• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2002

연구배경: 장애인의 치과치료는 일반인의 치과치료와는 달리 많은 문제점들을 가지고 있다. 이러한 장애인 환자의 치과치료를 위하여 서울대학교 치과병원에서는 치과마취과를 중심으로 임상 각과가 협진하여 외래마취 기반 하에 1999년부터 장애인 진료실을 운영하고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 서울대학교 치과병원 장애인 진료실의 치료방법을 소개하고 그 동안 치료받은 장애인 환자들의 자료를 바탕으로 마취과적인 특징을 분석하였다. 방법: 2001년 1월부터 2002년 5월까지 치료받은 총 54명의 장애인 환자들의 치료기록지와 마취, 그리고 회복실 기록지를 검토하였다. 환자의 성별, 나이, 전신질환, 수술 전 시행된 검사, 치료에 참여한 협진과, 마취 유도제와 유지제, 총 마취시간과 회복실 체류시간, 그리고 회복실에서 관찰된 합병증을 조사하였다. 결과: 총 54명의 환자들을 대상으로 58건 치과치료가 시행되었다. 한 건의 의식진정 법을 제외하고는 모두 전신마취 하에서 치과치료가 시행되었다. 마취유도제는 thiopental sodium, 근이완제는 vecuronium과 succinylcholine가 가장 많이 사용되었으며 마취 유지를 위해서는 enflurane과 isoflurane의 흡입마취제를 이용하거나 TCI를 이용한 propofol 지속정주를 이용하였다. 총 마취지속시간은 $160.2{\pm}55.5$분이었으며 회복실에서의 체류시간은 $132.8{\pm}50.1$분, 그리고 완전한 회복을 확인하기 위해 병동에 단기 입원시킨 소아환자에서는 $58.7{\pm}16.8$분이었다. 회복실에서 심각한 합병증은 발생하지 않았다. 지속적인 감시를 위하여 4명의 환자가 입원을 권유받았으나 특별한 합병증 없이 다음 날 퇴원하였다. 결론: 서울대학교 치과병원 장애인 진료실은 외래마취에 대한 기존의 연구들보다 긴 마취시간과 회복실 체류시간을 보였다. 그러나 별다른 합병증 없이 일회 방문으로 장애인 환자들에게 필요한 치과치료를 모두 제공할 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2015

Background: Neuropathic pain is a global clinical problem; nevertheless, nerve injury treatment methods remain limited. Olanzapine has antinociceptive and anti-nueropathic properties; however, its preventive effects have not been assessed in nerve injury models. Methods: We prepared a partial sciatic nerve ligation (Seltzer model) or sham-operated model in male Sprague-Dawley rats under isoflurane anesthesia. In a pre-treatment study, we administered olanzapine (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 1 h before nerve ligation. In post-treatment and dose-dependent studies, we injected 3 different doses of olanzapine intraperitoneally 1 h after nerve ligation. Mechanical allodynia was measured before and 7 days after surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis using anti-Iba-1 antibody was used to assess the effect of olanzapine at the spinal level. Results: In the pre-treatment study, median withdrawal thresholds of the normal saline groups were significantly lower than those of the sham-operated groups; however, those of the olanzapine (10 mg/kg) and sham-operated groups were not different. In the post-treatment and dose-dependent studies, the median withdrawal thresholds of the olanzapine (2.5 mg/kg) and normal saline groups were not different; however, those of the olanzapine (10 and 50 mg/kg) groups were significantly higher than those of the normal saline groups. Olanzapine did not have a significant effect on the density of Iba-1 staining. Conclusions: Olanzapine attenuated mechanical allodynia dose-dependently in the Seltzer model. This anti-allodynic effect of olanzapine was observed even when injected 1 h after nerve ligation. This effect of olanzapine appeared to be unrelated to microglia activation in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2016

This study investigated the antinociceptive effect of epidural tramadol with bupivacaine in 36 healthy Beagle dogs. The dogs were divided into 6 groups; 1) C (control), 2) B (0.5% bupivacaine 0.1 mL/kg), 3) BT0.5 (0.5% bupivacaine 0.1 mL/kg + tramadol 0.5 mg/kg), 4) BT1 (0.5% bupivacaine 0.1 mL/kg + tramadol 1 mg/kg), 5) BT2 (0.5% bupivacaine 0.1 mL/kg + tramadol 2 mg/kg), 6) BT3 (0.5% bupivacaine 0.1 mL/kg + tramadol 3 mg/kg). The epidural injection was performed under isoflurane inhalation, after then, nociceptive block and motor block scores were assessed with physiologic parameters (HR, RR, RT, MAP). BT groups showed significantly longer antinociceptive time than C and B, while motor block time of BT groups were not different from B except BT3. Durations of total nociceptive block of BT2 ($60.83{\pm}19.08min$) and BT3 ($74.17{\pm}8.61min$) were significantly longer than those of BT0.5 ($33.33{\pm}8.76min$) and BT1 ($37.50{\pm}19.43min$), but there was no significant difference between BT2 and BT3. Durations of total motor block in all groups were less than 20 minutes although that of BT3 was significantly longer than B. There were no significant differences in HR, RR, RT, MAP among groups. Consequently, epidural administration of tramadol (2 mg/kg) with 0.5% bupivacaine (0.1 mL/kg) can be used safely and effectively in dogs.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2000

