• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 1989

In this study an attempt was made to determine the factors affecting anemia in female industrial workers. The population was identified through the records of screening examinations given by Kosin Medical Center to the industrial workers in Sasang Industrial Complex during the period from March 1987 to October 1988. One hundred twenty eight cases were selected from the records screening examination of 155 anemic patients. A case-control study was carried out using matched 128 anemic cases and 128 non-anemic workers who were selected by simple random sampling. Age was matched, and their occupational history, general characteristics, physical characteristics and health status were analyzed. The results were; 1. In the anemic group, educational level was lower, and the frequencies of irregular menstruation and poor appetite were higher than in the control group but these differences were statistically not significant. 2. The percentage of workers working with organic solvents, working hours and years of service (total years exposed to organic solvents) were significantly higher in the anemic group than those in the control group. 3. A career exposed to organic solvents was more influential factor affecting anemia in the female industrial workers rather than menstruation amount of other factors, and it was statistically significant.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2016

인간의 생체리듬 조절에 관여하는 멜라토닌 호르몬은 빛의 특정 단파장 비율에 따라 민감하게 반응한다. 단파장 비율이 고정된 기존 조명 빛은 재실자 생체리듬 교란 및 수면장애 현상을 초래한다. 특히 교대근무자의 경우, 일정치 않은 근무시간과 항시 동일한 빛 환경으로 인해 생활패턴이 불규칙적으로 변화하여 집중력 저하로 사고 발생의 위험도가 높아지거나 퇴근 이후 숙면을 취하지 못하는 등 건강한 일상생활을 유지하는 데 부정적 영향을 초래한다. 본 논문에서는 교대근무자를 대상으로 근무 또는 퇴근 시점에 따라 각성 및 수면에 적합한 조명 빛을 손쉽게 계측 및 제어할 수 있는 스마트폰 기반의 파장 제어 가능한 LED 조명시스템을 제안한다. 먼저, LED 조명을 대상으로 조광제어비율에 따라 변화하는 조명 빛 특성을 스마트폰에 내장된 컬러센서 및 외부에 연동된 소형 스펙트로미터(Mini-Spectrometer)를 통해 계측한 후 데이터베이스에 저장하고, 저장된 광 특성 데이터를 기반으로 계측 모듈과 조명제어모듈을 구현한다. 교대근무자를 대상으로 시스템 처리 절차에 따라 '근무' 시간대에는 각성이 필요한 시점으로 파악하여 작업유형에 따라 분류한 목표조도를 고려하여 단파장 비율이 최대치인 제어비율로 서비스하고, '퇴근' 무렵에는 자연스럽게 수면 상태에 진입할 수 있도록 단파장 비율이 최소치인 제어비율로 조명 빛을 가변화한다.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.149-165
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to identify the causes of turnover in nursing staff in small and medium‐size hospitals and prepare measures to decrease turnover. Nurses in these hospitals were surveyed focusing on their nursing activities, reasons for turnover, and content of their work. Method: A mail survey of hospitals with 300 beds or less was conducted using a questionnaire including items on the current state of nursing, performance of nursing tasks, turnover of nurses, working conditions, and supports and policies related to insufficient number of nurses. Results: The average number of nurses per 100 beds was 37.5, 3.3 less than the prescribed level of 40.8. The turnover rate was higher when the level of remuneration for nursing care was low, and the most frequent reason for nurses leaving was 'move to another hospital', showing that there is a continuous chain of moves for nurses. Other frequent reasons were situations related to working conditions such as childbirth, child care, irregular working hours, night work, and low wages. Conclusion: To guarantee adequate nursing coverage in these hospitals, working conditions for nurses should be improved, including higher wages, a more flexible work system, and installation and operation of 24-hour child care facilities.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.728-739
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• 1998

