• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.317-324
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• 2018

SWRO-PRO hybrid desalination technology is recently getting more attention especially in large desalination markets such as USA, Middle East, Japan, Singapore, etc. because of its promising potential to recover a considerable amount of osmotic energy from brine (a high-concentration solution of salt, 60,000 - 80,000 mg/L) and also to minimize the impact of the discharged brine into a marine ecosystem. By the research and development of the core technologies of the SWRO-PRO desalination system in a national desalination research project (Global MVP) supported by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MOLIT) and Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA), it is anticipated that around 25% of total energy consumption rate (generally 3 to $4kWh/m^3$) of the SWRO desalination can be reduced by recovering the brine's osmotic energy utilizing wastewater treatment effluent as a PRO feed solution and an isobaric pressure exchanger (PX, ERI) as a PRO energy converter. However, there are still several challenges needed to be overcome in order to ultimately commercialize the novel SWRO-PRO process. They include system optimization and integration, development of efficient PRO membrane and module, development of PRO membrane fouling control technology, development of design and operation technology for the system scaling-up, development of diverse business models, and so on. In this paper, the current status and progress of the pilot study of the newly developed SWRO-PRO hybrid desalination technology is discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.447-453
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• 2002

In this paper we have presented the results of thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic properties of model systems for liquid benzene, toluene and p-xylene in an isobaric-isothermal (NpT) ensemble at 283.15, 303.15, 323.15, and 343.15 K using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This work is initiated to compensate for our previous canonical (NVT) ensemble MD simulations [Bull. Kor. Chem. Soc. 2001, 23, 441] for the same systems in which the calculated pressures were too low. The calculated pressures in the NpT ensemble MD simulations are close to 1 atm and the volume of each system increases with increasing temperature. The first and second peaks in the center of mass g(r) diminish gradually and the minima increase as usual for the three liquids as the temperature increases. The three peaks of the site-site gC-C(r) at 283.15 K support the perpendicular structure of nearest neighbors in liquid benzene. Two self-diffusion coefficients of liquid benzene via the Einstein equation and via the Green-Kubo relation are in excellent agreement with the experimental measures. The self-diffusion coefficients of liquid toluene and p-xylene are in accord with the trend that the self-diffusion coefficient decreases with increasing number of methyl group. The friction constants calculated from the force auto-correlation (FAC) function with the assumption that the fast random force correlation ends at time which the FAC has the first negative value give a correct qualitative trends: decrease with increase of temperature and increase with the number of methyl group. The friction constants calculated from the FAC's are always less than those obtained from the friction-diffusion relation which reflects that the random FAC decays slower than the total FAC as described by Kubo [Rep. Prog. Phys. 1966, 29, 255].

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2010

With the completion of genome sequencing of several organisms, attention has been focused to determine the function and functional network of proteins by proteome analysis. The recent techniques of proteomics have been advanced quickly so that the high-throughput and systematic analyses of cellular proteins are enabled in combination with bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, the development of proteomic techniques helps to elucidate the functions of proteins under stress or diseased condition, resulting in the discovery of biomarkers responsible for the biological stimuli. Ultimate goal of proteomics orients toward the entire proteome of life, subcellular localization, biochemical activities, and their regulation. Comprehensive analysis strategies of proteomics can be classified as three categories: (i) protein separation by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) or liquid chromatography (LC), (ii) protein identification by either Edman sequencing or mass spectrometry (MS), and (iii) quanitation of proteome. Currently MS-based proteomics turns shiftly from qualitative proteome analysis by 2-DE or 2D-LC coupled with off-line matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and on-line electrospray ionization (ESI) MS, respectively, to quantitative proteome analysis. Some new techniques which include top-down mass spectrometry and tandem affinity purification have emerged. The in vitro quantitative proteomic techniques include differential gel electrophoresis with fluorescence dyes, protein-labeling tagging with isotope-coded affinity tag, and peptide-labeling tagging with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation. In addition, stable isotope labeled amino acid can be in vivo labeled into live culture cells through metabolic incorporation. MS-based proteomics extends to detect the phosphopeptide mapping of biologically crucial protein known as one of post-translational modification. These complementary proteomic techniques contribute to not only the understanding of basic biological function but also the application to the applied sciences for industry.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.893-900
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• 1997

In this study, vapor-liquid equilibria of a binary system, which consists of glycerol and water, are measured using a vaporrecirculating modified Othmer still at various subatmospheric pressures. The constituent components of the binary system considered in this study exhibit a large difference in the boiling temperatures. Since it is generally observed that the properties of a mixture greatly differ from those of the pure components, the phase equilibrium characteristics of a mixture can not be predicted from the properties of the pure components. Furthermore, an abrupt increase in the boiling temperature occurs as the concentration of the higher boiling component exceeds a certain value. Therefore, it is essential to acquire realistic phase equilibrium data of the mixture for industrial applications. Using the UNIQUAC model, the experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data are correlated with good accuracy. The thermodynamic consistency test is also performed to ensure soundness of the data.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.421-428
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• 1998

A method has been studied to separate Zr from various fission products in PWR spent nuclear fuels. A solution containing metal ions in place of radioactive fission products was prepared. The Zr was separated with 5 M HCl followed by eluting metal ions such as Ce, Nd, Cs, Rb, Ba, Sr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag and Cd with 12 M HCl on Dowex $1{\times}8$, anion exchange resin. The recovery of Zr was more than 95%. The purification of Zr was carried out on anion exchange resin, Dowex $1{\times}8$, in 5 M HCl in order to remove Mo causing isobaric effect during mass spectrometry. The method was applied to separate Zr from a spent PWR fuel. From mass spectrometric measurement, the purified Zr portion was not showed the isobars from other elements such as Mo and Sr.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 1979