The present study examined influence of various ischemic duration on extent of focal ischemic brain injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. The MCAO was produced by insertion of a 17 mm silicone-coated 4-0 nylon surgical thread to the origin of MCA through the internal carotid artery for 30, 60, 90, 120 min (transient) or 24 hr (permanent) in male Sprague-Dawley rats under isoflurane anesthesia. Reperfusion in transient MCAO models was achieved by pulling the thread out of the internal carotid artery. Only rats showing neurological deficits characterized by left hemiparesis and/or circling to the left, were included in cerebral ischemic groups. The rats were sacrificed 24 hr after MCAO and seven serial coronal slices of the brain were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Infarct size was measured using a computerized image analyzer. Ischemic damage was common in the frontoparietal cortex (somatosensory area) and the lateral segment of the striatum while damage to the medial segment of the striatum depended on the duration of the occlusion. In the 30-min MCAO grouts, however, infarcted region was primarily confined to the striatum and it was difficult to clearly delineate the region since there was mixed population of live and dead cells in the nucleus. Infarct volume was generally increased depending on the duration of MCAO, showing the most severe damage in the permanent MCAO group. However, there was no significant difference in infarct size between the 90-min and 120-min MCAO groups. % Edema also tended to increase depending on the duration of MCAO. The results suggest that the various focal ischemic rat models established in the present study can be used to evaluate in vivo neuroprotective activities of candidate compounds or to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemic neuronal cell death.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1998년도 Proceedings of UNESCO-internetwork Cooperative Regional Seminar and Workshop on Bioassay Guided Isolation of Bioactive Substances from Natural Products and Microbial Products
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• pp.143-143
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• 1998

Antagonists acting at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor have been gaining safer alternatives for stroke therapy because they have few adverse effect competitive and noncompetitive NMDA antagonists. Therefore, the neuroprotect novel glycine site antagonist KC0244 were evaluated in a rat model of transient comparison with GV150526A in a developmental phase. Middle cerebral artery oc was produced by insertion of a silicone-coated 4-0 nylon monofilament to the o in male Sprague-Dawley rats under isoflurane anesthesia. After 90 or 120 min retracted and the ischemic tissue reperfused. In 90-min MCAO model, GV150526A was administered 30 min before MCAO or immediately after MCAO. In 120-min MC KC0244 or GV150526A (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 1 hr before MCAO or imme MCAO. Infarct volume was measured 24 hr after MCAO using the 2,3,5-triphe chloride staining method. In 90-min MCAO model, treatments with GV1505 significantly reduce infarct volume although they tended to slightly reduce cor approximately 19% compared with the nontreated group. In 120-min MCAO model with GV150526A did not either significantly reduce infarct volume although the reduce total infarct volume by approximately 16% compared with the vehicle-tre However, 1-hr preischemic and immediate treatments with KC0244 reduced total i 39 and 30% (corrected total infarct volume by 44 and 32%), respectively, co vehicle-treated control group. The results suggest that KC0244 can provid against transient focal ischemic damage with greater in vivo potency than GV150

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2015

The activation of glial cells in the spinal cord has been contribute to the initiation and maintenance of pain facilitation induced by peripheral inflammation and nerve injury. The present study investigated effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), injected subcutaneously or intracisternally, on the expression of microglia and astrocytes in rats. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation was employed as an orofacial chronic inflammatory pain model. A subcutaneous injection of $40{\mu}L$ CFA into the vibrissa pad was performed under 3% isoflurane anesthesia in SD rats. Immunohistochemical analysis for changes in Iba1 (a microglia marker) and GFAP (an astrocyte marker), were performed 5 days after CFA injection. Subcutaneous injection of CFA produced increases in Iba1 and GFAP expression, in the ipsilateral superficial lamia I and II in the medullary dorsal horn of rats. Subcutaneous treatment with BoNT-A attenuated the up-regulation of Iba1 and GFAP expressions induced by CFA injection. Moreover, intracisternal injection of BoNT-A also attenuated the up-regulated Iba1 and GFAP expressions. These results suggest that the anti-nociceptive action of BoNT-A is mediated by modulation activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocyte.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.91-108
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• 2009

Objectives: Single colorectal instillation of trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) causes a dose-dependent increase of visceral motor response (VMR) and severity of inflammation. In this study we compared the effects of electroacupuncture in the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by TNBS intracolonic injection in rats. Methods: In Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing $250{\sim}400g$, a single colorectal administration of TNBS 5mg/kg and 50% ethanol under isoflurane anaesthesia after an overnight fast. Electrodes for electromyography (EMG) recording were stitched into the external oblique musculature under general anesthesia. Acupoints of LI4, ST25, or ST36 were stimulated by electroacupuncture, respectively. The balloon was inserted intra-anally and visceral motor response (VMR) to colorectal distensioin (CRD) was quantified with an EMG recording system. Results: At an observation of the visceral hyperalgesia in the day-time series, the visceromotor response increased significantly 3 days after TNBS intra-rectalcolonic injection in rats. Electroacupuncture on either ST25 or ST36 suppressed the visceromotor response to colorectal distension, but not LI4, at 3 days after TNBS injection. Pretreatment of naltrexone (10 mg/kg, i.p.), opioids antagonist, inhibited the VMR suppress of 10Hz EA to ST36 but not phentolamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Pretreatment of either naltrexone or phentolamine inhibited effects of 10Hz EA to ST25. Conclusions: Data show that EA at either ST25 or ST36 potently inhibits hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis and is differently mediated through the endogenous opioid system and adrenergic system.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2022

Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) is a very useful in vivo technique to visualize the inner ear pathology including endolymphatic hydrops. Although systemic intravenous (IV) administration can visualize the perilymph space, the visualization was possible by indirect passage of contrast agent through blood-perilymph barrier. All animal experimental procedures were performed under anesthesia with 5% isoflurane. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was instilled into the left tympanic cavity through the tympanic membrane using a sterile 27gauge needle to induce hydrops model. Tucker-Davis Technologies system was used to measure Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABRs). For intracerebroven-tricular (ICV) administration, 25 µmol of GADOVIST (Bayer, Berlin, Germany) was used and diluted GADOVIST injection was 10 µl. MR imaging was acquired with a 9.4 Tesla MRI scanner. Transmit-receive volume coil with 40 mm inner diameter and 75 mm out diameter was used. ICV administration well demonstrated the strong enhancement along the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) microcirculation pathway including CSF fluid in the subarachnoid space and CSF space of the inner ear structures. On the other hand, IV administration showed no contrast enhancement along the CSF microcirculation pathway and showed weak enhancement in the inner ear structures. In case of rat hydrops model, ICV administration showed that the reduced contrast enhancement in the perilymph space of the hydrops induced inner ear compared to the contrast enhancement in the perilymph space of the normal inner ear. New systemic ICV administration method provide contrast enhancement of GBCA in the inner ear through CSF microcirculation pathway.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2003년도 Annual Meeting of KSAP : International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences on Obesity
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• pp.62-62
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• 2003

It is now convincing that free radical generation is involved in the pathophy siological mechanisms of ischemic stroke, particularly in ischemia-reperfusion injury. The present study, therefore, examined neuroprotective effect of aloesin isolated from Aloe vera, which was known to have antioxidative activity, in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of middle cerebral artery for 2 hr with a silicone-coated 4-0 nylon monofilament in male Sprague-Dawley rats under isoflurane anesthesia Aloesin (1, 3, 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg/injection) was administered intravenously 3 times at 0.5, 2 and 4 hr after onset of ischemia. Neurological score was measured 24 hr after onset of ischemia immediately before sacrifice. Seven serial coronal slices of the brain were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and infarct size was measured using a computerized image analyzer. Treatment with the close of 1 or 50 mg/kg did not significantly reduce infarct volume compared with the saline vehicle-treated control group. However, treatments with the closes of 3 and 10 mg/kg significantly reduced both infarct volume and edema by approximately 47% compared with the control group, producing remarkable behavioral recovery effect. Treatment with the close of 30 mg/kg also significantly reduced infarct volume to a lesser extent by approximately 33% compared with the control group, but produced similar degree of behavioral recovery effect. In addition, general pharmacological studies showed that aloesin was a quite safe compound. The results suggest that aloesin can serve as a lead chemical for the development of neuroprotective agents by providing neuroprotection against focal ischemic neuronal injury.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.496-502
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• 2010

산성 식염수 쥐모델은 사람의 섬유근통에 근접한 모델로 제시되고 있다. 포도씨에서 얻은 oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPC)는 항산화제로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 산성 식염수 모델에서 통증 역치에 대한 OPC의 효과를 연구했다. 좌측 장딴지 근육에 pH 4.0의 산성 식염수 $100\;{\mu}l$를 0일과 5일에 주사했다. 대조군은 pH 7.2의 생리 식염수를 같은 스케줄로 주사했다. 산성 식염수 그룹 10마리를 다시 두 그룹으로 나누어 한 그룹은 멸균 식염수, 다른 한 그룹은 OPC 300 mg/kg를 복강 내 주사했다. 복강 내 주사 한시간 후 다시 통각에 대한 역치를 조사했다. 0일에 비해 7일에서 산성 식염수 모델은 기계적 과통각을 나타냈다(p<0.05). OPC 300 mg/kg를 복강내 주사한 그룹에서 강력한 항통각 효과를 나타냈다(주사측 발바닥, p=0.001; 반대측 발바닥, p=0.002). 면역조직화학 염색상 복강내 식염수를 처치한 대조군에 비해 OPC 처치군에서 대뇌의 M1 및 M2 영역에서 산-감지 이온 통로3의 발현이 감소되었다(p<0.05). 사람의 섬유근통에서 OPC 치료의 효과를 보기 위한 연구가 향후 필요할 것으로 생각된다.