• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 1987

We studied a assay method on the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD Superoxide : superoxide oxidoreductase, EC. 1. 15. 1. 1) activity with photoreduced flavin and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) as superoxide (${O_2}^{-}$) source and detector, respectively. The $\Delta$E (1000 ng SOD$.$$min.)^{-1}$ of photoreduced flavin-NBT system was 0.08, whereas that of xanthine-xanthine-cytochrome system used broadly in experiments was 0.014. Therefore, the new method was regarded more simple and utilizable than xanthine-xanthine cytochrome system method. In the present paper, we also carried out to investigate the SOD activity and isozyme pattern for the parpose of study of leaf-burning disease in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) leaves.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 1987

Peroxidase isozyme C was isolated from mung bean cotyledon and purified to homogeneity as ascertained by chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and then crystallized. Purification procedures included ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography on Sephadex G-75, DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Peroxidase isozyme C was purified about 63 fold with 5% recovery. Isozyme C showed optimal activity at pH 5.0 with o-dianisidine and at pH 6.0 with guaiacol as substrate, and the optimal temperature was $70^{\circ}C$. Molecular weight of 50,000 was estimated for the isozyme C by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At $70^{\circ}C$, it took 30 min to inactivate the isozyme to 50%, and at $80^{\circ}C$, this isozyme was almost completely inactivated in 20 min. The Km value of isozyme C for o-dianisidine was 0.11mM and that for guaiacol was 60.98mM using hydrogen peroxide as cosubstrate, and the kinetic pattern showed a competitive cyanide inhibition with respect to substrate. The crystalline structure of isozyme C was rectangular in shape.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 1999

Changes of malate dehydrogenase isozyme in oyster exposed to different temperature, pH and salinity were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. MDH isozyme in control group was separated into two bands on the positive side. In case of temperature and pH stress, MDH isozyme was separated into only one band after 12 hours exposure but two bands after 24, 48 hours exposure on the positive side. In case of salinity stress, after 12 hours exposure, MDH isozyme bands were separated into two bands in 5 ppt, 30 ppt and three bands in 10 ppt, 40 ppt concentration on the positive side. After 24 hours and 48 hours exposure case in salinity stress, MDH isozyme bands was separated into two bands on the positive side in all concentration. Activities of isozyme bands show their characteristics according to the condition of experiment. In conclusion, changes of MDH isozyme was a biochemical defense mechanism in oyster and result from effect of environmental stress to oyster.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 1997

Mutation rate of M$_2$ plants that were treated with three types of double treatments of chemical mutagens(1.5mol Na$N_2$ ＋ 0.75mol MNH, 0.75mol MNH ＋ 0.75mol MNH and 0.5mol MNH ＋ 0.5mol MNH) were estimated on the rate of chlorophyll mutant, changes of isozyme loci ; esterase (Est), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT ; AAT) and leucyl aminopeptydase(LAP ; AMP). Rate of chlorophyll mutants (3.3％ =no. of seedling carrying mutant / all number of M$_2$ seedlings $\times$ 100) and rate of esterase isozyme loci mutants(3.5％ =no. of plant carrying mutant / all number of M$_2$ plant) in Dema were higher than one of Sacheon 6, but no significant differences in GOT, LAP. Among isozymes, most of mutants in M$_2$ plant of two varieties were found in esterase (73％ of total mutants were occurred in esterase loci). Although many of null bands were found in GOT 3, these were not repeatable and no real mutants. It might be due to qualities of starch, amount of extract buffer and degradation of isozyme during electrophoresis and staining.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1266-1275
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• 2010

Isozyme and protein electrophoresis data from mycelial extracts of 27 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, 10 isolates of T. aureoviride, and 10 isolates of T. longibrachiatum from Southern Peninsular Malaysia were investigated. The eight enzyme and a single protein pattern systems were analyzed. Three isozyme and total protein patterns were shown to be useful for the detection of three Trichoderma species. The isozyme and protein data were analyzed using the Nei and Li Dice similarity coefficient for pairwise comparison between individual isolates, species isolate group, and for generating a distance matrix. The UPGMA cluster analysis showed a higher degree of relationship between T. harzianum and T. aureoviride than to T. longibrachiatum. These results suggested that the T. harzianum isolates had high levels of genetic variation compared with the other isolates of Trichoderma species.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.150-154
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• 1975

Four kinds of Nicotiana species and five varieties belonging to N. tabacum were used as materials for electrophoretic analysis of the tetrazolium oxidase isozyme to examine the taxonomic affinity among them based on the biochemical property. All the five verieties of N. tabacum showed same isozyme bands despite the fact that these varieties had notably varied characteristics including morphological traits. The band patterns were more or less different among the four species. Although N. rustica and N. tabacum were of the same genome group of AABB, their isozyme bands showed considerable difference. N. sylvestris, genome A donor of Nicotiana species, was found to be markedly different from N. tatacum in band pattern, including the absence of system 2 in N. sylvestris.