To improve wellness and quality of life by recognizing the health efforts of stress, the author estimated the relationships between stress, subjective symptoms and clinical diagnosis through a questionnaire and a battery of specified laboratory tests; electrocardiography, blood pressure, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase$(\gamma-GTP)$, fasting blood sugar, gastro-endoscopy or UGI, abdominal sonography, etc. The data was gathered from 337 clients who were undergoing multiphasic screening program at a University Hospital from January to March 1998. The mean age of subjects was $46.5{\pm}11.2$ years and the mean of body mass index was $24.0{\pm}3.7kg/m^2$. The mean vol of stress was $18.5{\pm}6.0$ expressed as the score out of 40. By general characteristics and lift style among male, mean level of stress was significantly higher in case of lower socioeconomic status, habitual drug use, longer daily working time(>10 hours), no regular exercise, drinkers, irregular meal, skip-ping breakfast(p<0.05). In case of female, that was significantly higher in case of lower education, lowe. socioeconomic status, longer daily working time(>10 hours), no regular exercise, drinkers, smokers, irregular meal, skipping breakfast(p<0.05). Significant correlations were observed between stress and subjective symptoms in all kinds of organ system (p<0.01). Correlation coefficients of stress among male were relatively high with neuro-psychiatric symptom$(\gamma=0.476)$ and cardio-vascular symptom$(\gamma=0.361)$ in order, and correlation coefficients of stress among female was highest with neuro-psychiatric symptom$(\gamma=0.371)$. The prevalence of the diagnosis through the battery of laboratory tests was high in upper gastrointestinal disorders and hypercholesterolemia in order in both sex group. Among male the mean score of stress was significantly high in ulcerative peptic disorder of upper gastrointestine and hepatopathy in order (p<0.05) . Among female that was significantly high in diabetes mellitus. In summary, it is likely that there are associations between stress, subjective symptoms and clinical diagnosis. To promote wellness and quality of life it would be of value that periodic stress evaluation program and stress management including apropriate control of smoking and drinking, regular exercise and meal.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.37-51
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• 1991

In order to evaluate health status of dental technicians as an individual and a group, this study was conducted with Todai Health Index Questionaire on randomly sampled 277 persons(236 males and 41 females) from Aug. 20 to Oct. 6, in 1990 obtained Following conclusions were drawn. 1. Age composition of the subjects was 136 males(57.6%) in the age of 20$\sim$29 and 28 females(68.3%) in the age of 20$\sim$24. As for working places, 215 males(91.1%) and 38 females (92.7%) were working for dental laboratories and rest of them were at clinics and hospitals. In working years, male technicians who have been working for 5$\sim$10 years amounted to 80 (33.8%) and 12 females(29.3%) were working for 1$\sim$3years. 2. Responses to psychosomatic subjective symptom complaints rated as the highest in multiple subjective symptom(males : 40.00%, females : 41.98%) and those in physical items and mental irritability(male : 24%, female : 25%) and in mental items came next in order. The rate of complaint in depression was higher in female group than in male group (p<0.05). 3. Resonses to psychosomatic subjective symptom complaints in male group were high in the age of 20$\sim$29 and in the age of 20$\sim$24 in female group. The rates of complaint were higher in multiple subjective symptom, respiratory, eye and skin(p<0.05) and digestives(p<0.01) complaints. 4. Responses to psychosomatic subjective symptom complaints were higher among persons working at dental laboratories than at other working places : dental clinics and hospitals in all the items except for respiratory, depression and aggressiveness. Rates of complaints in eye and skin showed significant difference between working places(p<0.05). 5. Those who are engaged in polishing part tended to complain more about psychosomatic subjective symptoms. 6. The higher the level of education is the more they complained the psychosomatic subjective symptoms both in male and female group. In the difference of complaint respones, male group showed high rates of complaint in depression and female group in aggressiveness(p<0.05). 7. Responses to psychosomatic complaints by the length of working service were moderate in males who were working less than 10 years, and they decreased after 10 years of service. Females showed the highest response rate in the group of 3$\sim$5 years service and the lowest response in the group of 5 years service. Male complained more in aggressiveness and female in respiratory and aggressiveness(p<0.05). 8. Responses to psychosomatic subjective symptom complaint varied according to working hours of a day both in male and female group, showing high complaint rates in multiple subjective symptom, respiratory, eye and skin, mouth and anus, digestive, mental irritability and irregular life in male group(p<0.05).

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.123-139
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to document how clinical dietitians working at tertiary hospitals spend their time based on several categories of activities using a time measurement study. The questionnaires were distributed to 14 tertiary hospitals, and dietitians answered by classifying their work activities into several categories such as general care, indirect care, direct care, outpatient care, and food service management. A total of 129 clinical dietitians replied and their answers were analyzed according to the categories of activities. The times spent on the categories are as follows: general care (76.7 mins/day, 14%), indirect care (228.4 mins/day, 35%), direct care (120.1 mins/day, 22%), outpatient care (61.5 mins/day, 11%), and food service management (99.0 mins/day, 18%). The total working hours for dietitians was 590.0 mins, which exceeds the standard working hours of 540.0 mins (9 hrs) a day. From this study, we found that clinical dietitians spent very limited time on direct care. Times spent on activities were different according to type of employment and food service. Internship dietitians spent their more time on general care (P<0.001) while irregular dietitians spent more time on outpatient care (P<0.05). In contracted managed food service hospitals, clinical dietitians spent significantly less time on food service management (P<0.001). Regardless of doctors' order and consultation fees, clinical dietitians performed more than 95 percent of free consultation to patients. Entry-level knowledge and skills of dietitians working at hospitals are very important for quality service, but it is equally important to create an administrative and social environment that encourages clinical dietitian to spend more time on direct patient care.

• 한국보육학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.85-102
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 어린이집 보조인력의 노동실태와 요구를 파악하고, 보육교사 정책에 시사점을 제공하는 것이다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 2017년 8월 한달간 총 190명의 어린이집 보조인력인 누리 일반 보조교사, 보육도우미, 대체교사, 부담임교사를 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 보조인력의 노동실태와 요구분석을 위해 현 기관 취업경로 및 근무이유, 근로여건, 직무 및 교육실태, 애로사항을 조사하였다. 분석방법으로는 SPSS 12.0을 활용하여 빈도분석과 차이분석을 실시하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 어린이집 보조인력은 본인의 형편에 맞는 시간대에 일할 수 있어 노동을 선택하였으며, 진입경로로는 보조교사, 대체교사는 주로 육아종합지원센터의 구인광고를 통해, 보육도우미와 부담임은 지인소개 및 추천을 통하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 근로여건에서는 일일 근무시간은 '4~8시간'인 경우가 73.7%, '51만 원 이상~100만 원 미만'인 경우가 57.9%였다. 하루 평균 휴게시간은 약 30분, 17%는 휴게시간이 전무한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 직무 및 교육실태를 살펴보면, 보조인력은 '유아지도 및 상호작용', '청소 청결 관련 업무'를 가장 활발히 수행하였으며, '청소 청결 관련 업무'와 '아침 돌봄 야간 돌봄'에 대한 인력 충원이 시급하다고 인식하였다. 넷째, 애로사항에서 보조 인력은 임금과 관련된 불만족과 고용불안정에 어려움을 느끼고 있었으며, 비정규직의 정규직화에 동의하는 이유는 고용 안정성 때문으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 비정규직 문제해결을 위한 선결과제는 비정규직과 정규직의 임금격차 해소, 노동시간단축 및 노동조건 개선이었다. 본 연구는 그동안 정책연구에서 소외되었던 어린이집 보조인력에 대해 주목하고, 어린이집 보조인력의 입장에서 노동 실태에 응답한 결과를 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.224-228
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• 2019

Background: European policymakers encourage individuals to become self-employed because it is a way to promote innovation and job creation. It can be assumed that health and well-being among the self-employed and managers in small-scale enterprises are particularly crucial in this enterprise group because the smallness of the enterprise makes its members vulnerable. Earlier studies have indicated that the self-employed have a high working pace and work for long and irregular hours, indicating that it can be difficult to stay at home because of sickness. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of sickness presenteeism among the self-employed in relation to the organizationally employed and to analyze whether any differences can be explained by higher work demands among the self-employed. Methods: The study is based on the fifth European survey on working conditions (2010) and includes the northwestern European countries in the survey. The questions cover a wide range of topics designed to meet the European Union's political needs. The main variables in this study are sickness presenteeism and several indicators of time demands. Results: The results show that the self-employed report a higher level of sickness presenteeism than the employed: 52.4 versus 43.6%. All indicators of time demands are significantly related to the risk for sickness presenteeism, also when controlling for background characteristics. Conclusion: The results confirm that the level of sickness presenteeism is higher among the self-employed and that high time demands are a major explanation to this.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.51-63
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to be of use for getting rid of job stress from dental technicians, by examining how much they were stressed out at work place as one of the professional medical personnels. The subjects in this study were 255 selected dental technicians who were working in the region of Taegu. The one-on-one interview was conducted from March 1 to 30, 2001, with structured questionnaire. The questionnaire sued in this study included 19 question items about the general characteristics and 29 items regarding job stress. The job stress was categorized into seven subareas based on earlier studies and considering the job situations of dental technicians: heavy workload, job conflicts, improper treatment, role and job knowledge, human relations, physical environment and personal matters. The job stress extent was measured on five-point Likert scale that is widely used in social science: one point for no stress, two for little stress, three for so-so, four for a little stress, and five for severe stress. Therefore, a higher point means a severer job stress. The reliability of the questionnaire turned out very good with Cronbach a = 0.9272. The findings of this study were as follows: 1. The general characteristics of the dental technicians investigated could be described as below: (1) By gender, 80.4% of the dental technicians were male, and 50.2%, the largest percentage, were in their 20s, followed by those in their 30s, those in their 40s, and those in their 50s in the order named. (2) The most common work place was dental technician shop(92.5%), followed by dental technology room in dental hospital or clinic and in general hospital in the order named. The primary duties were coating materials work(30.6%), followed by sculpture, grinding, partial and full denture and orthodontics in the order named. 2. The most larges (1) The most largest motivation to be a dental technician was its being a professional(33.7%), followed by the advice from others, their own aptitude, and good economic treatment in the order named. 3. Their job stress could be explained as below: (1) Their collective job stress average was 3.96$^{\circ}{\ae}$0.50 on the basis of 5 point, which showed that they were exposed to a fairly severe job stress. (2) By area, they were most stressed out from heavy workload (4.12), and they also were severely stressed from role and job knowledge(4.02) and personal matters(4.00). (3) By situation, they were most stressed when the disagreement of prosthesis that results from a specific error is unconditionally attributed to them(4.43). And they were also stressed a lot when their workload increases due to the rework(4.38), when a dentist asks something difficult for them to resolve(4.20), when heavy workload makes their working hours irregular and it's impossible to lead a personal life or have leisure time(4.16), and when they are o work for an excessively short time(4.16). This fact indicated that most of the dental technicians were exposed to a lot of stress in conjunction with job performance. 4. The main duties they took charge of didn't make any significant difference to their job stress, but yielded a significant difference to the extent of job stress in individual areas and the order of the most stressful one. Those who were engaged in grinding were most stressed from their own matters, whereas heavy workload was most stressful for those who were engaged in the other types of works. 5. As a result of seeing if their personal characteristics yielded any differences to job stress, the personal characteristics that made their job stress vary significantly were working hours, motivation of being a dental technician, job satisfaction and willingness to continue doing dental technology works. There was a tendency that longer working hours led to severer job stress, and those who chose to be a dental technician according to their own aptitude were less stressed than the others who became a dental technician because of economic reason or advices from others. And the people who were satisfied with their job were exposed to less job stress than the others who weren't, and those who had an intention to keep that job as much as possible were less stressed, compared to the others who hadn't.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.126-133
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• 1980

The purpose of this survey was to investigate the nutritional status of special working persons related to health status, nutrient intake and living environment. The survey was conducted on workers in 9 general hospitals and 2 factories from Nov. 24 in 1979 to Jan. 20 in 1980. Nurses, medical doctors on intership or residency, and factory workers were chosen as subjects because of their irregular working hours, i.e., they sometimes work during the day and. sometimes at night. The total number of subjects was 417 for nurses, for medical doctors was 91, and was 216 for factory workers, all together 724 subjects were investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Average nutrient intake of subjects per day. For nurses the caloric intake was 1743 Kcal. This was composed of carbohydrate 251g(57.6%), protein 81g (18.5%), and fat 46g (23.9%). Other nutrient intake, such as iron (16mg), thiamin (0.98mg), riboflavin (1mg) was lower than the recommended dietary allowance. For male medical doctors, the caloric intake was 2064 Kcal, This was composed of carbohydrate 288g (55.8%), protein 102g (19.8%) and fat 56g (24.4%). Other nutrient consumption, such as riboflavin (1.31mg) was lower than the recommended dietary allowance. For female medical doctors, the caloric intake was 1909 Kcal. This was composed of carbohydrate 156g(53.7%), protein 90g (18.9%) and fat 58g (27.4%). For male factory workers, caloric intake was 1699 Kcal. This was composed of carbohydrate 317g(74.5%), protein 64g (15.0%) and fat 20g(10.5%). Other nutrient intake, such as vitamin A (4765IU), ascorbic acid (46mg) and riboflavin (1.11mg) were lower than the recommended dietary allowance. For female factory workers, the caloric intake was 1630 Kcal. This was composed of carbohydrate 287g (70.5%), protein 65g (15.8%) and fat 25g (13.7%). Other nutrient consumption, such as iron (15mg), riboflavin (1.04mg), ascorbic acid (42mg), and vitamin A (4334IU) was lower than the recommended dietary allowance. The percentage of animal protein to total protein was 65.2% in nurses, 67.4% in male medical doctors, 64.9% in female medical doctors, 38.6% in male factory workers, and 45.6% in female factory workers. 2) The average Kaup's value of subjects was 1.9 in nurses, 2.2 in male mcdical doctors, 1.9 in female medical doctors, 2.0 in male factory workers, and 2.1 in female factory workers. 3) The health status of subjects according to their self diagnosed answer was as follows; The percentage of food health was 82. 7% in nurse, 82.7% in nurse, 83.5% in medical doctor, and 56% in factory workers. The remainder answered that they were in poor health.