• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.175-186
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study is directly measure and evaluate about absorbed dose change according to nominal energy and electron cone or medical accelerator on isodose curve, percentage depth dose, contaminated X-ray, inhomogeneous tissue, oblique surface and irradiation on intracavitary that electron beam with high energy distributed in tissue, and it settled standard data of hish energy electron beam treatment, and offer to exactly data for new dote distribution modeling study based on experimental resuls and theory. Electron beam with hish energy of $6{\sim}20$ MeV is used that generated from medical linear accelerator (Clinac 2100C/D, Varian) for the experiment, andwater phantom and Farmer chamber md Markus chamber und for absorbe d dose measurement of electron beam, and standard absorbed dose is calculated by standard measurements of International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) TRS 277. Dose analyzer (700i dose distribution analyzer, Wellhofer), film (X-OmatV, Kodak), external cone, intracavitary cone, cork, animal compact bone and air were used for don distribution measurement. As the results of absorbed dose ratio increased while irradiation field was increased, it appeared maximum at some irradiation field size and decreased though irradiation field size was more increased, and it decreased greatly while energy of electron beam was increased, and scattered dose on wall of electron cone was the cause. In percentage depth dose curve of electron beam, Effective depth dose(R80) for nominal energy of 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV are 1.85, 2.93, 4.07, 5.37 and 6.53 cm respectively, which seems to be one third of electron beam energy (MeV). Contaminated X-ray was generated from interaction between electron beam with high energy and material, and it was about $0.3{\sim}2.3\%$ of maximum dose and increased with increasing energy. Change of depth dose ratio of electron beam was compared with theory by Monte Carlo simulation, and calculation and measured value by Pencil beam model reciprocally, and percentage depth dose and measured value by Pencil beam were agreed almost, however, there were a little lack on build up area and error increased in pendulum and multi treatment since there was no contaminated X-ray part. Percentage depth dose calculated by Monte Carlo simulation appeared to be less from all part except maximum dose area from the curve. The change of percentage depth dose by inhomogeneous tissue, maximum range after penetration the 1 cm bone was moved 1 cm toward to surface then polystyrene phantom. In case of 1 cm and 2 cm cork, it was moved 0.5 cm and 1 cm toward to depth, respectively. In case of air, practical range was extended toward depth without energy loss. Irradiation on intracavitary is using straight and beveled type cones of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 $cm{\phi}$, and maximum and effective $80\%$ dose depth increases while electron beam energy and size of electron cone increase. In case of contaminated X-ray, as the energy increase, straight type cones were more highly appeared then beveled type. The output factor of intracavitary small field electron cone was $15{\sim}86\%$ of standard external electron cone($15{\times}15cm^2$) and straight type was slightly higher then beveled type.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.85-90
• /
• 2021

The gamma irradiation was on to Poly(butylene sebacate-co-terephthalate) (PBSeT), Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and casting polypropylene (CPP) at dose levels from 0 to 50 kGy. The properties of gamma irradiated samples were analyzed using DSC, TGA, UTM and FT-IR spectra. The mechanical and thermal properties of PBSeT and PBAT after gamma irradiation were less affected than CPP. The tensile strength and elongation of PBSeT was not affected by gamma irradiation, while these of PBAT, PLA and CPP were significantly decreased at 50 kGy gamma-ray dose. The thermal stability of PBSeT, PBAT, PLA and CPP showed a similar tendency to tensile strength. The glass transition temperature(T_g) and melting temperature(T_m) of PBSeT and PBAT were not altered by increasing gamma-ray dose, while these of PLA and CPP decreased. The chemical composition of all samples was not modified by gamma irradiation, and it was confirmed by FT-IR spectra. Based on mechanical and thermal stability studies of gamma irradiation on bioplastics, tested biodegradable packaging materials showed a potential to be used in sterilization process up to 35 kGy.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.410-414
• /
• 1995

Adaptive response induced by low dese .gamma.-ray irradiation in human cervical carcinoma cells was examined. Cells were exposured to low dose of .gamma.-ray irradiation in human cervical carcinoma cells was examined. Cells were exposured to low dose of .gamma.-ray (1-cGy) followed by high doses of r-ray irradiation (0,1,2,3,5,7 and 9Gy for chlnogenic assay or 1.5Gy for micronucleus assay) with various time intervals. Survival fractions of cells in both low dose-irradiated and unirrated groups were analyzed by clonogenic assay. Surviva fractions of low dose-irradiated in cell survival was maximum when low and high dose irradiation time interval was 4 hr. Frequencies of micronuclei which is an indicative of chromosome aberration were also enutained from survival fractions analyzed by clonogenic assay, maximum when low and high dose irradiation time interval was 4hr. Frequencies of micronuclei which is an indicative of chromosome aberration were also enumerated in both low dose-irradiated and unirradiated groups. In consiststent with the result obtained from survival fractions analyzed by clonogenic assay, maximum reduction in frquencies of micronuclei was observed when low dose radiation was given 4 hr prior to high response to subsequent high dose .gamma.-ray irradiation in human cervical carcinomal cells. Our data suggest that one of the possible mechanisms of adaptive response induced by low dose rediation is the increase in repair of DNA double strand breaks in low dose radiation-adapted cells.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.8-13
• /
• 2021

Background: Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was the main cause of the pandemic of foodborne salmonellosis. The surface of eggs' shells can be contaminated with this bacterium; however, washing them with sodium hypochlorite solution not only reduces their flavor but also heavily impacts the environment. An alternative to this is surface sterilization using low-energy electron beam. It is known that irradiation with 1 kGy resulted in a significant 3.9 log reduction (reduction factor of 10,000) in detectable SE on the shell. FAO/IAEA/WHO indicates irradiation of any food commodity up to an overall average dose of 10 kGy presents no toxicological hazard. On the other hand, the Food and Drug Administration has deemed a dose of up to 3 kGy is allowable for eggs. However, the maximum dose permitted to be absorbed by an edible part (i.e., internal dose) is 0.1 Gy in Japan and 0.5 Gy in European Union. Materials and Methods: The electron beam (EB) depth dose distribution in the eggshell was calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The internal dose was also estimated by Monte Carlo simulation and experimentation. Results and Discussion: The EB depth dose distribution for the eggshells indicated that acceleration voltages between 80 and 200 kV were optimal for eggshell sterilization. It was also found that acceleration voltages between 80 and 150 kV were suitable for reducing the internal dose to ≤ 0.10 Gy. Conclusion: The optimum irradiative conditions for sterilizing only eggshells with an EB were between 80 and 150 kV.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2007

This study is performed to evaluate the dose rate and to analyze the dose distribution of the gamma irradiation facility (IR-221) by using a Monte Calro simulation, which is helpful of upgrading the radiation processing qualification. Monte Cairo simulation is performed by MCNP4B code. Dose rates were measured at total 369 points with alanine dosimeters to compare the calculation results and the measurements data. The results have shown that the MCNP4B code is very useful to determine the dose distribution of the IR-221 gamma irradiation facility, as the calculation dose rate is within about ${\pm}5%$ of the measurement data. Dosimetry about the gamma irradiation facility usually needs enormous manpower and time. However Monte Cairo calculation method can reduce the tedious dosimetry jobs and improve the irradiation processing qualification, which will probably contribute to obtain the reliability of the irradiation products.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.322-327
• /
• 2022

Fucoidans were degraded by hydrogen peroxide under the electron beam (2.5 MeV) with various radiation doses (5 kGy, 10 kGy, 15 kGy, and 20 kGy) at room temperature. The degradation property was analyzed with a gel permeation chromatography (GPC-MALLS) method. An average molecular weight of fucoidan decreased from 99,956 at the irradiation dose of 0 kGy to 6,725 at the irradiation dose of 20 kGy. The solution viscosity of fucoidans showed a similar pattern to the molecular weight change. The number of chain breaks per molecule (N) increased with increasing the irradiation dose and concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The radiation yield of scission value markedly increased with increasing the irradiation dose up to 15 kGy. Also a 10% hydrogen peroxide concentration was more efficient than that of 5%. The structures of degraded fucoidan samples were studied with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the degradation process did not significantly change the chemical structure or the content of sulfate group. The sulfur content of each sample was determined with an Elemental Analyzer. With increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the ratios of sulfur/carbon, hydrogen/carbon, and nitrogen/carbon slightly decreased. The antioxidant activities of fucoidans were investigated based on hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. The ability of fucoidan to inhibit the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was depended on its molecular weight.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was to aid in the prediction of tumor cell tolerance to radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. For this study, cell surviving curves were obtained for mouse lymphoma YAC-1 cell line using semi automated MTT assay. 2, 4,6, 8, 10Gy were irradiated at a dose rate of 210cGy/rnin using /sup 60/Co Irradiator ALDORADO 8. After irradiation, YAC-1 cell lines(3×10⁴cells/ml) were exposed to bleomycin or cisplatin for 1 hour. The viable cells were determined for each radiation dose and/or each concentration of drug at the 4th day. And they were compared to control values. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The surviving curve with gentle slope was obtained after irradiation of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Gy on YAC-1 cell line. 2. The cytotoxicity of bleomycin or cisplatin was increased significantly at all concentration of 0.2㎍/ml, 2㎍/ml and 20㎍/ml on YAC-1 cell line (P<0.01). And the cytotoxicity of cisplatin was greater than that of bleomycin at all concentration on YAC-1 cell line (P<0.01). 3. There were no significant differences of surviving fractions among 4Gy, 6Gy and 8Gy after irradiation of each radiation dose with 2㎍/ml of bleomycin compared with irradiation only on YAC-1 cell line. 4. There was significant difference of surviving fraction between 2Gy and 10Gy after irradiation of each radiation dose with 2㎍/ml of cisplatin compared with irradiation only on YAC-1 cell line(P<0.05). 5. There were significant differences of surviving fractions between the groups of irradiation only and the groups of irradiation with 2㎍/ml of bleomycin or cisplatin at all doses of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10Gy on YAC-1 cell line(P<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.1076-1081
• /
• 1999

Physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of barleys irradiated by gamma ray at 1.2kGy, 10.1kGy, or 30.5kGy were investigated every 40 days during the storage at 25℃ and 50% relative humidity. Moisture content of the irradiated barleys decreased but crude lipid content increased during the storage. TBA values increased in proportion to the irradiation dose and to the storage period. In Hunter's color, L, a, and b values of 30.5kGy dose irradiated barleys were higher than those of the non irradiated barleys right after irradiation and this trend continued during the storage. Numbers of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria in the non irradiated barleys and 1.2kGy dose irradiated barleys were higher than those in the barleys irradiated at 10.1kGy and 30.5kGy during the storage. Numbers of yeasts and molds in the irradiated and non irradiated barleys were low and they did not greatly increase during the storage. In sensory evaluation, acidic odor of the barleys was strong at the 10.1kGy and 30.5 kGy dose irradiation but barley odor and humid odor were not significantly different among the groups depending upon the radiation dose and storage period.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1985

To determine the dose·survival and repair characteristics of the jejunal crypt cells, experimental study was carried out using total 70 mice. Single or split irradiations of 1,100 to 2,200 rad were delivered to whole bodies of $C_{57}$ BL mice, using a cesium 137 animal irradiator and those mice were sacrificed after 90 hours. The number of regenerating crypts per jejunal circumference was counted by a jejunal crypt cell assay technique and dose·response curve was measured. The results were as follows : 1. The average number of jejunal crypts per circumference in control group was 140. In a single irradiation group, the number of regenerated jejunal crypts was, 125, 56, 2 in each subgroup of 1,100 rad, 1,400 rad and 1,800 rad respectively. In split irraiation group, it was 105,44,2 in each subgroup of 1,400rad 1,800rad and 2,200rad respectively. 2. Mean lethal dose of mouse jejunal crypt cell was 167 and 169 rad respectively in a single and split irradiation. 3. Repair dose of sublethal damage was 280 rad. 4. Sublethal damage was completely repaired within 4 hours between the split dose of irradiation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.55 no.2
• /
• pp.408-420
• /
• 2023

Beryllium oxide (BeO) is being re-emphasized and utilized in Micro Modular Reactors (MMR) because of its prominent nuclear and high temperature properties in recent years. The implications of the research about effects of neutron irradiation on the microstructure and properties of BeO are significant. This article comprehensively reviews the effects of neutron irradiation on BeO and proposes the maximum permissible neutron doses at different temperatures for BeO without cracks in appearance according to the data in the previous literature. This maximum permissible neutron dose value has important reference significance for the experimental study of BeO. The effects of neutron irradiation on the thermal conductivity and flexural strength of BeO are also discussed. In addition, microstructure evolution of irradiated BeO during post-irradiation annealing is summarized. This review article has important implications for the application of BeO in MMR.