• Plant Resources
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

The callus from the hypocotyl region of immature embryo of Citrus junos Sieb. was efficiently induced in the $\frac{1}{2}$ MS medium containing 45uM BA after 8 weeks culture. The callus was developed into the two callus type, embryogenic callus and nonembryogenic callus, which can be distinguished by visual examination depending on color and appearence. In vitro regeneration of callus established efficiently in the hormone-free MS medium from the embryogenic callus. In order to investigate the physiological changes depending on the developmental stage of embryo, the embryo was formed in the MS medium. The embryogenic and nonembryogenic callus, and the various stages of the somatic embryo were examimed the changes of esterase activity, and their isozyme patterns as well. The protein content and esterase activities was gradually increased on the developmental stages of embryo. Total protein pattern were different by the SDS-PAGE and were appeared strong band of 23 KD in the torpedo stage. The pattern of the esterase isozyme was exhibited a difference between embryogenic callus and nonembryogenic callus. It was appered pI 6.0, 8.0, 8.2 in the embryogenic callus. Also the new band of pI 4.75 was appeared in the cotyledon. These results suggest that the changes of esterase activities and isozyme patterns are importent factor in the differentiation and development of citrus.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1983

There has been some evidence concerning the fact that trihalomethanes(THMs), toxic chlorinated compounds, may be present in drinking water. One of the important methodologies to evaluate the toxicity of THMs is to determine enzyme alteration in experimental animal tissues after treatment. This study was intended to investigate how lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) of rat tissues is affected by administration of chloroform($CHCl_3$) and dichloromonobromomethane($CHCl_2\;Br$). THMs, high dose(1/10 LD50) or low dose(1/50 LD50) of $CHCl_3$ or $CHCl_{2}Br$ were administered orally to experimental rats for 4 or 8 weeks. The treated groups of rats were sacrificed to determine LDH specific activity and isozyme pattern in various organs which were liver, thigh muscle, kidney and brain. The conclusions were obtained as follows: 1. Alteration of LDH activities and isozyme patterns were revealed before morphologic changes in tissues. 2. The LDH specific activities were increased significantly in liver and brain after administration of high concentrations of $CHCl_3$ and $CHCl_{2}Br$ for 4 weeks respectively. Otherwise, they were decreased significantly in liver, muscle and kidney after administration for 8 weeks. 3. The isozyme activities of LDH-4 and LDH-5 were increased in muscle, brain, and especially the liver. 4. It was more distinct for the decrement of LDH H-type isozyme than the increment of M-type isozyme in muscle.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2004

Amylase isozyme based three multivoltine viz., N+p, Np, N+ $p^{cho}$ and two bivoltine-D6+p, D6p syngenic lines (Syn. L) were developed from germplasm (GP) stocks Nistari (N) and D6 respectively. haemolymph isozyme pattern at pH 7.0 and 8.5 depicted a total 11 number (Am $y_{1 to 6}$ at pH 7.0 and Am $y^{l to 5}$ at pH 8.5) of native proteins (NP) of various sizes are amylase isozyme expressers. Among eleven NPs, two NPs of 770 kDa (Am $y^{6}$ at pH 7.0) and 376 kDa (Am $y^3$ at pH 8.5) are $\alpha$-amylase expressers and remaining NPs of 370, 364, 350, 329 and 274 kDa at pH 7.0 and 206, 292, 416, 725 kDa at pH 8.5 are $\beta$-amylase expressers. Accordingly, digestive juice amylase isozyme pattern at aforesaid pH also depicted a total number of 10 NPs (Am $y^{1 to 5}$) at each pH 7.0 and 8.5 are amylase expressers of which NP of 387 kDa (Am $y^4$ at pH 7.0) and 780 kDa (Am $y^{5}$ at pH 8.5) are a-amylase expresser. Remaining NPs of 338,297 ＆ 216 kDa at pH 7.0 and 370, 341, 329 ＆302 kDa at pH 8.5 are $\beta$-amylase expresser. Recurrent backcross lines (RBL) viz., N+pRBL and NpRBL were developed through introgression of high shell weight character (a multigenic trait) to be used further for congenic line (Con. L) development and to understand any association with introgressed character. Isozyme pattern in haemolymph of RBLs depicted only one $\alpha$-amylase of 770 kDa at pH 7.0 and 376 kDa at pH 8.0 with three and four respective $\beta$-amylase bands but in bivoltine lines numbers of $\beta$-amylase bands vary between 1 to 2 at aforesaid pH. Variability was also observed in digestive juice of multivolitine and its RBLs but bivoltine lines express null activity at both pH except appearance of one very week $\alpha$-amylase band D6+p at pH 8.5. Overall study suggests that not a single NP at both pH is common for expression of any band of amylase isozyme i.e., a totally different set of proteins are the amylase isozyme expresser at specific pH and no molecular factor of amylase is associated in developed RBLs which showed improvement on survival, single cocoon shell weight (SCSW) and single filament length over receptor parents.s.s.s.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 1998

Changes in activity and classification of esterase isozymes during the tire cycle or Plodia inteipunctella (Hiibner) were investigated by the native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The stage specificity in esterase activity and isozyme pattern was observed throughout the larvalpupal-adult transformation. The activity esterase was highest at the 3-day old adult stage, and the lowest level at the prepupal stage. A total of 12 esterase bands were identified throughout the development, and the bands showing high enzyme activity was observed in the middle part of gel. Twelve esterases on the basis of inhibition by the three types of inhibitors (organophosphates, eserine sulfate and sulfhydryl reagents) were classified into three class, namely, carboxylesterase (CE), arylesterase (ArE) and cholinesterase (ChE), and these classes contained 7, 3 and 2 isozymes, respectively.