K spectrograph modules. The use of a silicon immersion grating and a compact white pupil design allows the spectrograph collimated beam size to be 25mm, which permits the entire cryogenic system to be contained in a moderately sized ($0.96m{\times}0.6m{\times}0.38m$) rectangular Dewar. The fabrication and assembly of the optical and mechanical components were completed in 2013. From January to July of this year, we completed the system optical alignment and carried out commissioning observations on three runs to improve the efficiency of the instrument software and hardware. We describe the major design characteristics of the instrument including the system requirements and the technical strategy to meet them. We also present the instrumental performance test results derived from the commissioning runs at the McDonald Observatory.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.431-451
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• 2000

In this paper, I will examine the variables influencing the Quality of Life of arthritis patients and present basic materials which help arthritis patients have positive thinking in life and ultimately lead a satisfactory life. The subjects for this study are 231 inpatients and outpatients with arthritis living in J and K city in Chonbug Province. For the analysis of collected data I employed the SAS program. The variables for characteristics and the quality of life were analysed by descriptive statistics, T-test and ANOVA, and the relations among variables were analysed through Pearson Correlation; the Regression method was employed to predict the factors affecting quality of life. For the validity of reliance on measuring equipment Cronbach Alpha was used. The results of the study are as follows : (1) The mean score of quality of life of arthritis patients is 3.09(5 in the maximum). The general characteristics which affect the quality of life are age(F=5.13, p=0.0006), standard of education(F=6.49, p=0.0003), marriage status(F=7.77, p=0.0005), monthly pay(F=4.37, p=0.0020), medical benefits (F=4.85, p=0.0087), and supports(F=4.39, p=0.0050). For the disease-related characteristics, there is a significant difference in the 6 items: pain control method(F=5.92, p= 0.0002), physical therapy(F=3.25, p=0.013), whethere or not patients exercise(F=4.62, p=0.0000), regularity of exercise(F=4.79, p=0.0000), frequency of exercise(F=6.29, p=0.0001), and amount of exercise(F=4.62, p=0.0043). Depending on the type of arthritis, there is also a significant difference in the degree of pain felt. The patients with infectious arthritis suffer from pain the most, followed by those with gout, rheumatism and degenerative arthritis, in that order. Although statistics don't show any convincing evidence, those with gout perceive that they are in best health condition, followed by those with rheumatism, degenerative arthritis, and infectious arthritis, in that order(F=2.23, p=0.0669). (2) The quality of life of arthritis patients is correlated positively with perceived health status(r=0.56, p=0.0001), health promoting behavior(r=0.53, p=0.0001), family support (r=0.46, p=0.0001), amount of exercise (r=0.36, p=0.0001), ADL(r=0.36, p=0.0001), HLOC(r=0.32, p=0.0001), frequency of exercise(r=0.32, p=0.0001)in that order, while correlated negatively with the degree of pain felt(r=-0.32, p=0.0001), the number of pain regions(r=-0.19, p= 0.0041), and the duration of pain(r=-0.14, p=0.0279). (3) Regression analysis reveals that the most powerful predictor of the quality of life is perceived health status, which account for 31.11%. The other predictors of the quality of life, which account for 60.22%, are health promoting behavior(16.51%), family support(3.81%), ADL(2.52%), gender(1.86%), the number of family members(1.36%), level of pain(1.24%), duration of pain (1.08%), and level of education(0.67%). The results of the study show that perceived health status and health promoting behavior are the two most important variables. However, considering that the perceived health condition is difficult to control by nursing intervention, it is suggested that the level of expectation for patients, must be decided first, and the health promoting behavior and the family support influencing the quality of life must be taken into account as targets for nursing intervention. As a way of controlling the quality of life, I think that a more comprehensive approach comprising the above important variables along with demographic and general characteristics is needed. I also suggest that we must continue to explore the variables affecting the quality of life and include those variables in nursing intervention.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 1986

This field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of shading degrees (0 : full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the early growth characteristics and winter survival of grasses. For the test different artificial shading houses were established and pasture species used were orchardgrass, timothy and perennial ryegrass. The experiment was performed at Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, and sowing date was Aug. 25, 1984. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Generally, root length, new root length, number of new root and tillers of grasses were increased at 0% (full sunlight) of shading, followed by 25, 50 and 75% of shading degrees, in that order. Plant length and leaf elongation, however were increased at 50% of shading, followed by 75, 25 and 0%. 2. The percentage of winter killing of grasses was significantly (P<0.05) increased as the shading degrees increased. Also the percentages of winter killing were 10.1% in orchardgrass, 9.5% in timothy and 14.2% in perennial ryegrass, respectively. 3. A significant negative correlations were observed in the relationship between winter killing and tillers, new root length and number of new root of grasses. However, there were positive correlations between winter killing and plant length or leaf elongation under shading conditions. 4. As the shading degrees are increased by 0, 25, 50 and 75%, the NAR of grasses was tended to be decrease to 10.98, 11.52, 9.81 and 6.12 g/$m^2$/day, in that order. Also there was a negative correlation (r=-0.5943*) between winter killing and NAR of grasses, and NAR of orchardgrass, timothy and perennial ryegrass were 8.58, 8.53 and 11.71 g/$m^2$/day, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.8
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• pp.65-73
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• 1967

For the study of method for salt elimination aimed at reforming tidal land into normal paddy fields in a short period with reduction of periods requiring for elimination of saline, CHP (a kind of Ca-hum ate), a soil conditioner made of peat as a main material was tried. In the pot experiment, effect on elimination of salt, improvement of physical-chemical characteristics and rice cultivation test were studied. The results of these tests are as follows: 1, CHP treatment somewhat improves aggregation state with some effect on aggregation. 2. CHP treatment is remarkably effective in permeability which increases with 1.0 percent treatment by three times in percolation rate, and by 4.5 times in volume of leached water respectively. 3. With the increase of CHP amounts, salt was eliminated in short period. When 80% of the total Na was leached in 1.0% CHP-A treated pot, control pot begins permeable. 4. CEC and phosphorous absorption capacity are not influenced by CHP treatment. 5. Growing state of rice is greatly influenced by rainfalls. Growth of rice in tidal land however are almost similar to those in normal paddy fields with layer amounts of CHP treatment. With salt content in the soils, saline hazard and numbers of ineffective stems, amounts of unmatured grain are increased. 6. With the treatment of CHP yields of rough rice were increased. With 0.5% CHP treatment the yields were similar to those of the normal paddy fields. With 1.0% CHP-A treatment, the yields were increased by 15 times more than those of none treated soil and by 25 percent more than normal paddy soils.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.208-222
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• 1983

To control ideally the weeds in orchards and systematize the utility of herbicides, the mixing effect of oxyfluorfen and paraquat was evaluated. Combinations of oxyfluorfen with paraquat were increased the control efficacies at any treatment without giving damage to fruit trees and appeared a synergism. The control effects were reduced from 80-90% to 40-60% as the time advanced. However, the relative synergistic index was higher at 60 days after treatment in preemergence treatment and at 90 days after treatment in early and late postemergence treatment, respectively. Also the index was relatively higher at lower dosage of both herbicides.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.783-788
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the optimal CP level in growing goat kids. Forty male goats were divided into four treatment groups fed diets containing CP 12, 14, 16, and 18% of concentrate feed, and rice straw, respectively. Results are summarized as follows. Average daily gain’s(ADG) of groups fed diets with CP 14% and CP 18% were 84.0 and 83.0g/d each, which were higher than group fed diets with CP 12% grown at 69.2g of ADG(P<0.05). Daily feed intakes of concentrate and rice straw were 590g and 45g each and there was no difference found between treatments. The amounts of feed required for body weight gain(g) were similar in the range of 7.0-7.3 for groups fed diets with CP 14%, 16% or 18%. But the group fed diets with CP 12% required somewhat more feed for gain at 8.8g. Dressing percentage of groups fed diet with CP 12% was 61.7%, which was higher than groups fed diets with CP 14% or CP 18%(P<0.05) but similar to that fed diet with CP 16%. Meat percentage from goats fed diet with CP 16% was 51.7%, which were higher than goats fed diets with CP 12% or CP 14%(P<0.05). Fat deposition of CP 12% group was higher than the other groups(P<0.05). Percentage of bone weight averaged 17.0% without any difference among treatment groups. Shear force and cooking loss, which are physical properties of goat meats, were lower in CP 16% and CP 14% groups than the other two groups. Water holding capacity of goats meats from CP 16% was higher than those from CP 18% group(P<0.05). Results from panel test showed that juiciness of meats from CP 16% group was higher than those from CP 12% group(P<0.05). Meats from CP 16% also was tested to be more tender than meats from the other groups. Results from this work suggest that the optimum crude protein level in growing goat's concentrate is 14-16% and that increase above this level seems not to improve meat production.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2001

This study was to examine whether the in vitro friability, motility and intact acrosome of frozen-thawed bovine and human sperm can be improved by adding Pentoxifylline (PF) or Fertilization Promoting Peptide (FPP). Human semen was frozen ultra-rapidly using Test yolk-buffer (TYB) freezing medium. Additive (PF, FPP) effects in frozen-thawed bovine and human sperm were analyzed by microscopic count for sperm motility and coomassie brilliant blue staining method f3r sperm acrosome intact. The in vitro motility of frozen-thawed bovine sperm with 5 mM PF treatment group (50.0%) was significantly higher than that of control (34.0%) (P＜0.05). In the frozen-thawed bovine sperm was examined, the intact acrosome rate of 50 nM FPP treatment (49.0%) was significantly higher than those of control (30.0%) and 25 nM FPP (38.0%) treatment groups (P＜0.01). In human semen, when in vitro motility of sperm with PF addition prior to freezing was examined, the result of 5 mM treatment group (51.0%) was significantly higher than those of control and 2.5 mM treatment group (39.0, 40.0%) (P＜0.01). In addition, 50 nM (75.5%) FPP adding in all treatment procedures for human semen freezing (before freezing, freezing and after thawing) was significant effect on maintenance of the sperm intact acrosome percentage (control: 45.0; 25 nM: 53.0; 100 nM: 68.0%) (P＜0.01). Also, the intact acrosome rate of human sperm with FPP (65.0%) was significantly higher than that with PF (43.0%) (P＜0.05), although sperm motility was slightly higher in PF treatment group. These results suggest that improved sperm motility and intact acrosome of frozen thawed bovine and human sperm can be obtained by addition of PF or FPP, and that the enhanced in vitro viability, motility and intact acrosome can be obtained by addition of FPP in all semen freezing procedures.