For thermal-neutron-induced fission of $U^{235}$, nuclear charge distribution in the light part of the primary products has been calculated by using several postulates of charge distribution in the fission fragments. By comparing these values with the experimental results, it is revealed that those models are not appropriate for predicting the nuclear charge distribution in the fission fragments. The variation in the most probable charge, $Z_{P}$, of the isobaric distribution for the fission fragments and the charge for a mass given by unchanged charge density, $Z_{UCD}$, is turned out to be small as a function of mass. The parameter, $Z_{P}$ $-Z_{UCD}$, varies from 0.45 to 0.5 in charge units. The nuclear charge dispersion, $\sigma$, shows about 0.5 charge units for the fission fragments. Neutron odd-even effect in fission products could not be revealed clearly without considering the odd-even effect of prompt neutron emission.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.922-930
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• 2021

Objective: Tibetan pigs, predominantly originating from the Tibetan Plateau, have been subjected to long-term natural selection in an extreme environment. To characterize the metabolic adaptations to hypoxic conditions, transcriptomic and proteomic expression patterns in the livers of Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs were compared. Methods: RNA and protein were extracted from liver tissue of Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs (n = 3, each). Differentially expressed genes and proteins were subjected to gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes functional enrichment analyses. Results: In the RNA-Seq and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation analyses, a total of 18,791 genes and 3,390 proteins were detected and compared. Of these, 273 and 257 differentially expressed genes and proteins were identified. Evidence from functional enrichment analysis showed that many genes were involved in metabolic processes. The combined transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that small molecular biosynthesis, metabolic processes, and organic hydroxyl compound metabolic processes were the major processes operating differently in the two breeds. The important genes include retinol dehydrogenase 16, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, prenylcysteine oxidase 1, sorbin and SH3 domain containing 2, ENSSSCG00000036224, perilipin 2, ladinin 1, kynurenine aminotransferase 1, and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide novel insight into the high-altitude metabolic adaptation of Tibetan pigs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.666-675
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• 2019

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been widely used as an herbal medicine to normalize and strengthen body functions. Although many researchers have focused on the biological effects of KRG, more studies on the action mechanism of red ginseng are still needed. Previously, we investigated the proteomic changes of the rat spleen while searching for molecular signatures and the action mechanism of KRG. The proteomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were involved in the increased immune response and phagocytosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of KRG, especially the immune-enhancing response of KRG. Methods: Rats were divided into 4 groups: 0 (control group), 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg administration of KRG powder for 6 weeks, respectively. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation was performed with Q-Exactive LC-MS/MS to compare associated proteins between the groups. The putative DEPs were identified by a current UniProt rat protein database search and by the Gene Ontology annotations. Results: The DEPs appear to increase the innate and acquired immunity as well as immune cell movement. These results suggest that KRG can stimulate immune responses. This analysis refined our targets of interest to include the potential functions of KRG. Furthermore, we validated the potential molecular targets of the functions, representatively LCN2, CRAMP, and HLA-DQB1, by Western blotting. Conclusion: These results may provide molecular signature candidates to elucidate the mechanisms of the immune response by KRG. Here, we demonstrate a strategy of tissue proteomics for the discovery of the molecular function of KRG.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2019

A calculation model of reservoir pressure field distribution around multiple production wells in a heavy oil reservoir is established, which can overcome the unreasonable uniform-pressure value calculated by the traditional mathematical model in the multiwell mining areas. A calculating program is developed based on the deduced equations by using Visual Basic computer language. Based on the proposed mathematical model, the effects of drainage rate and formation permeability on the distribution of reservoir pressure are studied. Results show that the reservoir pressure drops most at the wellbore. The farther the distance away from the borehole, the sparser the isobaric lines distribute. Increasing drainage rate results in decreasing reservoir pressure and bottom-hole pressure, especially the latter. The permeability has a significant effect on bottom hole pressure. The study provides a reference basis for studying the dynamic pressure field distribution before thermal recovery technology in heavy oilfield and optimizing construction parameters.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.56.1-56.17
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• 2022

Background: At the therapeutic doses, diclofenac sodium (DFS) has few toxic side effects on mammals. On the other hand, DFS exhibits potent toxicity against birds and the mechanisms remain ambiguous. Objectives: This paper was designed to probe the toxicity of DFS exposure on the hepatic proteome of broiler chickens. Methods: Twenty 30-day-old broiler chickens were randomized evenly into two groups (n = 10). DFS was administered orally at 10mg/kg body weight in group A, while the chickens in group B were perfused with saline as a control. Histopathological observations, serum biochemical examinations, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess the liver injury induced by DFS. Proteomics analysis of the liver samples was conducted using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology. Results: Ultimately, 201 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained, of which 47 were up regulated, and 154 were down regulated. The Gene Ontology classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were conducted to screen target DEPs associated with DFS hepatotoxicity. The regulatory relationships between DEPs and signaling pathways were embodied via a protein-protein interaction network. The results showed that the DEPs enriched in multiple pathways, which might be related to the hepatotoxicity of DFS, were "protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum," "retinol metabolism," and "glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism." Conclusions: The hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens might be achieved by inducing the apoptosis of hepatocytes and affecting the metabolism of retinol and purine. The present study could provide molecular insights into the hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens.